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InBelgium organized publicfire services (Dutch:brandweer, French:service d'incendie, German:Feuerwehr) are available everywhere in the country. The responsibility to provide generalfirefighting and rescue services resides with 34 public authorities called 'fire zones', or literally translated 'emergency rescue zones' (Dutch:hulpverleningszone, French:zone de secours, German:Hilfeleistungszone). TheBrussels Capital Region is protected by the Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Service (Dutch:DBDMH,Dienst voor Brandbestrijding en Dringende Medische Hulp; French:SIAMU,Service d'Incendie et l'Aide Medicale Urgente), which has its ownlegal status.[1][2] Together the 34 fire zones and the Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Service employ about 17,000firefighters in total according to 2018 figures, and as of 2023 maintain 320fire stations spread over the entire Belgian territory.[3][4] In case of emergency, the response of Belgian fire services can be obtained through the112 emergency telephone number.[5]
The jurisdiction over the organisation and regulation of the fire services lies with the Directorate-General Civil Security of Belgium'sFPS Interior.[6] This does not apply however to the provision ofemergency medical services, which falls under the jurisdiction of the Directorate-General Health Care of theFPS Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment.[7]
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The history of fire services in Belgium predates thefoundation of the country, since localmunicipalities had been given the statutory authority and duty to prevent and repress fires in the late 18th century. Municipalities were entirely free in how they undertook this responsibility, and whether or not to maintain a fire service. This approach changed during theinterwar period, when in the context of a new looming war theBelgian government in 1935 required every municipality either to establish their own fire service or either to contract with another municipality for fire service coverage. In the 1960s, this time in the context of theCold War period, a new national legal framework was adopted related to the organization of municipal fire services and theCivil Protection units maintained by the national government. This new framework introduced a classification of municipalities with regards to the requirements placed on their fire services, new forms of optional and mandatory cooperation between these services, minimum standards concerning equipment and staffing, andsubsidy mechanisms for purchasing equipment.[8]
This framework for fire services organized on a municipal basis remained largely in place until theGhislenghien gas explosion in 2004. This explosion took the lives of twenty-four people, including five firefighters. In the wake of the disaster, the organization of the fire services was deemed to be no longer suited for modern times and modern risks. To prepare a reform, a commission was created chaired by the then governor of theprovince of AntwerpCamille Paulus. This commission put forward three key points for the reform:[9]
These principles were incorporated in a new law oncivil security, promulgated in 2007.[10] This law provided for the creation of newpublic bodies called emergency rescue zones (fire zones), which would each be composed of a number of municipalities by analogy to thepolice zones in Belgium. Notwithstanding some exceptions, they would be governed by acouncil formed by themayors of each constituent municipality. Theirfunding would primarily come from contributions of each municipality and fromgrants from the Belgian federal government. Each municipality was required to become a part of a fire zone, regardless of whether they had their own fire service or not. The existing municipal fire services had to merge into these new zones. This major reform was only fully implemented by 1 January 2016, when the last new fire zones finally became active. The Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Service was largely exempted from this reform, since it already enjoyed its own specific legal status as a public body managed by theBrussels regional government.[11][12]
As stated before, fire zones (officially 'emergency rescue zones') are public bodies composed of multiple constituent municipalities. Bar some exceptions, they are governed by a council in which the mayor of each municipality has a seat. Their funding comes primarily from their constituent municipalities and from the Belgian federal government. The fire zones each manage a network of fire stations, with assigned firefighters andfire apparatus, from which firefighting and rescue operations are carried out. The fire zones also have duties related tofire safety andfire prevention, and most zones take on a role in the provision of emergency medical services as well. On the operational level, each fire zone is headed by azone commander. The fire zones differ from each other on several points, such as their size, therisks present in their jurisdiction, and whether they are avolunteer,combination or career-only organisation.[1][3][11]
