| Fish ball | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Processed seafood, including (from left) fish balls, squid balls, prawn balls and crab sticks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 魚丸 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 鱼丸 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | fish ball | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 魚蛋 or 魚旦 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 鱼蛋 or 鱼旦 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | fish egg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Ingredients and types of food |
Fish balls are balls made fromfish paste which are thenboiled ordeep-fried. Similar in composition tofishcake, fish balls are often made from fish mince orsurimi, salt, and a culinarybinder such as tapioca flour, corn, or potato starch.[1][2]
Fish balls are popular in East and SoutheastAsia,[3] Europe (especially Northern Europe), and some coastal countries ofWest Africa. In Asia they are eaten as a snack or added to soups or hotpot dishes. They are usually attributed to Chinese cuisine and the fish ball industry is largely operated by people of Chinese descent.[4]: 286 European versions tend to be less processed, sometimes using milk or potatoes for binding. Nordic countries like Norway, Denmark and Sweden each have their own variation.
There are two variants of fish balls, differing in textures, production method, and primary regions of production.
While the ingredients and methods are similar between countries, differences can be noted in terms of elasticity, colour, and flavour. Fish balls in Hong Kong and the Philippines can be more firm, darker, and have more fishy taste and aroma than their Malay and Singaporean counterparts.[5] Taiwanese fish balls have more bounce and more air incorporated to allow for soaking up soups or sauces.[6]
Typically fish are shredded, coarsely ground, or pounded, then undergo prolonged mixing with added salt and crushed ice until a smooth texture is attained. Other ingredients are added, such as sugar,monosodium glutamate,transglutaminase, or starches, and then water is added to ensure the ball has a "soft, springy texture." This technique, similar to the process of making surimi, uncoils and stretches previously wound and tangled protein strands in the fish, which produces food with a firm "bouncy" texture. In Taiwan, the term "Q" is used to describe this ideal bouncy texture.[7]
In commercial production, the balls are shaped by an extruding machine, and set in water between 30 and 45 C. before boiling, cooling, then packaging.[4]: 287, 291 The setting time is an important part of manufacture because in addition to giving the balls a translucent appearance, the shape will be maintained after packaging. They can be sold uncooked (after setting), boiled, or fried (after being boiled).[4]: 291–293
The variety of fish used in surimi can affect commercial fish ball production, due to the difference in thermal stability between tropical fish and cold-water fish.[4]: 290 Economically, fish ball production adds value to lower-priced fish.[8]
Scandinavian fish balls are made of completely pureed fish, milk, and potato flour (or potato starch), and they are shaped without additional processing, which produces a softer texture. This type of fish ball usually comes in metal cans or transparent plastic containers containing stock or brine and also requires a setting period prior to canning.[9]
Fish balls are perishable, and have a differentshelf life based on the amount of processing and the inclusion of additives. Uncooked fish balls have a shelf life of 4 to 5 days when stored at 5 °C.[10] A fried, marinated fish ball can last up to 135 days at ±4 °C.[11]
While fish balls can contain other seafood or meat products (such as squid, cuttlefish, or shrimp balls), studies conducted on processed seafood have revealed significant amounts of mislabeling. A 2017 study in Italy and Spain detected mollusks used in surimi products, which is a concern for shellfish allergies.[12] A 2013–2016 study in the Philippines that identified the genetic code of a variety of fish balls concluded that large, well-established companies generally adhered to labelling standards, but unknown, small producers typically supplying street hawkers revealed seafood balls that contained pig or chicken meat.[13] A 2019 study by theNational University of Singapore showed a 7.8% mislabeling rate for single-type seafood products, and 38.5% mislabeling for products containing multiple meat sources. The study also identified seafood balls containing pig DNA, although none of the samples were labeled as ahalal orkosher food, which would pose a significant concern for the country's Muslim population.[14]
Fish balls have a long history in China, and the introduction of fish balls throughout Asia is often attributed to Chinese immigrants. Fish balls can also contain a wide array of seafood and other meats such as beef or pork.[4]: 288
InHubei, fish balls are made from freshwater fish surimi. AFuzhou variety (福州鱼丸) is made from fish with a minced pork filling.[15][4]: 289 The variation fromFuqing is much larger. Shark is also used; about 50% of shark caught in China is used for fish ball production with a small amount used for export.[16]
Tengxin Foods (Fujian) is one of China's largest fish ball factories, with a 30% market share.[4]: 289
Fish balls are one of Hong Kong's most popular and representative "street foods",[17] eaten plain or cooked in a curry sauce.[18][19] Readily available in traditional markets and supermarkets, fish balls are also a popular ingredient inhot pot.
