 Imam Enver Yıldırım and Finnish Tatars during a prayer service at theJärvenpää Mosque in 1989. | |
| Total population | |
 Finland 600–700 (year 2020) | |
| Helsinki,Tampere,Turku,Järvenpää | |
| Languages | |
| Tatar (Mishar dialect),Finnish | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Mishar Tatars and otherVolga Tatars |
TheFinnish Tatars (Tatar:Финляндия татарлары,romanized: Finləndiyə tatarları, Finnish Tatar:Finlandiya tatarları,Finnish:Suomen tataarit) are aTatar ethnic group and minority inFinland, consisting of approximately 600–700 people. The community was formed between the late 1800s and the early 1900s, whenMishar Tatarmerchants emigrated from theNizhny Novgorod Governorate of theRussian Empire and eventually settled in Finland. Tatars have the main building oftheir congregation inHelsinki. They have also founded cultural associations in different cities. They are theoldest Muslim community in Finland.
The identity of the Finnish Tatars has had different reference points throughout their history. In the early days, they were known by their religious identity (Muslims). WhenRepublic of Turkey was established, Finnish Tatars, who speak aTurkic language, began identifying themselves as "Turks".[a] They were influenced byTurkish culture; for example, theyadopted the Latin alphabet, which replaced the previously usedArabic one. Nowadays, Finnish Tatars once again identify asTatars and are very connected toTatarstan. Itshead,Rustam Minnikhanov, has visited the community.
Finnish Tatars have also maintained their connections to Turkey, however. President of TurkeyRecep Tayyip Erdoğan, among others, has visited their congregation. In 2024, a history of the Finnish Tatars by Dr. Ramil Belyayev, imam of the Finnish Tatar congregation, was translated into Turkish and released inAnkara.[1][2]
It is believed that the firstTurkic peoples who migrated to Finland during theearly modern period were mostlyVolga Tatars andBashkirs, some of whom were also deployed inCossack units during theGreat Northern War,First Russo-Swedish War, andSecond Russo-Swedish War.[3][4] There were alsomullahs staying on Finnish soil in the 1800s; for example, Izzätulla Timergali, who was the mullah inSveaborg from 1866 to 1906.[5]
The migration of Tatars to Finland happened in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Tradition tells that the first Tatar merchant in Finland was the grandfather ofHasan Hamidulla, who arrived fromSaint Petersburg toVyborg in 1868. Other Tatar merchants named as the first ones on Finnish soil are Alautdin Salavat and Samaletdin Yusuf. The last Tatar migration wave happened in the 1920s, when the merchants who had settled in the country brought their family members in.[6][7]
These merchants were mostlyMishar Tatars, who originated from neighboring villages inNizhny Novgorod Governorate,Sergachsky District,Russia. Many of them were fromAktuk.[8][9] A few other Turkic peoples came as well, such asBashkirs andKazakhs, but they blended in quickly.[10] At their home villages, Mishars worked as farmers, but eventually they became merchants, due to lack of income. They usually sold fabrics, furs, clothes and soap.[11] Their trips reached Saint Petersburg at first, and eventually, Finland.[6]
Finland (until 1917,Grand Duchy of Finland) therefore in the beginning was just a new territory to do business in. Already in the early 1880s, Tatar merchants were seen in the country, many dozens at once. Their trips had become regular especially after theRiihimäki-Saint Petersburg railway completing years before. In 1891, the railroads already reached for example toOulu andKemi. At first, they returned to their homes after earning enough, but after it became evident that the business conditions were better on Finnish soil, they started to settle in the country permanently. The relatively good reception of the Finns also helped. Many Tatars settled in Vyborg at first, but after it was lost toSoviet Union, they moved mainly toHelsinki,Turku andTampere, where some fellow Tatars had already settled.[10][12]Soon, many of them transitioned into selling in halls. For example, in Vyborg halls, they sold cotton products, silk fabrics, carpets and furs.Terijoki was also an important place for business before it too was lost to Soviet Union. In Tampere, fabric was often the main product being sold. Many of them also set up their own shops.[10][13]
