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First Moroccan Crisis

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1905-06 disagreement between France, Germany, and Britain over control of Morocco

Tangier Crisis

Part of thecauses of World War I

Kaiser Wilhelm parades through Tangier escorted by theBlack Guard.

Date	31 March 1905 – 7 April 1906 (1 year and 1 week)
Location	Tangier,Morocco
Result	Treaty of Algeciras

Belligerents

Germany

Commanders and leaders

Théophile Delcassé

Wilhelm II

v t e Scramble for Africa
South Africa (1879) South Africa (1880) Tunisia (1881) Sudan (1881) Egypt (1882) Wassoulou (1883) Madagascar (1883) Guinea-Bissau (1886) Equatoria (1886–89) Somalia (1890s–1908) Eritrea (1889) Morocco (1893–1894) Congo (1895) Mozambique (1895) Mozambique (1895) Dahomey (1890) Mashonaland (1890) Katanga (1891−92) Dahomey (1892) Matabeleland (1893) Morocco (1893–94) Wassoulou (1894) Ashanti (1895) South Africa (1895) Ethiopia (1896) Matabeleland (1896) Zanzibar (1896) Benin (1897) Wassoulou (1898) Chad (1898) Fashoda (1898) South Africa (1899) Somaliland (1900) Aro (1901) Angola (1902) Namibia (1904) Tanganyika (1905) Morocco (1905–06) South Africa (1906) Morocco (1907–34) Mufilo (1907) Morocco (1909) Ouaddai (1909) Morocco (1911) Morocco (1911) Libya (1911–12) South Africa (1914) Darfur (1916)

Scramble for Africa

Events leading toWorld War I
Franco-Prussian War 1870–1871 Second Concert of Europe 1871 Great Eastern Crisis 1875–1878 Campaign in Bosnia 1878 Dual Alliance 1879 Boer Wars 1880–1902 Austro–Serbian Alliance 1881–1903 Triple Alliance 1882 Berlin Conference 1884 Bulgarian Crisis 1885–1888 Reinsurance Treaty 1887–1890 Franco-Russian Alliance 1894 First Sino-Japanese War 1894–1895 Anglo-German naval arms race 1898–1912 Fashoda Incident 1898 Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902 Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905 Entente Cordiale 1904 First Moroccan Crisis 1905–1906 Anglo-Russian Convention 1907 Young Turk Revolution 1908 Bosnian Crisis 1908–1909 Second Moroccan Crisis 1911 Italo-Turkish War 1911–1912 Balkan Wars 1912–1913 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914 July Crisis 1914
v t e

Events leading toWorld War I

- Franco-Prussian War 1870–1871
- Second Concert of Europe 1871
- Great Eastern Crisis 1875–1878
- Campaign in Bosnia 1878
- Dual Alliance 1879
- Boer Wars 1880–1902
- Austro–Serbian Alliance 1881–1903
- Triple Alliance 1882
- Berlin Conference 1884
- Bulgarian Crisis 1885–1888
- Reinsurance Treaty 1887–1890
- Franco-Russian Alliance 1894
- First Sino-Japanese War 1894–1895
- Anglo-German naval arms race 1898–1912
- Fashoda Incident 1898
- Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902
- Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905
- Entente Cordiale 1904
- First Moroccan Crisis 1905–1906
- Anglo-Russian Convention 1907
- Young Turk Revolution 1908
- Bosnian Crisis 1908–1909
- Second Moroccan Crisis 1911
- Italo-Turkish War 1911–1912
- Balkan Wars 1912–1913
- Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 1914
- July Crisis 1914

TheFirst Moroccan Crisis or theTangier Crisis was aninternational crisis between March 31, 1905, and April 7, 1906, over the status ofMorocco.^[1]Germany wanted to challengeFrance's growing control over Morocco, aggravating France and Great Britain. The crisis was resolved by theAlgeciras Conference of 1906, a conference of mostly European countries that affirmed French control; this worsened German relations with both France and Britain and helped enhance the new Anglo-FrenchEntente.

Kaiser's visit

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On 31 March 1905Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany arrived atTangier,Morocco and conferred with representatives of SultanAbdelaziz of Morocco.^[2] The Kaiser toured the city on the back of a white horse. In a speech given at theGerman legation,^[3] the Kaiser declared he had come to support the sovereignty of the Sultan—a statement which amounted to a provocative challenge to French influence in Morocco. The Sultan subsequently rejected a set of French-proposed governmental reforms and issued invitations to major world powers to aconference which would advise him on necessary reforms.

French response

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Germany sought a multilateral conference where the French could be called to account before other European powers. The French foreign minister,Théophile Delcassé, took a defiant line, holding that there was no need for such a conference. In response, CountBernhard von Bülow, the German Chancellor, threatened war over the issue, although this was a bluff.^[4]^[5] Kaiser Wilhelm did not want war, stating in Bremen just before he set off: "My study of history hasn't encouraged me to strive for world domination. In the empire of which I dream, the German emperor will be trusted by other countries and must be seen as a honest and peaceful neighbour".^[6] The crisis peaked in mid-June. The French cancelled all military leave (15 June) and Germany threatened to sign a defensive alliance with the Sultan (22 June). French Prime MinisterMaurice Rouvier refused to risk war with Germany over the issue. Delcassé resigned, as the French government would no longer support his policy. On 1 July France agreed to attend the conference.

The crisis continued up to the eve of the conference at Algeciras, with Germany calling up reserve units (30 December) and France moving troops to the German border (3 January).

Algeciras Conference

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TheAlgeciras Conference, lasting from 16 January to 7 April 1906, was called to settle the dispute. Of the 13 nations present, the German representatives found that their only supporter wasAustria-Hungary. A German attempt at compromise was rejected by all but Austria-Hungary.^[7] France had firm support from Britain, Russia, Italy, Spain, and the United States. The Germans decided to accept a face-saving compromise agreement that was signed on 31 March 1906.

Consequence

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Although the Algeciras Conference temporarily solved the First Moroccan Crisis, it only worsened the tensions between theTriple Alliance andTriple Entente that ultimately led to theFirst World War.^[8]

The First Moroccan Crisis also showed that theEntente Cordiale was strong, as Britain had defended France in the crisis. The crisis can be seen as a reason for theAnglo-Russian Entente and the Anglo-Franco-SpanishPact of Cartagena being signed the following year. Kaiser Wilhelm II was angry at being humiliated and was determined not to back down again, which led to the German involvement in theSecond Moroccan Crisis.

References

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^"General Act of the International Conference of Algeciras, signed April 7, 1906".The American Journal of International Law.1 (1):47–78. 1907.doi:10.2307/2212340.ISSN 0002-9300.JSTOR 2212340.S2CID 246012107.
^ Meakin, James; Meakin, Kate (1911). "Morocco". InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 858.
^Chris Trueman (31 March 2015)."The First Moroccan Crisis".The History Learning Site.
^Viscount Grey of Fallodon (1925).Twenty-Five Years, Vol. 1. New York: Frederick A. Stokes. pp. 49–52.
^Massie, Robert K. (1992).Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the coming of the Great War. London: Cape.ISBN 0-224-03260-7.
^Ereignisse und Gestalten. pp. 270–271.
^Kerr, Anne; Wright, Edmund (2015).A Dictionary of World History (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 17.ISBN 9780199685691.
^Soroka, Marina (2011).Britain, Russia, and the Road to the First World War. Farnham: Ashgate. p. 114.ISBN 9781409422464.

Esthus, Raymond A.Theodore Roosevelt and the International Rivalries (1970) pp 66–111.
Gifford, Prosser, and Alison Smith, eds.Britain and Germany in Africa: imperial rivalry and colonial rule (1967) ch 7
Massie, Robert K.Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the coming of the Great War (Random House, 1991)excerpt seeDreadnought (book), popular history; pp 351–372.
Mayer, Martin:Geheime Diplomatie und öffentliche Meinung: Die Parlamente in Frankreich, Deutschland und Großbritannien und die erste Marokkokrise 1904–1906. Droste, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-7700-5242-0 (Beiträge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien 133)[1]

v t e International relations (1814–1919)
Great powers	Austria-Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States
Alliances	Triple Alliance Dual Alliance Triple Entente Franco-Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo-Russian Convention Anglo-Japanese Alliance League of the Three Emperors Eight-Nation Alliance Balkan League
Trends	European balance of power Ottoman decline Eastern question Spread of nationalism Sovereign debt French–German enmity Revanchism Pax Britannica New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Egyptian Lever In Asia Great Game Scramble for China Open Door Policy Meiji era Pan-Slavism Great Rapprochement Second Industrial Revolution Industrial warfare
Treaties and agreements	Congress of Vienna Treaty of Versailles (1871) Treaty of Frankfurt Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Björkö Taft–Katsura agreement Hague Conventions Martens Clause Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement 1917 Franco-Russian agreement
Events	Formation of Romania Unification of Germany Unification of Italy Great Eastern Crisis Congress of Berlin Berlin Conference Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits Weltpolitik Naval arms races Anglo-German Dreadnought German Naval Laws Austro-Italian Fashoda Incident Annexation of Hawaii Venezuela Naval Blockade Alaska boundary dispute First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Agadir Crisis Treaty of Fes Bosnian Crisis July Crisis
Wars	Russo-Turkish Anglo-Egyptian First Sino-Japanese Spanish–American Banana Wars Philippine–American Boxer Rebellion Second Boer Russo-Japanese Italo-Turkish Balkan Wars First Second Albanian Revolts First Second Third World War I

v t e Tangier
History	History of Tangier Timeline List of European governors of Tangier Battle of Tangier (1664) English Tangier Tangier Garrison 1st Tangier Regiment 2nd Tangier Regiment Battle of Cape Spartel (1782) Treaty of Tangiers First Moroccan Crisis Tangier Protocol Tangier International Zone Administrators and Mendoubs Battle of Cape Spartel (1936)
Economy	Economy of Tangier Tangier Exportation Free Zone Tanger-med
Districts and streets	Tangier City Center Grand Socco Petit Socco Quartier du Marshan Rue Es-Siaghine Rue de la Liberté Avenue Pasteur Avenue d'Espagne Avenue Mohammed VI beach
Religious buildings	Grand Mosque of Tangier Kasbah Mosque Sidi Bou Abid Mosque Mohammed V Mosque Lalla Abla Mosque Church of the Immaculate Conception Anglican St Andrew's Church French Church Roman Catholic Cathedral Moshe Nahon Synagogue Shaar Rafael Synagogue
Palaces and museums	Kasbah Palace Mendoubia Mendoub's Residence Marshan Palace Abdelhafid Palace Ibn Battouta Museum Dar Niaba American Legation Museum of Contemporary Art Fondation Lorin Musée de Carmen-Macein Jewish Museum of Tangier Villa Harris
Other buildings	Plaza de Toros bullring Borj en Naam Gran Teatro Cervantes El Minzah Hotel Hotel Cecil Hotel Continental French Consulate General Café Hafa Tangerinn Cinémathèque de Tanger Cine Alcázar Villa Muniria [es]
Schools and colleges	Tangier Anglo-Moroccan School American School of Tangier Lycée Regnault
Transport	Rabat-Tangier expressway Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport
Sport and culture	Atletico Tanger IR Tanger Stade de Tanger Stade de Marchan Cap Radio (Morocco) National Cricket Stadium
Geography	Bay of Tangier Parc de la Mendoubia Colline du Charf Cape Spartel Cape Malabata

Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)

Wars

Bombardments and battles

Key people

Moroccans	Mohammed Ameziane Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni Mouha ou Hammou Zayani Moha ou Said Mhand n'Ifrutant Ali Amhaouch Sidi Ahmed El Hiba Ma al-'Aynayn Abd el-Krim Assou Oubasslam Aït Atta Zayanes Beni Ouryaghel
French	Charles Mangin Hubert Lyautey Paul Prosper Henrys Joseph-François Poeymirau Philippe Pétain Henry de Bournazel
French allies	Thami El Glaoui
Spaniards	Juan García y Margallo Arsenio Martínez-Campos José Marina Vega Manuel Fernández Silvestre Dámaso Berenguer José Millán-Astray Miguel Primo de Rivera José Sanjurjo Francisco Franco
Spanish allies	Mohamed Meziane