Flathead mullet (九棍魚/烏仔魚) anddaggertooth pike conger (門鱔) are common fish varieties used for fish balls. Originally they were likely made by mixing and frying the remaining materials of Chaozhou fish ball (潮州白魚丸) or stale fish, although more recently they are mainly imported by wholesalers and the texture is more consistent.[20]
There are three kinds of fish balls, known as魚蛋 (literally "fish eggs"), sold in Hong Kong and Macau. They are yellow, white, and golden. Yellow fish balls are most commonly sold as street food. White fish balls are larger in size and made with white fish, such as Spanish mackerel, with an elastic (bouncy) and fluffy texture and a strong taste of fish. This kind is usually served to complementnoodles atCháozhōu-stylenoodle restaurants,[21] and at somecha chaan tengs, which also sellbeef balls (牛丸) andcuttlefish balls (墨魚丸). White fish balls from traditional fish ball restaurants are made from fresh fish and are normally hand-made (手打) by the owners using traditional techniques. Golden fish ball, also known asCheung Chau fishball, was a snack produced inCheung Chau.[22] Distinguishing features included size, sauce and texture. They were served with a special curry sauce, and made from fresh fish which made the texture smoother.[23] As of 15 August 2024 the snacks are no longer produced due to the retirement of the inventor.[24]
During the 1970s and 1980s, "fish ball girl" became a euphemism for underage female sex workers.[25][26] The2016 Mong Kok civil unrest, which escalated from the government's crackdown on unlicensedstreet hawkers during theChinese New Year holidays, has been referred to by some media outlets and social media platforms as the "Fishball Revolution" (魚蛋革命).[19]
Milkfish balls (虱目魚丸) are frequently found in Taiwan. The natural texture and aroma of themilkfish give this variant a unique taste. This is one of the main ways milkfishes' lesser-prized yet highly abundant white meat is consumed. Other fishes used include shark, lizard fish,pike eel, andmarlin.[4]: 298
Fish balls with roe (魚包蛋) are served at hot pot restaurants. They have a sweet and salty taste with a popping element from the roe's texture. There is also a fried golden version.
In Singapore, fish balls are also known as 鱼圆 (yú yuán) or 鱼丸 (yú wán).
Traditionally, fish balls were made from locally sourced fish such ascoral fish anddorab. Production scale varies from individual hawker stalls to large corporate factories which supply the local and export markets. Due to higher labour costs and limited local fish supplies, surimi are mostly imported, and fish balls are produced at a lower cost by mixing surimi with fresh leached fish mince. Higher quality fish balls are made fromwolf herring,coral fish,Spanish mackerel, andconger eel.[4]: 286–287
As of 2002, Singapore consumes approximately 10 kg of fish balls per capita per year, possibly the country with the highest consumption of fish balls in the world.[4]: 286–287 They can be served with soup and noodles like theChiuchow style or withyong tau foo (酿豆腐). They can also be served with noodles calledmee pok.
Bak chor mee, a popular Singaporean dish which comes in both dry and soup versions, was listed as the top world street food by World Street Food Congress.[27] In some cases, it is also fried and served on a stick. Fish balls are the second most processed fish-based product in Singapore, roughly 10% of the total produced.[4]: 287
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InIndonesia, fish balls are calledbakso ikan (fishbakso) and often served with tofu, vegetables, and fishotak-otak in clear broth soup astahu kok. It may be thinly sliced as additional ingredient inmie goreng,kwetiau goreng,nasi goreng andcap cai. A similar dish is calledpempek, in which surimi is shaped into logs and fried. There are some dishes of fish ball soup calledbakso kakap (snapper fish ball soup) fromSemarang[28] andbakso ikan marlin (sailfish or blue marlin fish ball soup) fromPesisir Barat,Lampung.[29]
In Brunei, fish balls are calledbebola ikan.
In Malaysia, fish balls are known as 鱼丸 (yú wán inMandarin Chinese, jyu4 jyun2 inCantonese, or hî-oân / hîr-oân / hû-oân inHokkien) or 鱼蛋 (yú dàn in Mandarin, jyu4 daan3 in Cantonese), andbebola ikan inMalay. Popular dishes include fish ball noodle soup.[30]
In the Philippines, there are fish balls (pishbol) and a similar dish calledbola-bola, which is the same meat paste as fish cake, but wrapped in awonton skin.[31]Yellowtail fusilier, corn starch and baking powder are common ingredients.[4]: 288
In Thailand, fish balls are fried or grilled as snacks.[32] In main dishes, fish balls are in Chinese style noodle soups andcurry dishes such asKaeng khiao wan luk chin pla, agreen curry.[4]: 289
The most common varieties of fish used arethreadfin bream,bigeye snapper,croaker,lizard fish,goatfish,[4]: 290 andpla krai (Chitala ornata).
Known asFiskbullar inSweden andfiskeboller inNorway andDenmark, Nordic fish balls are white and without breading.
German fish balls, known locally asfischklößchen, rely heavily on herbs and herb sauces.
Gefilte fish, typical ofAshkenazi Jewish cuisine, has origins in 14th century non-Jewish Germanic cookery. Originally a stuffed fish dish, it suited the dietary cultural needs for Jewish celebrations, being an acceptable form of meat as well as already deboned which adheres to the restriction on picking through bones on theSabbath. Jewish communities have their own versions based on local ingredients, such as the addition of sugar in Poland, black pepper in Lithuania, and cooking it in a tomato sauce in Libya.[36]
A classic English variant (as well as in the US) uses cooked mashed potato and egg as a binder, and is pan fried. Cod is a popular fish for this style.[37] "The Lone Fish-ball" was published in 1855 byGeorge Martin Lane referencing this type of fish ball popular in New England.[38]
Italian fish balls, known locally aspolpette di pesce, are fried withParmesan cheese and breadcrumbs, and usually served with a tomato sauce. They can be found both as rounded balls and as patties.
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Fish balls are known asboulettes de poisson inFrancophone African countries, and are commonly eaten in a tomato-based stew known as 'tchou' or 'chu' aSenegalese dish mainly known inMauritania,Mali andThe Gambia.[39]Huntu is a fish ball dish fromSierra Leone that incorporatesginger.[40]
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