Below is a table containing a list of all of the 34 fire zones as well as the Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Service. In this table, the column '# M' lists the number of municipalities encompassed by each zone, the column '# S' lists the number of fire stations in each zone, and '# I' lists the total number of (non-EMS) interventions carried out by each zone:
| Province or region | Native name[2] | Area[13] | Population[14] (on 2022-01-01) | # M[2] | # S[4] | # I[15] (2020) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sq mi | km² | ||||||
 Brussels | DBDMH (Dutch)or SIAMU (French) | 62.71 | 162.42 | 1,222,637 | 19 | 8 | 14,707 |
 Antwerp | Brandweer Zone Antwerpen | 89.75 | 232.44 | 560,117 | 3 | 8 | 14,535 |
| Antwerp | Brandweerzone Rivierenland | 219.70 | 569.03 | 430,901 | 18 | 15 | 14,524 |
| Antwerp | Brandweer Zone Rand | 275.91 | 714.61 | 424,365 | 21 | 20 | 7,043 |
| Antwerp | Hulpverleningszone Taxandria | 243.82 | 631.50 | 201,025 | 12 | 12 | 7,655 |
| Antwerp | Brandweer Zone Kempen | 281.29 | 728.53 | 270,201 | 15 | 7 | 7,235 |
 Flemish Brabant | Hulpverleningszone Oost Vlaams-Brabant | 476.34 | 1,233.71 | 546,949 | 32 | 8 | 12,864 |
| Flemish Brabant | Brandweerzone Vlaams-Brabant West | 341.56 | 884.64 | 626,491 | 33 | 9 | 14,250 |
 Walloon Brabant | Zone de Secours du Brabant wallon | 423.63 | 1,097.20 | 409,782 | 27 | 5 | 6,767 |
 East Flanders | Brandweerzone Vlaamse Ardennen | 204.24 | 528.98 | 175,619 | 12 | 8 | 6,613 |
| East Flanders | Brandweerzone Centrum | 359.49 | 931.08 | 567,287 | 18 | 14 | 9,875 |
| East Flanders | Brandweerzone Oost | 111.87 | 289.75 | 185,259 | 7 | 7 | 5,585 |
| East Flanders | Hulpverleningszone Zuid-Oost | 177.46 | 459.63 | 299,616 | 11 | 9 | 11,028 |
| East Flanders | Hulpverleningszone Waasland | 171.25 | 443.53 | 227,081 | 7 | 9 | 4,820 |
| East Flanders | Hulpverleningszone Meetjesland | 136.72 | 354.101 | 89,003 | 5 | 4 | 1,865 |
 Hainaut | Zone de secours Hainaut Centre | 528.04 | 1,367.63 | 556,543 | 28 | 11 | N/A |
| Hainaut | Zone de Secours Hainaut-Est | 479.84 | 1,242.77 | 474,436 | 22 | 6 | 9,408 |
| Hainaut | Zone de Secours de Wallonie Picarde | 464.26 | 1,202.43 | 320,148 | 19 | 7 | 7,418 |
 Liège | Zone de secours Hesbaye | 150.61 | 390.07 | 76,663 | 13 | 2 | 1,836 |
| Liège | Zone de Secours HEMECO | 231.30 | 599.08 | 106,423 | 15 | 2 | 2,474 |
| Liège | Liège Zone 2 IILE-SRI | 227.94 | 590.36 | 565,529 | 21 | 7 | 8,563 |
| Liège | Zone de secours 5 Warche-Amblève-Lienne | 244.28 | 632.69 | 49,468 | 7 | 4 | 1,536 |
| Liège | Zone de Secours Vesdre-Hoëgne & Plateau | 308.41 | 798.79 | 234,302 | 19 | 9 | 3,516 |
| Liège | Hilfeleistungszone DG | 326.70 | 846.14 | 78,604 | 9 | 7 | 1,080 |
 Limburg | Brandweerzone Oost-Limburg | 341.64 | 884.83 | 324,729 | 14 | 8 | 5,968 |
| Limburg | Hulpverleningszone Noord-Limburg | 221.38 | 573.36 | 168,701 | 9 | 4 | 5,555 |
| Limburg | Hulpverleningszone Zuid-West Limburg | 374.22 | 969.24 | 392,521 | 19 | 8 | 15,242 |
 Luxembourg | Zone de Secours Luxembourg | 1,721.73 | 4,459.25 | 291,143 | 44 | 17 | 7,213 |
 Namur Province | Zone de Secours DINAPHI | 968.01 | 2,507.12 | 178,975 | 22 | 12 | 6,391 |
| Namur Province | Zone de secours NAGE | 320.93 | 831.20 | 232,709 | 10 | 4 | 5,541 |
| Namur Province | Zone de secours Val de Sambre | 129.92 | 336.50 | 87,770 | 6 | 3 | 2,518 |
 West Flanders | Hulpverleningszone Zone 1 | 377.55 | 977.86 | 441,554 | 17 | 11 | 10,456 |
| West Flanders | Brandweer Westhoek | 466.00 | 1,206.93 | 220,785 | 18 | 22 | 7,034 |
| West Flanders | Hulpverleningszone Fluvia | 174.86 | 452.89 | 315,636 | 14 | 16 | 4,451 |
| West Flanders | Brandweerzone Midwest | 215.80 | 558.91 | 231,036 | 15 | 17 | 5,985 |
By law, the fire zones and the Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Service are responsible for:fighting fires andexplosions, therescue and protection of endangered people and property andlogistical support, and this throughout five different phases ofemergency management:pro-action, prevention,preparation, execution andevaluation. Additionally, the fire zones are also tasked with combating pollution and releases ofhazardous materials, and with conductingfire safety inspections and promotingfire prevention among the general public. While also mentioned as one of their duties, the provision of emergency medical services falls under a specific framework and is further discussed below.[10]
