Fire Island is the large center island of theouter barrier islands parallel to theSouth Shore ofLong Island in the U.S.state of New York.
In 2012,Hurricane Sandy once again divided Fire Island into two islands. Together, these two islands are about 31 miles (50 km) long and vary between 520 and 1,310 feet (160 and 400 m) wide. The land area of Fire Island is 9.6 square miles (24.9 km2).[1] The majority of the island's land is protected byFire Island National Seashore which was created in 1964 in response to a protest movement against the construction of a highway through the island.[2] As of 2024, life for Fire Island visitors and residents was defined by restrictions on personal automobile use meant to preserve the island's unique character and ecosystems.[3]
Fire Island is part ofSuffolk County. It lies within the towns ofBabylon,Islip, andBrookhaven, containing twovillages and severalhamlets. All parts of the island not within village limits are part of the Fire Islandcensus-designated place (CDP), which had a permanent population of 777 at the2020 census,[4] though that expands to thousands of residents and tourists during the summer. The neighborhoods ofCherry Grove andFire Island Pines are known asgay-friendly tourist destinations.[5]
The origin of Fire Island's name is uncertain. It is believed its Native American name wasSictem Hackey ("Land of the Secatogues"). TheSecatogues were a tribe in the area of the currenttown ofIslip. It was part of what was also called the "Seal Islands".[6]
The name of Fire Island first appeared on a deed in 1789.[7]
Historian Richard Bayles suggests that the name derives from a misinterpretation or corruption of theDutch wordvijf ("five"), or in another versionvier ("four"), referring to the number of islands near the Fire Island inlet,[8] a view echoed byRobert Caro, who suggests inThe Power Broker that the island was named to reflect four inlets that have since disappeared.[9] At times histories have referred to it in the plural, as "Fire Islands", because of the inlet breaks.
While the western portion of the island was referred to as Fire Island for many years, the eastern portion was referred to as Great South Beach until 1920, when widespread development caused the whole land mass to be called Fire Island.[7]
Indigenous Native Americans lived onLong Island and Fire Island for many centuries before Europeans arrived. There exists a myth that the islands were occupied by "thirteen tribes" "neatly divided into thirteen tribal units, beginning with theCanarsie who lived in present-dayBrooklyn and ending with theMontauk on the far eastern end of the island."[citation needed] But modernethnographic research indicates that before the European invasion, Long Island and Fire Island were occupied by "indigenous groups [...] organized into village systems with varying levels of social complexity. They lived in small communities that were connected in an intricate web of kinship relations [...] there were probably no native peoples living in tribal systems on Long Island until after the Europeans arrived. [...] The communities appear to have been divided into two general culture areas that overlapped in the area known today as theHempstead Plains [...]. The western groups spoke theDelaware-Munsee dialect ofAlgonquian and shared cultural characteristics such as thelonghouse system of social organization with their brethren in what is now New Jersey and Delaware. The linguistic affiliation of the eastern groups is less well understood [...] Goddard [...] concluded that the languages here are related to the southernNew England Algonquian dialects, but he could only speculate on the nature of these relationships [...]. Working with a few brief vocabulary lists of Montauk andUnquachog, he suggested that the Montauk might be related toMohegan-Pequot and the Unquachog might possibly be grouped with theQuiripi of western Connecticut. The information on theShinnecock was too sparse for any determination [...] The most common pattern of indigenous life on Long Island prior to the intervention of the whites was the autonomous village linked by kinship to its neighbors."[10]
"Most of the 'tribal' names with which we are now familiar do not appear to have been recognized by either the first European observers or by the original inhabitants until the process of land purchases began after the first settlements were established. We simply do not know what these people called themselves, but all the ethnographic data on North American Indian cultures suggest that they identified themselves in terms of lineage and clan membership. [...] The English and Dutch were frustrated by this lack of structure because it made land purchase so difficult. Deeds, according to the European concept of property, had to be signed by identifiable owners with authority to sell and have specific boundaries on a map. The relatively amorphous leadership structure of