Many Tatars who had settled into Finland started to arrange their family members to the country after the1917 Russian revolution.[10] This however, was mostly possible only after 1921, because the border of Russia and Finland was closed until theTreaty of Tartu. The relatives of these Tatar merchants had to plead for a visa from the delegations of Moscow or Saint Petersburg. They also got help for example from professorYrjö Jahnsson, who had connections that assisted them in the migration.[14] The migration was mainly possible until 1929. After that, some who came, came illegally or for big ransom.[15]
While Tatars in Finland started to apply for a Finnish citizenship soon after the country's independence in 1917, still in 1939, as many as half of the community stayed in the country withNansen passports. One reason for this was that the Finnish government demanded them to prove that they had been in the country for at least five years without leaving, and that they can provide for themselves and their families. These things got easier to prove after the second world war. The first citizenship was granted to a Tatar named Sadik Ainetdin in 1919.[16]
After theWinter War in 1940, there were 367 Russian prisoners inTurku central prison. These included Tatars. Some of them; Ibrahim Rahman, Halidulla Utarbai, Zekeriye Abdulla and Salih Zahidulla joined theTatar congregation after being freed but by the end of the decade they had left Finland. The Finnish State Police made a search warrant for many Muslim soldiers who had not gone back to the Soviet Union.[17]
In January 1945, most of the Muslims who had stayed on Finnish soil after the war returned to the Soviet Union "voluntarily but reluctantly". Some of the few who were able to stay for longer included anAvar named Halid Hamido, who during the war had married a Finnish woman and converted to Christianity. In Finland, the prisoners of war were employed by the Samaletdin and Ainetdin families,Ymär Sali, Zuhur Tahir, Ibrahim Hamidulla, Ibrahim Arifulla and also the two Muslims who themselves had recently emigrated to Finland; aKazakh Ömmet Kenschahmet and aLezgin Velibek Alibek. Thirty or so "war migrants" had been in under charge at the Helsinki Tatar congregation from February 1942. AKazan Tatar, teacher Mahmut Rahim delivered prayers at theTampere Tatar Congregation during 1942–1944.[17]
At the turn of the twentieth century, five Tatar families lived in Estonia. In the 1920s, more of them had settled inTallinn,Narva,Jõhvi andRakvere, after which the number of Tatars was around 200–300. At the end of 1943, many came to Finland on motorboat rides. They registered as political refugees and applied to the Finnish military forces, where three Estonian Tatars, Ibrahim Zarip, Ahmed Haerdinov and Rafik Moks were admitted. Zarip was accepted as a sailor at the Turku naval station and after his service moved to Sweden and later lived his life in New York.[18][19] Haerdinov, after his service moved to Sweden; Moks on the other hand to Canada. Six Estonian Tatars and their families received residence permit and later on, two families acquired a citizenship. Their recommenders were the Samaletdin family, imamWeli-Ahmed Hakim and merchantYmär Abdrahim.[20][21]
Due to the fear of deportation and the uncertain conditions in Finland, many Estonian Tatars who came to Finland continued their journey to Sweden, and especially to theGreater Stockholm area. Before their arrival, only one Tatar, a tanner named Ibrahim Umarkajeff is known to have lived in Sweden. In 1949, the Tatars who had settled in Sweden founded an association that was initially calledTurk-Islam Föreningen i Sverige för Religion och Kultur ('Swedish Turkish-Islamic Religious and Cultural Association'), later shortened toIslam Församlingen i Sverige ('Swedish Islamic Congregation'). The association maintained a cemetery in the southern part of Stockholm. The Tatars lost their majority in the Islamic association in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1980s, it was estimated that there were about 50 so-called full-blooded and 30 half-blooded Tatars in the country. Didar Samaletdin, a Tatar woman founded a restaurant calledDjingis Khan in Södermalm with her husband in 1983.[20][21]
By the beginning of the 20th century, Leningrad (Saint Petersburg) had its own Tatar community, largely formed by Mishars from Nizhny Novgorod region. Some of them continued their trip to Finland, others stayed in the city. The Tatars in Finland kept their connections with the Tatar relatives in Leningrad and elsewhere up until the 1930s, traveling across the border illegally through 1920's. Their ties were cut after tightened border control. Before this, they had also helped the Tatars in Leningrad by sending them money. They also personally helped theologianMusa Bigiev. When he got arrested in Moscow in 1923, the Finnish Tatar community sent a letter to the Turkish government, asking for help in releasing him. In 1930, the community also tried to bring Bigiev in the country.[22]
