Finnish Canadians (Finnish:Kanadansuomalaiset) areCanadian citizens ofFinnish ancestry orFinns who emigrated to and reside inCanada. In 2016, 143,645 Canadians claimed Finnish ancestry.Finns started coming to Canada in the early 1880s, and in much larger numbers in the early 20th century and well into the mid-20th century. Finnishimmigration to Canada was often a direct result ofeconomic depressions and wars, or in the aftermath of major conflicts like theFinnish Civil War.[2][3] Canada was often chosen as a final destination because of the similarity in climate and natural conditions, whileemployment inlogging orhomesteading attracted landless farmers in the early 20th century.[4] Migratory movements of Finns between Canada and the United States was very common as well.[5]
In the early 20th century, newly arrived Finnish immigrants to Canada quickly became involved in political organizations, churches, athletic clubs and other forms of associational life.[6][7] Halls and co-operatives were often erected in communities with sizable Finnish populations. "Finnish Canadians" pioneered efforts to establishco-operatives in several Canadian cities. Canada's largest co-operative, the Consumers' Co-operative Society, was started by Finns.
The2011 Census recorded 136,215 Canadians who claimed Finnish ancestry,[1] an increase compared to the 2006 Census.[8]
The earliest Finnish immigrants to Canada came from the US, possibly as early as the 1820s for the construction of theWelland Canal. TheCanadian Pacific Railway recruited immigrants directly from Finland in the late 1800s.[22]
Canadians of Finnish ancestry often formed a large percentage of left-wing organizations during the early 1900s, as Finland had, by 1906 as a part of the Russian empire, already become one of the first nations to adoptuniversal suffrage. Up until the early 1940s, the so-called "Red Finns," who held deep socialist convictions, far outnumbered "White Finns," the more religious and conservative Finns. This was partially due to the number of political refugees escaping persecution after theFinnish Civil War, but also attributable to the response of several, formerly apolitical Finns from ruralOstrobothnia, to harsh economic conditions. Finnish Canadians with Marxist political views aligned themselves with theSocial Democratic Party of Canada and later, with theCommunist Party of Canada, centered around the newspaperVapaus (Freedom). Many Finns, however, were distrustful of politicians as a result of the perceived failure and reformism of the Finnish Social Democratic Party during the general strike in November 1917 and the reformist policy the party adopted after the Civil War. Finns arriving in Canada who had already faced severe class conflict and repression would line-up with the radical union, theIndustrial Workers of the World (IWW) emphasizing anti-authoritarianism andanti-statism. The IWW would hold considerable influence in the mines and logging camps of Northern Ontario.
A decline in the Finnish-Canadian population began with the exodus of 2,000–3,000[23] skilled workers and loggers toSoviet Karelia in the 1920s and 30s; there were also a substantial number of Finnish-Canadian volunteers in theSpanish Civil War. Finnish-Canadians, along with Ukrainians, formed the largest section of volunteers in the Canadian contingent of theInternational Brigades,Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion. Finns formed the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalions "Ilkka" machine-gun company. The period after the 1930s marks a decline in Finnish co-operative activity in Canada.
Finnish immigration to Canada increased dramatically during the late 1920s and forward, as the United StatesImmigration Act of 1924 did not consider Finland to be among the Western European countries excluded from national quotas, resulting in a limit of 500 Finnish immigrants per year to the United States.[24] Despite conservative "White" Finnish support for Nazi Germany during World War II, Canadian immigration policy in the 1940s favoured admitting "White Finns" to Canada. This, combined with a fiercely anti-socialist view in the post-World War II era, led to a shift in the political balance of the Finnish-Canadian community.
Thunder Bay, Ontario is home to 14,510 people of Finnish descent, the highest concentration of Finnish Canadiansper capita in the country,[25] and the second largest Finnish population in Canada afterToronto which has 14,750 persons of Finnish origin.
Central Canada (mainly Ontario) has generally been the largest destination for Finns, followed by British Columbia, recording 72,990 (ON) and 29,875 (BC) Finns in 2006. Several small rural Finnish communities were established inAlberta andSaskatchewan.[26]
TheFinnish language is also spoken in Canada. According to the Canadian census 15,295 people in Canada reported Finnish as their mother tongue, of which 2,790 reported it as the primarily language spoken at home.[27] A majority of the Finnish speakers in Canada are in Ontario (9,720), and the second most in British Columbia (3,760).[27] Some Finnish Canadian community newspapers and newsletters continue to publish in Finnish, such as Kanadan Sanomat and Länsirannikon uutiset.[28][29][30] Some Canadian universities also offer Finnish language courses as part of Finnish Studies programs or as general language courses, such as atLakehead University andUniversity of Victoria.[31][32][33] Research onAmerican Finnish was also conducted in Canadian cities with significant Finnish immigrants, such as Thunder Bay.[34] However, there are no statistics on how many Finnish speakers in Canada speakStandard Finnish or American Finnish.
Joe Wirkkunen, He was the first ice hockey head coach of theFinnish national team to have noFinnish citizenship. Wirkkunen brought basic Canadian expertise to Finnish ice hockey and was thus helping Finnish ice hockey to develop. Wirkkunen was selected by the Finnish Ice Hockey Museum as the Finnish Ice Hockey Lion at number 25 in 1985.
^Johnson, Gilbert (1962),"Prairie People "The New Finland Colony"."(digitised online 30 November 2010 with permission from Saskatchewan Archivist by the New Finland Historical and Heritage Society, Julia Adamson),Saskatchewan History, vol. XV Spring 1962 Number 2, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Saskatchewan Archives Board, p. 69,archived from the original on 3 November 2012, retrieved9 December 2010
^Cleef, Eugene Van (1952),Finnish Settlement in Canada, The Geographical Review 1952, p. 253-266., pp. 253–266, archived fromthe original(republished online genealogia, The Genealogical Society of Finland) on 9 August 2011, retrieved7 October 2010
^Gallop, Ralph (1972)."History of New Finland Colony covers 72 years of progress"(digitised online 25 October 2009 by the New Finland Historical and Heritage Society, Red Lauttamus and Julia Adamson). Wapella Post, now The World-Spectator.Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved8 December 2010.
^Anderson, Alan (2006)."Finnish settlements".Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Archived fromthe original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved7 December 2010.
^John Powell, "Encyclopedia of North American immigration", p. 99 | When passage of the Johnson-Reed act in 1924 drastically cut the Finnish quota, Finns increasingly turned their attention to Canada.
^abGovernment of Canada, Statistics Canada (8 February 2017)."Census Profile, 2016 Census".www12.statcan.gc.ca.Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved31 May 2021.
Tester, Jim, ed. (1986).Sports Pioneers: A History of the Finnish-Canadian Amateur Sports Federation 1906-1986. Alerts AC Historical Committee.ISBN0-9692405-0-3.
Multicultural Canada website digitized issues of the Sudbury, Ontario newspaper Vapaus (Liberty), 1921–1930 and 1948–1974
Schaefer, Ewald (1986).The Finnish Canadian collection. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario. Archived fromthe original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved8 August 2013.
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