the Long Island communities, the imprecise delineation of hunting ground boundaries, and their view of the land as a living entity to be used rather than owned made conventional European real estate deals nearly impossible to negotiate. The surviving primary records suggest that the Dutch and English remedied this situation by pressing cooperative local sachems to establish a more structured political base in their communities and to define their communities as "tribes" with specific boundaries [...] The Montauk, under the leadership ofWyandanch in the mid-seventeenth century, and theMatinnecock, under the sachemsSuscaneman andTackapousha, do appear to have developed rather tenuous coalitions as a result of their contact with the English settlers."[10]
"An early example of [European] intervention into Native American political institutions is a 1664 agreement wherein theEast Hampton andSouthampton officials appointed a sunk squaw namedQuashawam to govern both the Shinnecock and the Montauk."[10]
On May 17,1850,Margaret Fuller, her husband Ossoli, and their young son Angelino, began a five-week return voyage to the United States aboard the shipElizabeth, an American merchant freighter carrying cargo that included mostly marble fromCarrara.[18] They set sail on May 17.[19] At sea, the ship's captain, Seth Hasty, died ofsmallpox.[20] Angelino contracted the disease and recovered.[21]
Possibly because of the inexperienced first mate now serving as captain, the ship slammed into asandbar less than 100 yards from Fire Island on July 19, 1850, around 3:30 am[22] Many of the other passengers and crew members abandoned ship. The first mate, Mr. Bangs, urged Fuller and Ossoli to try to save themselves and their child as he himself jumped overboard,[23] later claiming he believed Fuller had wanted to be left behind to die.[24] On the beach, people arrived with carts hoping to salvage any cargo washed ashore. None made any effort to rescue the crew or passengers of theElizabeth,[25] though they were only 50 yards from shore.[24] Most of those aboard attempted to swim to shore, leaving Fuller and Ossoli and Angelino some of the last on the ship. Ossoli was thrown overboard by a massive wave and, after the wave had passed, a crewman who witnessed the event said Fuller could not be seen.[26]
Henry David Thoreau traveled to New York City at the urging ofEmerson to search the shore, but neither Fuller's body nor that of her husband was ever recovered. Angelino's had washed ashore.[27] Few of their possessions were found other than some of the child's clothes and a few letters.[28] Fuller's manuscript on the rise and fall of the 1849 Roman Republic, which she described as "what is most valuable to me if I live of any thing",[29] was alsolost.[30] A memorial to Fuller was erected on the beach at Fire Island in 1901 through the efforts ofJulia Ward Howe.[31] Acenotaph to Fuller and Ossoli, under which Angelino is buried, is inMount Auburn Cemetery inCambridge, Massachusetts.[32] The inscription reads, in part:[33]
By birth a child of New England By adoption a citizen of Rome By genius belonging to the world
When New York'sartistic bohème began frequenting Fire Island during theJazz Age,Ocean Beach became the locale's firstgay village.[34] Tensions between the gay (often famous) tourists and locals peaked whenAntoine de Paris built anouthouse, complete with a revealing saloon door, on his land across the street from a Catholic church. Villagers arranged a provocation by sending a teenage boy to "seduce" one of Antoine's guests, and after catching the guestin flagrante, theyburned down Antoine's property.[34] After theGreat Hurricane of 1938 devastated the island, the middle class moved to Saltaire, while the gay community settled in Cherry Grove.[35]
Both Cherry Grove andFire Island Pines were established gay enclaves by the 1950s, connected by a notoriouscruising area nicknamed the Meat Rack.[36] The party-filled culture of the pre-HIV/AIDS 1970s is portrayed inAndrew Holleran's 1978 novelDancer from the Dance. The Botel (today the Grove Hotel) was gay-friendly and ran popularafternoon "tea dances". Cherry Grove calls itself "America's First Gay and Lesbian Town". Fire Island has "an iconic gay scene"[37] and the Grove Hotel is New York State's only hotel that prohibits those under 21 on the premises; this is legal because the hotel's entrance is through a bar.[38]
Fire Island: A Century in the Life of an American Paradise byJack Parlett, andCherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America's First Gay and Lesbian Town[39] byEsther Newton chronicle the gay history of Fire Island. The gay subculture of Fire Island in the 1970s and 1980s is depicted inFaggots byLarry Kramer,[40] andAnd the Band Played On byRandy Shilts[41] The portrayal of promiscuous sex and recreational drug use provoked controversy and was condemned by some elements within the gay community.