As correspondence and travel to the Soviet Union opened in the mid-1950s, it was possible for them to re-establish their broken connections. It wasn't until the turn of the 1960s and 1970s however that contacts with Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan began to strengthen as they received Tatar guests from across the border. They had Bashkir artists as their guests in 1967, a little before the Kazan Tatars. They were able to visit their home villages at the end of the 20th century.[22][23]
Berlin served as a kind of meeting place for many Tatars and other Turkic exiles in the early 20th century. The Soviet intelligence agencyJoint State Political Directorate was also aware of this; "The Muslims of Kazan, St. Petersburg and Finland maintain very active contacts with Berlin, where the head of the foreign Tatar counter-revolution currently gathers". Finnish professorYrjö Jahnsson went to Berlin to meet the Bashkir activistZeki Velidi Togan in 1925. According to him, Jahnsson's aim was to "unite the Finns and the Asian nations captured by the Russians against the Russian colonial interests". A year earlier, Finnish Tatars Zinnetullah Ahsen and Imad Samaletdin had traveled to meet Togan and Tatar activistAyaz İshaki in the city to discuss their attempts to produce a Finnish translation of theQuran.[24]
Young Muslim emigrants also went to study in Berlin. In 1918, under the leadership of theologianAlimcan Idris, the "Assistance Society for Russian Muslim Students" was founded there, the purpose of which was to help students maintain connections with their homeland and bring new students to the city. In a 1972 interview with a Finnish sociologist Pertti Rautio, the Tatar coupleSemiulla and Mahruse Wafin, who themselves had studied in Berlin described Tatar students in Germany as follows: "Many of them became scientists, teachers at the universities of Istanbul and Ankara. Most of them were Turkologists. Others were doctors, chemists, those who had attended the University of Economics and Business and these received employment in their field in Turkey and usually they were professors there."[24]
The first registered Tatar and at the same time the first Islamic formation in Finland was founded in 1915. It was called "Helsingin musulmaanien hyväntekeväisyysseura" ("The Charity Club of Helsinki Moslem's"). During that time, terms likeMoslem andMohammedan were used, rather thanMuslim orIslamic. An actual congregation they founded in 1925, after the Finnish laws had approved of given practices in 1922. Finland therefore became the first western country that gave Muslims official recognition. The congregation was at first named "Suomen muhamettilainen seurakunta" ("The Finnish Mohammedan Congregation") and later, from 1963 forwards,The Finnish-Islamic Congregation. They didn't get the right to wed their community members until 1932 however, because the authorities believed that it would lead topolygamy, even though it was not practiced among the Tatars.[25]
Elsewhere in Finland there were also religious formations, such asThe Tampere Islamic Congregation, founded in 1942. During the same year, awooden mosque was built inJärvenpää by the community members.[26]
The firstpilgrimage toMecca done by the community happened in the 1920s.[27]
In order to conserve and develop their culture in Finland, Tatars have established their own cultural associations. For example, in 1935, they established the Helsinki-basedSuomen turkkilaisten seura (Association of Finnish Turks) andTampereen Turkkilainen Yhdistys (Tampere Turkish Society), and two years later, theTurun Turkkilais-Tataarilainen Yhdistys (Turku Turko-Tatar Association).[28] These formations have mainly focused on organizing their own cultural events and publishing.[29] They and their religious congregation have also arranged language instruction for their children. In Helsinki, they had their own school,Turkkilainen kansakoulu (TurkishVolksschule), which was shut down in 1969 after lack of students.[30]
The Tatar diaspora in Finland has always been very connected with each other, their roots leading mostly to the same areas. Yet, there has been conflict among them when it comes to their identity. These disagreements have mostly focused on their ethnonym,Tatars.