In Belgium, emergency assistance from the medical or fire services can be obtained via the Europeanemergency telephone number 112 or the legacy national emergency telephone number 100. Calls to these emergency numbers are answered in one of the 112 emergency centres (PSAPs) managed by the Belgian federal government. Bar one exception, there is a 112 emergency centre in each of theBelgian provinces. Aside from the emergency numbers, there is also the telephone number 1722. This number is intended for reporting less emergent problems during storm weather, such as minorflooding or broken branches obstructing publicroads. The 1722 number was created in 2017 to keep the 112 (or 100) number free for life-threatening emergencies during a surge of calls caused by a storm.[5][16]
Information from an emergency call destined for the fire services is immediately forwarded by the 112 emergency centres to the appropriate fire zone or fire station. The fire zones or stations themselves are then in charge ofdispatching the appropriate resources to the scene of the emergency. An important aspect of this arrangement is the principle of 'fastest adequate assistance' (Dutch:SAH, snelste adequate hulp, French:AA+R, aide adéquate la plus rapide, German:SAH, schnellstmöglichen angemessenen Hilfe) as laid down by the 2007 civil security law. This means that for a legally determined list of emergencies, the 112 emergency centre will alert the fire zone or station nearest to the emergency, even if the emergency falls beyond thejurisdiction of that zone or station. That zone or station which receives the alert is then required to respond outside of their territory.[17]
According to official statistics collected by Belgium's federal government, the fire zones and the Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Service together carried out a total of 251,551 (non-EMS) interventions in 2020. Of these interventions, an absolute majority of 157,926 (62.78%) fell in the category "rescue and technical interventions". Interventions in the category "fire" amounted to 35,208, corresponding to 14.00% of the total number. Of these "fire" interventions, 11,826 concerned residentialstructure fires. The average response time for a fire in 2020, measured as the time between the fire zone or fire station receiving the alert and the first unit arriving on scene, was 11 minutes and 21 seconds. During all (non-EMS) interventions in 2020, firefighters were faced with 13,088 victims, including 11,812 injuredcivilians, 1,182 deceased civilians, and 94 injured firefighters in their own ranks. On average, 5.30 firefighters responded to a mission, varying from an average of 9.14 firefighters responding to a fire, to an average of 3.16 firefighters responding to "rescue and technical intervention" missions.[15]
Caution should however be used when interpreting these statistics, as the data provided by the fire zones is not entirely complete.[15]
Fire zones are not required to take up a role with regards toemergency medical services (EMS), although most of them do have an important stake in its provision. Emergency medical services in Belgium are principally organised along a three-tiered structure: firstly standard emergencyambulances which provideBLS-level care and transport patients; secondly so-called 'mobile emergency andresuscitation services' (Dutch:MUG, mobiele urgentiegroep; French:SMUR, service mobile d'urgence et de réanimation; German:MRD, mobiler Rettungsdienst) which provideALS-level care by physicians usingnontransporting vehicles; and thirdly so-called 'paramedical intervention teams' or 'PITs' which provide a level of care in between standard ambulances and the mobile emergency and resuscitation services, and consist of ambulances staffed with at least oneemergency nurse. While all mobile emergency and resuscitation services and mainly all PITs are based at ahospital, emergency ambulances can be provided by any organisation concluding a contract with Belgium'sFPS Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment. These ambulances can thus be operated by for example fire services, hospitals, theRed Cross or private companies.[18][19] In practice, the absolute majority of all emergency ambulances are operated by the fire zones.[7]
Emergency ambulances must be staffed by at least twoemergency medical technicians (EMTs), in Belgium officially calledhulpverlener-ambulancier (Dutch),secouriste-ambulancier (French) orSanitäter-Krankenwagenfahrer (German). Some fire zones operating emergency ambulances may require their firefighters to also becomecertified as EMT, or may employ non-firefighter EMTs or even nurses to staff their ambulances. To obtain certification as EMT as of 2023, a participant must succeed for a 160-hour course. To retain the certification, EMTs must attendcontinuing education and undergo a five-yearly assessment.[20][21][22][23]
Some fire zones also ensure the availability of PITs in partnership with a hospital. In this setup, the fire zone may provide the ambulance vehicle and/or an EMT, while the hospital usually provides the emergency nurse required to staff the PIT.[24][25][26]