A 2009beach renourishment program was credited with saving the island from the full effects of Hurricane Sandy in 2012.
In the winter and spring of 2009, a beach renourishment project was undertaken on Fire Island, with the cooperation of theNational Park Service, theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Towns of Brookhaven and Islip, and Fire Island residents. The program involved dredging sand from an offshore borrow area, pumping it onto the beach, and shaping the sand into an approved beach face and dune template in front of the communities of Corneille Estates, Davis Park, Dunewood, Fair Harbor,Fire Island Pines, Fire Island Summer Club, Lonelyville, Ocean Bay Park,Ocean Beach,Saltaire, and Seaview. Fire Islanders agreed to a significantproperty tax increase to help pay for the project, which was estimated to cost between $23 and $25 million ($6,020 per housing unit), including the cost of environmental monitoring, and was expected to add 1,400,000 cubic meters (1,800,000 cubic yards) of sand in front of the participating communities. The Towns of Brookhaven and Islip, in which the communities are located, issued bonds to pay for the project, backed by the new taxes levied by community Erosion Control Taxing Districts.
The island was heavily damaged by the high tides associated withHurricane Sandy in 2012, including three breaches around Smith Point County Park on the sparsely populated eastern end of the island. The biggest breach, and politically the most difficult one to deal with because it is in a wilderness area, is atOld Inlet in theOtis Pike Wilderness Area just west ofSmith Point County Park. Old Inlet is at the site of previous breaches (which have come and gone on their own) and was 108 feet (33 meters) wide after the storm on the south end and 1,171 feet (357 meters) on February 28, 2013.[42] Officials have been debating whether to close the breach and let nature take its course, as it has been flushing out the Great South Bay and improving water quality. But residents of the bayfront communities noted increased flooding after the storm. This was later found to be the result of several nor'easters and unrelated to the breaches.[43] As of 2018, the breach remained open.[44] Officials have moved to close the other two breaches, which are on either side ofMoriches Inlet—one in Cupsogue County Park and the other in Smith Point County Park.[45][46][47]
Reports indicated that 80 percent of the homes, particularly those on the east end, were flooded, and 90 homes were completely destroyed.[48] The storm also tore away about 75 feet of the dune coastline. But Fire Island was not hit as hard as other areas, with most of the 4,500 homes on the island surviving even if damaged, and significant home reconstruction has taken place. Officials credited the dune replenishment program with helping to spare the island.[49]
After the election of PresidentDonald Trump to a second term, funding for the National Park Service and other federal agencies came under pressure fromThe Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE). These cuts led to negative impacts for Fire Island National Seashore including staff shortages and delays to the renovation of theFire Island Lighthouse.[50] Protests against cuts were held on March 1, 2025, in coordination with other "Protect Your Parks Protest" events held at other NPS units across the country.[51]
 Long Island Great South Bay Fire Island |
| Map of Fire Island National Seashore |
Fire Island lies on average 3.9 miles (6.2 km) off the South Shore of Long Island, but nearly touches it along theEast End. It is separated from Long Island by theGreat South Bay, which spans interconnected bays along Long Island:Patchogue Bay,Bellport Bay,Narrow Bay, andMoriches Bay.
The island and its resort communities are accessible by boat, seaplane, and a number offerries, which run across the bay fromPatchogue,Bay Shore, andSayville, to more than 10 points on the island.
The island is accessible by automobile near each end: viaRobert Moses Causeway on its western end, and by William Floyd Parkway (Suffolk County Road 46) near its eastern end. Motor vehicles are not permitted on the rest of the island, except for utility, construction and emergency access and with limited beach-driving permits in winter.