Under theRussian Empire,Volga Tatars generally did not identify as Tatars, but rather as Muslims (möselman) or by their own group names (qazanlı,mişär /meshcheryaki). The nameBolgar also appeared, which refers to the theory of them being at least partially the descendants ofBolgars. The second, main theory for their formation is them being descendants of "Tatars" of theGolden Horde, as in, mostlyKipchaks. Originally it was indeed the feudal nobility of Golden Horde that used the term to denote its citizens, and eventually, Russian feudals and the Tsarist government started to use it as well. In addition to possibly wanting to stick to their different group identities rather than be all lumped in together asTatars (even until 1926 census), it is speculated that they avoided accepting the ethnonym because it created a negative reference to the "old enemies of the Russian state", the Mongols, and especially to the soldiers ofGenghis Khan, who were known as "Tatars" during the 1200s.[31][32][33][34][35][36][37]
At the turn of the century, Tatars in Finland also mostly identified themselves by their religion (Muslim). AfterTurkey was established (1923), it became a kind of reference point to their "Turkic identity", and therefore they started to call themselves simplyTurks, or alternatively,Volga Turks orTurks of North. (The name of the ancient Kipchaks was also referenced.)[38][36][39]
Some Tatars fromKazan ended up moving to Turkey. In Finland, there were such people as well, for example, the businessman-publisherZinnetullah Ahsen Böre, who became a Turkish citizen, and hoped that others would also join the "Great Turkish nation". (In Finnish language, there is no one separate word for Turkish and Turkic;turkkilainen can technically mean both.)[40][41][42]
Not everyone approved of the idea. Some of them remained hopeful that the Tatars in Russia would be able to establish an independent nation, which was briefly represented by theIdel-Ural State (1918). This interest had been sparked by Idel-Ural figures visiting Finland and also by Finnish activists who were knowledgeable about Turkic peoples. Tatar activists Sarif Daher and Hasan Kanykoff were founding members of the association calledEtuvartiokansojen klubi, which purpose was to help the minority peoples in Russia and create cooperation with them and independent Finland.[43][44][45]
The influence of Turkey had impact on the names of their establishments, personal names and language. Associations used name "Turkish", instead of "Tatar". Referring to their language, they called it "Turkish". In their personal names, the most noticeable change was the letterÄ, which was replaced with TurkishE (for example: Ahsän→ Ahsen). In the footsteps ofAtatürk's reforms, the Finnish Tatars replaced the previously usedArabic script for aLatin script. The Turkish language was appreciated within the community, and they partly tried to pronounce and write according to it.[28][41][47][48][49]
The Tatar ethnonym has since solidified among the people. In Finland, after the era of Turkish influence, a new connection to "Tatar roots" started to form after they received visitors fromTatarstan in the late 1960s. The community itself also had the opportunity to visit Kazan, and eventually the villages of their ancestors. Also, the desire to not be confused with Turks of Turkey arriving to Finland might have played a part. The community identified themselves publicly as Tatars in 1974, when inJärvenpää they organized "a day of Tatar culture", open for Finns. After this, however, conflicts rose again inside the community.Tatar was still referred to as a "Russian epithet".[50][51][52][53]
In total, 156 members of the Finnish Tatar community took part in theWinter War and theContinuation War on the side of Finland. Ten of them died while serving. In addition, 26 were wounded, 7 of them permanently.[54] 21 Tatar women operated at theLotta Svärd organization.[55]
In 1987, the names of the fallen Tatar soldiers were carved on a memory plate, which was placed inside on their congregation's main building wall. They have also been honored at the Islamic cemetery in Helsinki.[55]
The Tatar merchants who came to Finland were at times accused of trading without license and avoiding paying taxes. In general, however, Tatars were better thought of in Finland than in Russia, which is believed to have been their main reason for settling in the country.[56] According to the Finnish authorities, the motive for the majority of merchants to come to the country was not discrimination experienced in Russia, but apparently simply the pursuit of a better standard of living. The purpose in the beginning was usually to return home after having earned enough.[57]
If these Tatar emigrants experienced suspicions among the Finns, it usually did not focus on them being Muslim, rather, them being from Russia. From time to time, the Tatars came under accusations of a "communist spy". These were usually baseless accusations based on the alleged "pro-Bolshevik" opinions of individual Tatars. They gained trust from the law enforcers, because among them there were people who were on good terms with and worked together with Finnish university people and activists.[58] A clear example of this is Hasan Kanykoff (1880 – 1954).[45]
Based on individual interviews of later generations of Finnish Tatars, there has not been much discrimination in Finland apart from the occasional name calling, most notablytattari, a kind of intentionally distorted version oftataari. However, the epithet in question, led to an incident in 1961, as a result of which two Finnish Tatars were sent to prison and the third to payment for damages. The trio assaulted one metal shop operator, permanently damaging his sight. The man had allegedly called them "tattari" in a Helsinki restaurant onMay Day night. The abusers together had to pay the victim a total of 1,105,000 Finnish marks.[59][60][61]
Two more serious attacks against the community are known in Finland: In 1942, soldier Siadetdin Samlihan, during his free time, was shot to death in Helsinki, while walking on the street with his friend. The shooter was never found. It was speculated that the killer may have thought that the Tatars spoke Russian and therefore were Russian spies. The second incident was in Tampere during the 1990s, when a firebomb was thrown into a Tatar home.[60][61]
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After their failed pursuits of independence in 1918, many leaders of the Idel-Ural state began to settle in Finland. Their names were as follows;Yusuf Akçura,Ayaz Ishaki,Musa Bigiev,Zeki Velidi Togan,Sadri Maksudi Arsal,Alimcan Idris, Abdullah Battal Taymas, and the former imam of Saint Petersburg, Lutfi Ishaki. Idris and Battal stayed in the country for longer, due to operating as teachers and cultural influencers among the community, but the others shortly continued elsewhere, such asGermany,France orTurkey.[62] Some of them however returned to Finland later, for example Ayaz Ishaki, for whom the Tatar community of Tampere organized a three-day celebration in February 1937.[63] Ishaki in return organized a 20-year memory celebration of Idel-Ural state inWarsaw in 1938, where seven Finnish Tatars were present.[64]
In addition to Idel-Ural politicians, refugees among the Finnish Tatar community included also for example the later-theosophist and mason,Amina Syrtlanoff, who took part in establishing local Tatar congregation and made presentations on Islam.[65]
Tatars have been a subject of interest to many Finnish linguists. Researchers focused especially on Mishar Tatars areMartti Räsänen andHeikki Paasonen. Other curious ones includeMathias Alexander Castren,August Ahlqvist andGustaf John Ramstedt.[66]
The Finnish Tatars areSunni Muslims.[67] They practice their religion at their own congregation, theFinnish-Islamic Congregation, which has its main building inFredrikinkatu, Helsinki.[68] The congregation also owns awooden mosque in Järvenpää.[69] The Tatars in Tampere have theirseparate congregation, which has its space inHämeenkatu.[70][71] The congregations accept only Tatars as their members.[72]
In Finland, Tatars are known as an Islamic minority which keeps a low profile. They usually don't speak publicly about current topics regarding Islam in the country.[73]
Members of the Finnish Tatar community have been makingpilgrimages to Mecca since the 1920s.[27] The international relations of the community have been deemed impressive. World leaders who have visited the community include Tunisian presidentHabib Bourguiba, Head of TatarstanRustam Minnikhanov and Turkish presidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğan. The congregation has also received imams from abroad, such as theCrimean Tatar Abdurrahman Kaya and Enver Yıldırım from Turkey. In 2020, the imam of the congregation is Russian-born Ramil Belyayev (Bilal) became imam of the congregation, while economist Gölten Bedretdin became chairman of the board; the latter is the first female to hold that position.[74][75][76][77]
During the 1900s, The Tampere Tatar congregation also had a wide variety of guests as well. These include for example theologianMusa Bigiev, Idel-Ural president and refugeeSadri Maksudi Arsal, muftisTalgat Tadjuddin from Ufa andRawil Gaynetdin from Moscow, TurkologistReşit Rahmeti Arat and professor ofMedina university, Abdullah Ahmed Zadri. Musicians include Haydar Bigichev. Chairman in 2020 is entrepreneur Vahit Wafin.[78][79]
The native language of Finnish Tatars is theTatar language, more specifically its western dialect,Mishar.[80] It differs from the dialect of the Kazan Tatars, which is standard Tatar.[81] The current Finnish Tatar dialect differs also from the language of Mishars in Russia; for example, they do not use the letterX, only soft H.[82][83]
Before adopting the Latin alphabet, Finnish Tatars, like the Tatars in Russia, used theArabic script. In Finland also, the Tatars modified the script to better fit their language. (See:İske imlâ,Yaña imlâ.) Reformers include especially the writer-teacher Abdullah Battal (Later Battal-Taymas, 1883–1969), who adapted the spelling to a morephonetic manner. Battal strove to make the Tatar vowels clearly and consistently visible in the Arabic script and also to standardize the marking of consonants.[84]
From 1930s forwards, the gradual transition to the Latin script began. Reasons for this were mainly the influence of Turkish culture that saturated the community at that time (Turkey had begun using the Latin alphabet in 1928[85]), and at the same time, the similar movement called theYanalif movement, which was happening in Soviet Union among the Tatars. By the 1950s, the publications of Finnish Tatars had mostly switched to the Latin alphabet. Before this, during the transition period, both were still used. In the teaching of the community's children, they changed to the Latin alphabet during the 1960s.[86][87] The Tatars in Russia use the Cyrillic alphabet nowadays.[88]
First version of Latin script was borrowed directly from Turkish. Over time, the script has been modified in different ways.[89]
Example of Finnish Tatar language in the Latin alphabet in 2021:[90]
Finlandiyä tatarlarınıñ törki cämiyäte 1800 nçe yıllarnın ahırında oyışkan. Ul vakıtta Tübän Novgorod guberniyäse Sergaç öyäzeneñ avıllarınnan tatar säüdägärläreneñ törkeme Finlandiyägä kilgän. Finlandiyä ul zaman Rusiyä kulastında bulgan.
— Kadriye Bedretdin
Tatar names are mostly of Arabic, Persian and Turkic origin.[91] Tatars who settled in the country usually adopted theirpatronymic as a surname. (Example: Hakimov =Son of Hakim.) However, Tatars who traveled together with their father adopted their father's patronymic; in other words, their grandfather's name. Due to this, brothers who traveled at a different time might have ended up using a different surname. These Russian suffixes were mostly removed from their names during the time ofFinnish independence (1917). It is speculated that with this, they tried to avoid the negative attitudes the Finns had towards Russians at the time. In Russia, some Tatars have used their surname without such a suffix as well, though usually in unofficial terms, such as an artist name. (Ğabdulla Tuqayev –Ğabdulla Tuqay).[92][93][94][95]
Until early to mid 1900s, given names were often two part (Hamidulla, Gölbanu), or in general were Quranic (Ahmed, Hamide).[96][97]
Later (second half of the 1900s and into the 2000s), names are often either Turkish (Erkan, Meral), or Turkic-Persian/Arabic hybrids (Ildar, Aynur).[98][99][100][101]
The sound [æ], which is abundant in Tatar language, appears often marked with either A or E in Finland. (Cyrillic Ә in Russia -Latin script: Ä or Ə). In general, the spelling of Tatar names in the country varies a lot.[102][103][104][105]
The musical tradition, which is largely based on old folk songs, originates fromNizhny Novgorod Oblast, where the first generation was born. Often in Tatar folk music, there is a longing for home and relatives left behind. Musical style called "dance song" (tanssilaulu in Finnish) however is described as "rhythmic, brisk and happy". Modern Tatar music in Finland has been represented by the local ensembleBaşkarma, whose frontman Deniz Bedretdin has founded two other bands inKazan and in 1968 in Helsinki established the "first Tatar rock band" calledThe Sounds of Tsingiskhan.[106][107][108][109]
Tatars in Finland have had their own choirs. Talented singers among the community have been especially Hamit Hairedin, Zeituna Abdrahim, Naim Sadik, Hamdurrahman Hakimcan, Aliye Hakimcan, Hamide Çaydam, Dina Abdul and Betül Hairetdin. Musicians include Halid Kurbanali, Batu Alkara and Ädhäm Kanykoff. (who was a close friend of Finnish composerJean Sibelius).[110][111][112]
Ever since the 1960s, Russian Tatar musicians have performed among the community. First ones to come wereRöstäm Yäxin, İlham Şakirov, Venera Şäripova, Ayrat Arslanov, Marat Äxmätov and Mars Makarov. The trip was arranged by cultural workerYmär Daher. Together they performed in Helsinki and Tampere and during this time met Finnish presidentUrho Kekkonen.[113][114]
Mishar poetry is often described as wistful. Most prominent Finnish Tatar poet was Sadretdin "Sadri" Hamid (1905–1987), whose speciality was humorous and rhyming chronicles. Female poet Gäühär Tuganay (1911–1998) was known for her nature-themed poetry.Aisa Hakimcan wrote often about his longing for home villageAktuk. ImamHabiburrahman Shakir and publisherHasan Hamidulla expressed themselves through poetry as well.[115][116][117]
Fazile Nasretdin'sTuksan tugız haiku ('Ninety-nine haiku), the first ever Tatar language haiku collection (according to researched Sabira Stahlberg) was published for free on websiteAybagar in 2022. It includes an English version as well.[118][119]
The national Volga Tatar poetĞabdulla Tuqay (Abdulla Tukay for Mishars) is held in high regard among the community. Yearly celebrations in his name are held, a cultural association named after him established and publications honoring him published.[116][120]
The community in Finland has organized their own theater plays. The most active period was during the 1900s in Helsinki and Tampere. Some of the more larger shows were especially inThe Tampere Theater, to where at best, over 300 Finnish Tatars per show were invited. Political refugees such asMusa Bigiev andAyaz Ishaki were present at times as well.[121]
The first Tatar play in the country was in 1930. It wasĞäliyäbanu by playwright Mirxäydär Fäyzi (known asMir-Hayder Feyzi andAliyebanu in Finland). Other plays include for example Fäyzi'sAsıl Yar, Zöleyha by Ayaz Ishaki, Bülek öçın, Bırınçı teater and Behıtsız Yıgıt byĞäliäsğar Kamal. The Tatars of Helsinki performedMolière'sThe Miser in Tampere during the 1950s. The community has also performed abroad, such as in Estonia, Russia (Kazan), and New York. Russian Tatar artist Luara Şakircanova directed plays in Helsinki during the 1990s. Kazan Tatar Saniye İffet (Сания Гыйффәт, Saniyä Ğiffät; 1899–1957) wrote some plays while living in Finland in the late 1930s.[122][109][123][124]
Design artists among the community include jewelry designer Ildar Wafin (b. 1995), whose earrings the spouse of thepresident of FinlandJenni Haukio wore during theIndependence Day Reception in 2018. Architect Pervin Imaditdin is known especially for her hotel and restaurant designs. Visual and textile designer Niran Baibulat was awarded in 2007 for her work.[100][125][126][127][128][129]
The cuisine tradition of Finnish Tatars consists mainly of different types of soups, meat based foods, sweet and savory dough based foods, pies, pilaf and porridges.[130] The most known Tatar food in Finland is the spicy pastry calledpärämäç (pärämätsi among the Finns). It was commercialized by a Finnish Tatar chef/hockey player Mönäyvär Saadetdin in Tampere during the 1960s.[131][132]
A traditional cuisine among the Finnish Tatars is also for example a sausage made from horsemeat, namedkazı.[133]
Publishing work among the relatively small community of Tatars has been abundant. Given activity can be divided as such: history, memoirs, biographies, poetry, proverbs, music, religious literature, Tatar language textbooks, children's books and magazines.[134]