In addition to firefighting, the fire zones and the Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Service are also tasked with certain responsibilities with regards tofire safety andfire prevention. Specially trained personnel perform fire safetyinspections or checkbuilding plans during the application processes to obtainconstruction permits, under the authority of the mayor of the municipality concerned. In doing this, they apply fire safetyregulations issued by different governmental levels and entities. They also provide fire prevention advice to the general public.[1][10][27]
In Belgium, thecivil security is safeguarded by two branches: the fire zones (and the Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Service) on one hand, and the Civil Protection on the other hand. The Civil Protection is anemergency service managed by Belgium's federal government. It provides specialized assistance to other emergency services (including the fire zones) and public authorities to managedisasters. After the creation of the fire zones, the duties of the Civil Protection were reviewed. It was decided that since the fire zones were to ensure the basic missions with regards to civil security, the Civil Protection would focus on more prolonged and specialised missions in four key areas:chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear risks (CBRN),search and rescue missions (SAR), heavy technical deployments (HTD) andincident & crisis management (ICM). To this end, the Civil Protection disposes of specialised units and vehicles, such asmobile laboratories,rigid inflatable boats,search and rescue dogs,power generators, heavypumps,water cannons,communications vehicles, anddrones, among others. In 2019, the resources of the Civil Protection were centralised in two operational units: one inCrisnée and one inBrasschaat.[28][29][30]
The fire zones and the Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Service rely on about 17,000firefighters in total, consisting of around 6,000 career firefighters (35%) and 11,000volunteers (65%), according to official 2018 figures. Of these firefighters, about 5% are members of the higher cadre, i.e.officers, and 16% are members of the middle cadre, i.e.NCOs. Are very small minority of about 2% of all firefighters are women. Aside from the firefighters, the fire zones also employ about 1,000 non-firefighter emergency medical technicians.[3] Caution should however be used when considering the total number of firefighters, since a number of career firefighters are simultaneously active as volunteers in a different fire zone. The official number of 17,000 firefighters might thus be an overestimation.[31][32]
Career firefighters can be found mostly in larger towns and cities, while rural areas rely mostly or entirely on volunteers. The Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Service and the Antwerp Fire Zone, responsible for the port city ofAntwerp, are the only ones employing exclusively career firefighters.[3] When it comes to the number of personnel, the Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Service is the largest in Belgium with almost 1,200 firefighters as of 2020.[33]
After the gas explosion of Ghislenghien in 2004, Belgian fire fighter academies have begun adapting newer techniques, such as the Swedish techniques for structural firefighting or USA's RIT-procedure (Rapid Intervention Team).
The fire zones employ a rank structure for their personnel which mirrors theBelgian military ranks, and is laid down by aRoyal Order.[34]
| Officers (Higher cadre) | NCOs (Middle cadre) | Enlisted (Basic cadre) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insignia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| French | Colonel | Major | Capitaine | Lieutenant | Adjudant | Sergent | Caporal | Sapeur-pompier |
| Dutch | Kolonel | Majoor | Kapitein | Luitenant | Adjudant | Sergeant | Korporaal | Brandweerman |
| Medical staff | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Insignia |  |  |  |
| French | Médecin | Infirmier | Ambulancier |
| Dutch | Arts | Verpleegkundige | Paramedicus |
| Officers (Higher cadre) | NCOs (Middle cadre) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insignia |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| French | Lieutenant-colonel | Capitaine-commandant | Sous-lieutenant | Adjudant-chef | Sergent-major | Premier Sergent |
| Dutch | Luitenant-Kolonel | Kapitein-Commandant | Onder-luitenant | Opperadjudant | Sergeant-majoor | Eerste sergeant |
When the Belgian civil security reform came into force in 2014, all firefighter officers were automatically promoted to a higher rank, whether they held the appropriate certificate or not.[35] This led to numerous disputes and was the subject of one of the demands announced during the demonstrations by Belgian firefighters before and after the reform,[36] non-commissioned officers and men in the ranks feeling aggrieved,[37] because no similar measure was planned for them.
