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Figure skating at the Olympic Games

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Figure skating at the Olympic Games
IOC CodeFSK
Governing bodyISU
Events5 (men: 1; women: 1; mixed: 3)
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics

Figure skating was first contested in theOlympic Games at the1908 Summer Olympics. Since 1924, the sport has been a part of theWinter Olympic Games.

Men's singles, women's singles, andpair skating have been held most often.Ice dance joined as a medal sport in 1976 and a team event debuted at the 2014 Olympics.Special figures were contested at only one Olympics, in 1908.Synchronized skating has never appeared at the Olympics but aims to be included

History

[edit]

Figure skating was first contested as anOlympic sport at the1908 Summer Olympics, inLondon, United Kingdom. As this traditional winter sport could be conducted indoors, theInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) approved its inclusion in theSummer Olympics program.[1] It was featured a second time at theAntwerp Games,[2] after which it was permanently transferred to the program of theWinter Olympic Games, first held in1924 inChamonix, France.[1]

In London, figure skating was presented in four events: men's singles, women's singles, men'sspecial figures, and mixed pairs. The special figures contest was won byRussianNikolai Panin, who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal.[3] He remains the event's sole winner, as it was subsequently dropped from the program.

Ice dance joined as a medal sport in 1976, after appearing as ademonstration event atGrenoble 1968.[2]

A team event debuted at the 2014 Olympics.[4] It consists of two segments: qualification and finals. During qualification each team has one men's single skater, one women's single skater, one pair, and one ice dance couple skate their short program/dance. Before the finals, each team is allowed to replace up to two skaters/couples. The final consists of each skater/couple skating their free program/dance. Results are determined by placement points.[5]

Summary

[edit]
GamesYearFS eventsMost medals in figure skating
119084 Great Britain(1)
419203 Sweden(1)
519243 Austria(1)
619283 France(1)
 Norway(1)
 Sweden(2)
719323 Austria(2)
819363 Austria(3)
919483 Canada(1)
1019523 United States(1)
1119563 United States(2)
1219603 United States(3)
1319643 United Team of Germany(1)
1419683 Soviet Union(1)
 United States(4)
1519723 Soviet Union(2)
1619764 Soviet Union(3)
1719804 Soviet Union(4)
1819844 United States(5)
1919884 Soviet Union(5)
2019924 Unified Team(1)
2119944 Russia(1)
2219984 Russia(2)
2320024 Russia(3)
2420064 Russia(4)
2620104 China(1)
 United States(6)
2720145 Russia(5)
2820185 Canada(2)
2920225 United States(7)

Qualifying

[edit]

There are five figure skating events at the Winter Olympics: one men's event (men's single skating), one women's event (women's single skating), and three mixed events, which consist of pair skating, ice dance, and the team event.[6] Athletes are sent to the Olympics by their individualNational Olympic Committees (NOCs), which "promote the development of their respective national athletes and select which ones will attend the Olympic Games" and nominate host cities selected by theInternational Olympic Committee (IOC).[7]

TheInternational Skating Union (ISU), the organization that oversees figure skating, states the following: "All athletes must respect and comply with the provisions of the Olympic Charter currently in force".[8] These provisions include, but are not limited to:[8]

  • Rule 41, which states that "any competitor in the Olympic Games must be a national of the country of the NOC which is entering such competitor".[9]
  • The rule prohibiting doping, which is defined as "the use of prohibited substances to enhance performance".[10]
  • The Olympic Movement Code on the Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions, which prohibits "an intentional arrangement, act or omission aimed at an improper alteration of the result or the course of a sports competition" for the purpose of "obtaining an undue benefit for oneself or for others".[11]

The maximum number of competitors for the Winter Games across all disciplines, for the short program, and for the rhythm dance to qualify for the free skate and free dance must be determined before each Winter Games and must be in accordance with the qualification system. The IOC decides the qualification system in consultation with the ISU and publishes the qualification points and qualification timeline prior to the start of the Winter Games.[12][13][a] The IOC also publishes the confirmation and entry procedure for the Olympics prior to the Olympics.[14]