Fire Island is located at 40°39′35″ north, 73°5′23″ west (40°39′11″N73°07′34″W / 40.653°N 73.126°W /40.653; -73.126).[52] According to theUnited States Census Bureau, it has a land area of 9.6 square miles (24.9 km2).[1]
In 1834,Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, a Swiss-Americansurveyor, measured at Fire Island the firstbaseline of theSurvey of the Coast, shortly beforeLouis Puissant declared to theFrench Academy of Sciences in 1836 thatJean Baptiste Joseph Delambre andPierre Méchain had made errors in themeridian arc measurement, which had been used to determine the length of the metre.[53][54]
The island's physical attributes have changed over time, and continue to change. At one point it stretched more than 60 miles (97 km) fromJones Beach Island toSouthampton.
Around 1683,Fire Island Inlet broke through, separating it from Jones Beach Island.[55]
The Fire Island Inlet grew to 9 miles (14 km) in width before receding. TheFire Island Lighthouse was built in 1858, right on the inlet, but Fire Island's western terminus at Democrat Point has steadily moved west so that the lighthouse today is 5.3 miles (9 km) from the inlet.
Fire Island separated from Southampton in a 1931Nor'easter whenMoriches Inlet broke through. The inlet widened on September 21, 1938. Moriches Inlet and efforts by local communities east of Fire Island to protect their beachfront withjetties have led to an interruption in thelongshore drift of sand going from east to west and are blamed for erosion of the Fire Island beachfront.[56] Between these major breaks there have been reports over the years of at least six inlets that broke through the island but have since disappeared.
Except for the western4+1⁄2 miles (7.2 km) of the island, the island is protected as part ofFire Island National Seashore.Robert Moses State Park, occupying the remaining western portion of the island, is one of the popular recreational destinations in the New York City area. TheFire Island Light stands just east of Robert Moses State Park.
A memorial toTWA 800, dedicated in June 2002, is on the eastern end, atSmith Point County Park, near where the airplane crashed at sea.[57]
Towns are listed below from west to east, communities within each town are listed alphabetically.[58]
The following are associated islands in the Fire Island National Seashore Jurisdiction, from west to east:
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Fire Island's population varies seasonally. There are few residents in winter months, with the population rising in the late spring to early fall.
Housing is mostlystick-builtbungalow-style. Some are beachfront, built on the dunes of the Atlantic Ocean, while others are on boardwalks or concrete walks, like a miniaturized city. For year-round residents, there are schools, churches, shops and even a school bus service to the mainland of Long Island via an off-road modified school bus.
The quiet villages on Fire Island provide solitude, while the larger towns provide a more social atmosphere with clubs, bars and open air dining. Two of these,Fire Island Pines andCherry Grove, are destinations forLGBTQ vacationers.
The incorporated villages ofOcean Beach andSaltaire within Fire Island National Seashore arecar-free during the summer tourist season (Memorial Day through Labor Day) and permit only pedestrian and bicycle traffic (during certain hours only in Ocean Beach). For off-season use, there are a limited number of driving permits for year-round residents and contractors. The hamlet ofDavis Park allows no vehicles or bicycles year-round.
In 1992 Diane Ketcham ofThe New York Times noted that due to the lack of retail, entertainment, and television options, especially in the winter, area children often felt bored and therefore felt excited to attend school.[59]
As of the2000 United States census,[60] 491 people, 138 households, and 77 families resided on Fire Island. The population density was 52.82/mi2 (21.82/km2). There were 4,153 housing units, at an average density of 478.1/mi2 (184.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.77%White, 0.65%Asian, 0.32%Pacific Islander, 0.65% fromother races, and 1.61% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 2.90% of the population.
There were 138 households on Fire Island, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% were married couples living together, 2.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.2% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.90.
Fire Island's population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 33.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 133.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 143.6 males.
The median income for a household on Fire Island was $73,281, and the median income for a family was $83,672. Males had a median income of $46,875 versus $41,429 for females. The per capita income for Fire Island was $43,681. 0.0% of families and 3.1% of individuals were below the poverty line, including 0.0% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over.
