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List of parliaments of EnglandList of acts of the Parliament of EnglandParliaments of Great Britain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
TheFirst Protectorate Parliament was summoned by theLord ProtectorOliver Cromwell under the terms of theInstrument of Government. It sat for one term from 3 September 1654 until 22 January 1655 withWilliam Lenthall as theSpeaker of the House.
During the first nine months ofthe Protectorate, Cromwell with the aid of theCouncil of State, drew up a list of 84 bills to present to Parliament for ratification. But the members of Parliament had their own and their constituents' interests to promote and in the end not enough of them would agree to work with Cromwell, or to sign a declaration of their acceptance of theInstrument of Government, to make the constitutional arrangements in theInstrument of Government work. Cromwell dissolved the Parliament as soon as it was allowed under the terms of theInstrument of Government, having failed to get any of the 84 bills passed.
TheInstrument of Government specified the numbers of members of parliament that boroughs and counties in England and Wales would send to the Parliament, totalling 400. By omission from the list,rotten boroughs were abolished. A few boroughs not previously enfranchised, notablyLeeds andManchester, received a seat. All the traditional counties were represented (Durham for the first time). In addition some well established sub-divisions of counties were given separate representation. There were substantial changes in the number of seats many constituencies received, particularly amongst the counties. This was the first systematic redistribution of Parliamentary seats in English history and would not be matched for a Royal Parliament until theReform Act 1832.
In the list below, the name of the constituency (as specified in Section X of theInstrument of Government, with minor spelling changes) is followed by the number of seats allocated. The Boroughs in each county follow the county constituency (indicated by boldface and an * after the constituency name). Those areas marked ** were divisions of a traditional county.
TheInstrument of Government also made provision for members fromJersey andGuernsey, without defining the numbers or arrangements for the election of such members. It is not clear that any were actually elected, as they are not mentioned in the Journal of the House of Commons for this Parliament. It is also notable that when on 6 and 7 October 1654 the House of Commons debated "the distribution of the number of members to serve in future Parliaments",Guibon Goddard MP recorded in his journal that "we agreed with the Instrument, in the whole number of four hundred, Jersey and Guernsey being left out, because not governed by our laws, but by municipal laws of their own; and we differed but little in the particular distribution."
The Lord Protector and his Council were given power to provide for the representation of Scotland and Ireland, which was done by later legislation giving 30 seats to each country. This was the first time Scotland and Ireland were represented in a Westminster Parliament.
| Type | English Constit. | Welsh Constit. | Scottish Constit. | Irish Constit. | Total Constit. | English MPs | Welsh MPs | Scots MPs | Irish MPs | Total MPs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borough/Burgh | 104 | 2 | 9 | 6 | 121 | 131 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 149 |
| County/Shire | 44 | 12 | 20 | 13 | 89 | 242 | 23 | 20 | 24 | 309 |
| University | 2 | — | — | — | 2 | 2 | — | — | — | 2 |
| Number of constituencies | 150 | 14 | 29 | 19 | 212 | |||||
| Members returned | 375 | 25 | 30 | 30 | 460 | 375 | 25 | 30 | 30 | 460 |
| Type | x1 | x2 | x3 | x4 | x5 | x6 | x8 | x9 | x10 | x11 | x13 | Total Const. | Total MPs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borough/Burgh | 97 | 23 | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | 121 | 149 |
| County/Shire | 23 | 28 | 4 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 89 | 309 |
| University | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 2 |
| Number of constituencies | 122 | 51 | 4 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 212 | |
| Members returned | 122 | 102 | 12 | 48 | 35 | 30 | 16 | 9 | 40 | 33 | 13 | 460 |
Notes:
Brecknockshire is attributed 3 seats in the text of the Instrument of Government linked to by this article, but other on-line versions say 2 and that is consistent with the total of 400 seats for England and Wales.
Provision for representation of the shires (marked *) and burghs of Scotland was made byAn Ordinance by the Protector for Elections in Scotland of 27 June 1654. The Burgh, amongst those in a district, where the elections were to take place is marked in capitals. The shire of Merse is a historic name for Berwickshire.
Provision for representation of the counties (marked *) and boroughs of Ireland was made byAn Ordinance by the Protector for Elections in Ireland of 27 June 1654. The Borough, amongst those in a district, where the elections were to take place is marked in capitals.
TheFirst Protectorate Parliament was preceded by theBarebones Parliament and succeeded by theSecond Protectorate Parliament.
FromCromwell:The Oliver Cromwell Website: a select bibliography of books and articles: