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Afirst-person narrative (also known as afirst-person perspective,voice,point of view, etc.) is amode of storytelling in which a storyteller recounts events from that storyteller's own personalpoint of view, usingfirst-person grammar such as "I", "me", "my", and "myself" (also, in plural form, "we", "us", etc.).[1][2] It must be narrated by a first-person character, such as aprotagonist (or otherfocal character), re-teller, witness,[3] or peripheral character.[4][5] Alternatively, in a visual storytelling medium (such as video, television, or film), the first-person perspective is agraphical perspective rendered through a character's visual field, so the camera is "seeing" out of a character's eyes.
A classic example of a first-person protagonist narrator isCharlotte Brontë'sJane Eyre (1847),[1] in which thetitle character is telling the story in which she herself is also the protagonist:[6] "I could not unlove him now, merely because I found that he had ceased to notice me".[7]Srikanta by Bengali writerSarat Chandra Chattopadhyay[8] is another first-person perspective novel which is often called a "masterpiece".[9][10][11]Srikanta, the title character and protagonist of the novel, tells his own story: "What memories and thoughts crowd into my mind, as, at the threshold of the afternoon of my wandering life, I sit down to write the story of its morning hours!"[12]
This device allows the audience to see the narrator'smind's eye view of thefictional universe,[13] but it is limited to the narrator's experiences and awareness of the true state of affairs. In some stories, first-person narrators may relay dialogue with other characters or refer to information they heard from the other characters, in order to try to deliver a larger point of view.[6] Other stories may switch the narrator to different characters to introduce a broader perspective. Anunreliable narrator is one that has completely lost credibility due to ignorance, poor insight, personal biases, mistakes, dishonesty, etc., which challenges the reader's initial assumptions.[14]
An example of the telling of a story in the grammatical first person, i.e. from the perspective of "I", isHerman Melville'sMoby-Dick, which begins with "Call me Ishmael."[15]
First-personnarration may sometimes include an embedded or implied audience of one or more people.[15] The story may be told by a person directly undergoing the events in the story without being aware of conveying that experience to readers; alternatively, the narrator may be conscious of telling the story to a given audience, perhaps at a given place and time, for a given reason.
A story written in the first person is most often told by the main character, but may also be told from the perspective of a less important character as they witness events, or a person retelling a story they were told by someone else.[3]
First-person narration presents the narrative through the perspective of a particular character. The reader or audience sees the story through the narrator's views and knowledge only.[16] The narrator is an imperfect witness by definition, because they do not have a complete overview of events. Furthermore, they may be pursuing some hidden agenda (an "unreliable narrator").
Character weaknesses and faults, such as tardiness, cowardice, or vice, may leave the narrator unintentionally absent or unreliable for certain key events. Specific events may further be colored or obscured by a narrator's background since non-omniscient characters must by definition be laypersons and foreigners to some circles, and limitations such as poor eyesight and illiteracy may also leave important blanks. Another consideration is how much time has elapsed between when the character experienced the events of the story and when they decided to tell them. If only a few days have passed, the story could be related very differently than if the character was reflecting on events of the distant past. The character's motivation is also relevant. Are they just trying to clear up events for their own peace of mind? Make a confession about a wrong they did? Or tell a good adventure tale to their beer-guzzling friends? The reason why a story is told will also affect how it is written.[3] Why is this narrator telling the story in this way, why now, and are they to be trusted? Unstable or malevolent narrators can also lie to the reader. Unreliable narrators are not uncommon.
In the first-person-pluralpoint of view, narrators tell the story using "we". That is, no individual speaker is identified; the narrator is a member of a group that acts as a unit. The first-person-plural point of view occurs rarely but can be used effectively, sometimes as a means to increase the concentration on the character or characters the story is about. Examples include:
Other examples includeTwenty-Six Men and a Girl byMaxim Gorky,The Treatment of Bibi Haldar byJhumpa Lahiri,During the Reign of the Queen of Persia byJoan Chase,Our Kind byKate Walbert,I, Robot byIsaac Asimov, andWe Didn't byStuart Dybek.[18]
First-person narrators can also be multiple, as inRyūnosuke Akutagawa'sIn a Grove (the source for the movieRashomon) andFaulkner's novelThe Sound and the Fury. Each of these sources provides different accounts of the same event, from the point of view of various first-person narrators.
There can also be multiple co-principal characters as narrator, such as inRobert A. Heinlein'sThe Number of the Beast. The first chapter introduces four characters, including the initial narrator, who is named at the beginning of the chapter. The narrative continues in subsequent chapters with a different character explicitly identified as the narrator for that chapter. Other characters later introduced in the book also have their "own" chapters where they narrate the story for that chapter. The story proceeds in a linear fashion, and no event occurs more than once, i.e. no two narrators speak "live" about the same event.
The first-person narrator may be the principal character (e.g.,Gulliver inGulliver's Travels), someone very close to them who is privy to their thoughts and actions (Dr. Watson inSherlock Holmes stories) or one who closely observes the principal character (such as Nick Carraway inThe Great Gatsby). These can be distinguished as "first-person major" or "first-person minor" points of view.
Narrators can report others' narratives at one or more removes. These are called "frame narrators": examples are Mr. Lockwood, the narrator inWuthering Heights byEmily Brontë; and the unnamed narrator inHeart of Darkness byJoseph Conrad. Skilled writers choose to skew narratives, in keeping with the narrator's character, to an arbitrary degree, from ever so slight to extreme. For example, the aforementioned Mr. Lockwood is quite naive, of which fact he appears unaware, simultaneously rather pompous, and recounting a combination of stories, experiences, and servants' gossip. As such, his character is an unintentionally very unreliable narrator and serves mainly to mystify, confuse, and ultimately leave the events of Wuthering Heights open to a great range of interpretations.
A rare form of the first person is the first-person omniscient, in which the narrator is a character in the story, but also knows the thoughts and feelings of all the other characters. It can seem like third-person omniscient at times. A reasonable explanation fitting the mechanics of the story's world is generally provided or implied unless its glaring absence is a major plot point. Three notable examples areThe Book Thief byMarkus Zusak, where the narrator isDeath,From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler, where the narrator is the titular character but is describing the story of the main characters, andThe Lovely Bones byAlice Sebold, where a young girl, having been killed, observes, from some post-mortem,extracorporeal viewpoint, her family's struggle to cope with her disappearance. Typically, however, the narrator restricts the events relayed in the narrative to those that could reasonably be known.
Inautobiographical fiction, the first-person narrator is the character of the author (with varying degrees of historical accuracy). The narrator is still distinct from the author and must behave like any other character and any other first-person narrator. Examples of this kind of narrator includeJim Carroll inThe Basketball Diaries andKurt Vonnegut, Jr. inTimequake (in this case, the first-person narrator is also the author). In some cases, the narrator is writing a book—"the book in your hands"—and therefore he has most of the powers and knowledge of the author. Examples includeThe Name of the Rose byUmberto Eco, andThe Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time byMark Haddon. Another example is a fictional "Autobiography of James T. Kirk" which was "Edited" by David A. Goodman who was the actual writer of that book and playing the part of James Kirk (Gene Roddenberry'sStar Trek) as he wrote the novel.
Since the narrator is within the story, he or she may not have knowledge of all the events. For this reason, the first-person narrative is often used fordetective fiction, so that the reader and narrator uncover the case together. One traditional approach in this form of fiction is for the main detective principal assistant, the "Watson", to be the narrator: this derives from the character ofDr. Watson inSir Arthur Conan Doyle'sSherlock Holmes stories.
First-person narratives can appear in several forms; interior monologue, as inFyodor Dostoevsky'sNotes from Underground; dramatic monologue, also inAlbert Camus'The Fall; or explicitly, asMark Twain'sAdventures of Huckleberry Finn.
Other forms include temporary first-person narration as astory within a story, wherein a narrator or character observing the telling of a story by another is reproduced in full, temporarily, and without interruption shifting narration to the speaker. The first-person narrator can also be the focal character.
With a first-person narrative it is important to consider how the story is being told, i.e., is the character writing it down, telling it out loud, thinking it to themselves? And if they are writing it down, is it something meant to be read by the public, a private diary, or a story meant for one other person? The way the first-person narrator is relating the story will affect the language used, the length of sentences, the tone of voice, and many other things. A story presented as a secret diary could be interpreted much differently than a public statement.[3]
First-person narratives can tend towards astream of consciousness andinterior monologue, as inMarcel Proust'sIn Search of Lost Time. The whole of the narrative can itself be presented as a false document, such as a diary, in which the narrator makes explicit reference to the fact that he is writing or telling a story. This is the case inBram Stoker'sDracula. As a story unfolds, narrators may be aware that they are telling a story and of their reasons for telling it. The audience that they believe they are addressing can vary. In some cases, aframe story presents the narrator as a character in an outside story who begins to tell their own story, as inMary Shelley'sFrankenstein.
First-person narrators are oftenunreliable narrators since a narrator might be impaired (such as both Quentin and Benjy in Faulkner'sThe Sound and the Fury), lie (as inThe Quiet American byGraham Greene, orThe Book of the New Sun series byGene Wolfe), or manipulate their own memories intentionally or not (as inThe Remains of the Day byKazuo Ishiguro, or inKen Kesey'sOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest).Henry James discusses his concerns about "the romantic privilege of the 'first person'" in his preface toThe Ambassadors, calling it "the darkest abyss ofromance."[19][20]
One example of a multi-level narrative structure isJoseph Conrad's novellaHeart of Darkness, which has a double framework: an unidentified "I" (first person singular) narrator relates a boating trip during which another character, Marlow, uses the first person to tell a story that comprises the majority of the work. Within thisnested story, it is mentioned that another character, Kurtz, told Marlow a lengthy story; however, its content is not revealed to readers. Thus, there is an "I" narrator introducing a storyteller as "he" (Marlow), who talks about himself as "I" and introduces another storyteller as "he" (Kurtz), who in turn presumably told his story from the perspective of "I".
First-person narration is more difficult to achieve in film; however, voice-over narration can create the same structure.[15]
An example of first-person narration in a film would be the narration given by the character Greg Heffley in thefilm adaptation of the popular book seriesDiary of a Wimpy Kid.