After the Manhattan theater community began staying on Fire Island during the 1920s, the island had numerous summer celebrity residents.[61]
Fire Island's unique location and constantly changing geography play a major role in the protection of its citizens. Although it is served by ten fire departments and two police departments,[69] the seasonal residency and remote driving distance are a challenge to the public safety community. Because there are no roads on inhabited Fire Island, fire department vehicles are heavily modifiedfour-wheel drive withsuspension lifts, large diameter off-road tires and recovery equipment, which allow them to traverse the sometimes washed-out, loose sand.
Until 1986, there was no ambulance service on Fire Island,[70] prompting the village of Saltaire to form its rescue company, later followed by Ocean Beach, and then in the 2000s withFair Harbor.[citation needed] Due to relatively close distances, fire departments on Fire Island are obliged to providemutual aid to neighboring communities.[71] Some coastal fire departments on Long Island have fully equipped marine rescue andfireboat units which can cross theGreat South Bay to provide necessary assistance.
Fire Island's corps of off-road-capable fire apparatus and the firefighters' training to use them effectively provide much-needed support in the event of awildfire,[citation needed] as was illustrated in theLong Island Central Pine Barrens fires of 1995.[citation needed]
Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center, Southside Hospital, and Brookhaven Memorial Hospital Medical Center are located directly across the Great South Bay from Fire Island in the Long Island hamlets ofWest Islip,Bay Shore, and the village ofPatchogue, respectively. A heliport for medevac helicopter use is adjacent to Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center. Specially equipped boats provided by theSuffolk County Police Department Marine Bureau docked at the various communities on Fire Island provide emergency transportation to individuals in need of dire medical care. In many cases, Long Island based ambulances will meet the boats once they cross the Bay (roughly 4.5 miles) and then drive individuals the short distance to one of the three hospitals. Also, one emergency access road connects Long Island (West Islip) to Fire Island (Kismet). However, the road ends there and does not extend the full length of the island into the other communities.
TheSuffolk County Police Department Marine Bureau is the primary law enforcement agency.Ocean Beach also has its own dedicated police department.[citation needed] Criminal proceedings are handled by Suffolk District Court, and arrestees go to the 3rd, 1st or 5th precinct, or to one of theSuffolk County Sheriff's Office jails.[citation needed] Small claims and property matters are usually handled by the individual village of case origin.[citation needed] It is common practice for police to write tickets then send unruly visitors off the island viawater taxi, at the offender's expense.[72]
TheSuffolk County Park Police andNew York State Park Police patrol theRobert Moses State Park, while theNational Park Service is stationed at theFire Island Light andFire Island National Seashore.
TheUnited States Coast Guard has a base on Fire Island and provides aerial and nautical patrols to the Fire Island National Seashore as well as all beaches in the area. One of the oldest Coast Guard stations in America, Station No. 25 has been in uninterrupted operation since 1849.[73]
School districts that cover the island include:[74]
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Fire Island's landscapes have inspired numerous myths and legends over the last several centuries and multiple books have been written on the topic of Fire Island lore.[80][81] Many of these stories take advantage of the island's history of shipwrecks and piracy to weave exciting tales of tragic ghosts and hidden treasures beneath the sand.[80]
TheFire Island Lighthouse is particularly prominent in the mythology of this island and is rumored to be haunted. Legend has it that the historic structure is home to the ghosts of a lighthouse keeper and his daughter who died under tragic circumstances. The story goes that the daughter got sick and died before he could get medical help from the mainland. The father was then stricken with grief and responded to the tragedy by hanging himself in the lighthouse tour. It is also said that the ghosts of numerous shipwreck victims haunt the lighthouse and the shores of the island in general including the ghost ofMargaret Fuller. On January 7, 2022, seven paranormal enthusiasts were allowed to spend the night investigating the lighthouse for paranormal activity, and the supposedly supernatural images and videos they captured were later published by Fire Island & Great South Bay News.[82]
The Indian, John Mayhew must have been a real entrepreneur. He seems to have taken an English name and proceeded to trade land with the settlers. Later, after observing the settlers buying and selling land, he obtained a grant for his land from Governor Dongan and permission to sell half of it.
Pirate activities on the Fire Island coast are well documented, and legends are legion.
Islip officials and townspeople try to stop a quarantine of ship passengers on Fire Island
This final link of the Robert Moses Causeway opened in 1964.
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