The most active Finnish Tatar publisher is consideredHasan Hamidulla. He wrote a historic on his home villageAktuk.[135]
EntrepreneurZinnetullah Ahsen Böre published the first Finnish languageQuran.[41]
In 2016, a Tatar-Finnish-dictionary was published by cultural influencer Okan Daher and a Finnish researcher Arto Moisio.[136][137]
Traditional celebrations among the Tatar community include an every spring celebration of poetAbdulla Tukay namedBalalar Bäyräme (Children's celebration), where the children and teenagers of the community perform songs, poems and stories. During the summer, camps are held for the young. For a long time, until 2020, the location wasKirkkonummi. In the early days the camps lasted a month, today it's ten days. The camp ends in the Tatar festivalSabantuy.[138]
Finnish Tatars are officially one of the seven national minority groups in the country.[139]
The Finnish Tatars areMishars, and thus,Volga Tatars. The ethnic formation of Mishar Tatars has no consensus and their culture has been influenced by for example Russian and Mordvan tradition. The Mishars in Finland were also influenced by Turkish culture during the 1900s. Researchers such asAntero Leitzinger and Alimdzhan Orlov have stated, that while features of many different so called foreign influences can be found in Mishar culture, are they still one of the "purest representatives" of ancient TurkicKipchaks today.[140][141]
As of 2020, the community consists approximately 600-700 members.[77] Most Tatars live in the cities ofHelsinki,Tampere,Turku andJärvenpää.[142]
The Tatars themselves generally think they have conserved their cultural identity very well, but at the same time, worries about its future and assimilation have been raised.[143]
The first generation of Finnish Tatars (born in the late 1800s on average) consisted of approximately 160 families, of which two thirds married within their people. Already among the earliest generation there were mixed marriages between Finnish women and Tatar men. These women converted to Islam and usually learned to communicate in Tatar. Such cases were accepted as exceptions though, since traditionally mixed marriages are thought of negatively among the community, so much so that during the 1900s, it might have left the child without parental inheritance. Some Tatar men have found a wife among the Russian Tatars, but most marriages are between the Finns now. The younger generations have expressed having difficulties finding a spouse among the small community.[77][144][145][146]
Tatars have been represented in different professional sports in Finland, especially in ice hockey. They have also established their own sports teams. Originally, the first generation encouraged their children to take part in sports at their new environment. Sports had been an important part of their every summerSabantuy -celebrations in their home villages.[106][107][147]
Among the more meritorious Tatar athletes are footballerAtik Ismail, ice hockey playersLotfi Nasib andRäshid Hakimsan.[148][149][150][98]
BrothersFeyzi,Murat,Zeyd andVasif Ahsen-Böre all played ice hockey in the 1930s and 1940s. Ali and his brother Mönäyvär Saadetdin played forIlves, as did the brother of Lotfi Nasib, Naim, and his son, Erkan Nasib.[151][152]
More recent Tatar athletes include basketball player Meral Bedretdin (b. 1993).[153][154]
Some of the following most likely don't exist anymore, but due to lack of information, only the formation year is mentioned.
The Finnish Tatar community has maintained their relationship with Turkey ever since the 1920s. The community has been visited for example by Turkish president (Prime Minister at the time)Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who during his trip conveyed how impressed he was that such a small Turkic community had been able to conserve their tradition. Previous president of Turkey,Abdullah Gül paid a visit before this as well. In the congregation there has also been some imams from Turkey.[75][156]
Turkish networkTRT filmed a documentary on the Finnish Tatar community in 2005 called "Finlandiya Tatarları".[157]
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