There are 26 entries for the women's and men's singles competition, 16 entries for pair skaters, and 19 entries for ice dance. ISU-member countries with skaters who have earned the necessary points have the right to two or three entries into the Winter Games if they also had two or three entries in the World Championships immediately prior to the Winter Games.[12]

The remaining open entries are filled by ISU-member countries in the order of their placements at a senior international competition designated by the ISU that took place in the autumn of the calendar year immediately prior to the Winter Games. The entries are available only to ISU-member countries that have earned one entry and have earned enough points for two or three entries, but did not have two or three skaters who qualified for the free skate or free dance at the World Championships immediately prior to the Olympic Games.[12]

Skaters of ISU-member countries who have participated in the World senior championships that have taken place the year before the Winter Games are eligible to accumulate points to qualify to compete at the Olympics.[12] Skaters, pair teams, and ice dancing couples are eligible to enter and participate in the Olympics only if they have reached the applicable combined total elements score, as established for the European Championships or Four Continents Championships. The scores must be earned during an ISU-recognized international competition held during the same season as the Games or during the immediately preceding season.[15] However, the ISU-member country that is hosting the Games has the right to enter one competitor "per concerned discipline(s) as additional entry(ies)" only if the "concerned Skater(s)/Pair/Couple" have earned the minimum total elements score for the Winter Games.[15] Skaters participating in the Olympics through the host country's allocated quota can compete in individual events only, not in the team event.[16] The host country can choose not to send competitors to the figure skating events at the Olympics; for example, in 1994, Norway sent no skaters toLillehammer, despite being the host country.[17]

ISU-member countries with skaters who have earned entries must inform the ISU, if possible, how many skaters and teams are eligible to compete at the Olympics after the senior World Championships and qualifying competition, whichever applies, but before a specified date. The unfilled entries will be filled by eligible member countries.[15] The ISU publishes a list of the "set and stand-by entries" before a specified date, but after the senior World Championships and qualifying competitions for the Olympics, whichever applies.[15] The ISU confirms in writing the quota places allotted to each NOC, and the NOCs have two weeks to accept them.[16]

Team event

[edit]

If the IOC includes, in the program of the Olympics, in addition to the existing number of events, a team event with single skaters, pair skaters, and ice dancers, the ISU, in consultation with the IOC, will set all relevant conditions for the event.[15] These conditions include: the number of teams and participants; qualifying, participation, and entry criteria; technical format; starting order; result determination; officials' participation; and other "relevant technical and organizational details".[15]

The team event format consists of up to ten best national teams from the NOCs. Each team consists of one skater from the men's single skating event, one skater from the women's single skating event, one pair skating team, and one ice dance couple, for a total of six skaters per team.[18] According to the ISU, "Only athletes that are already qualified for the individual events...are eligible to participate in the Team Event" at the Olympics.[19] Each team must participate in at least three disciplines of the team event.[18] If an NOC has two or three entries in an individual Olympic competition and/or discipline, the NOC must confirm the names of the participants who will compete in the short program and/or rhythm dance of the team event.[14]

Age limit

[edit]

As of the2026 Milano Cortina Winter Games, "athletes must be born on or before July 1, 2008".[8]

In 2022, the ISU voted to gradually raise the minimum age to 17 over the next three years. They characterized the decision "as an effort to safeguard 'the physical and mental health, and emotional well-being' of skaters".[20] The decision came in the aftermath of worldwide criticism for thedoping scandal involving Russian skaterKamila Valieva during theBeijing Winter Olympics, who was 15 years old at the time. The scandal, according toThe New York Times, "once again raised questions about the physical and mental safety of young skaters and whether enough was being done to protect them from the adults guiding their careers".[20]

The proposal to raise the age limit had broad support in the international figure skating community, where the issue had been discussed and debated for many years, though some opposed the disruption it would cause to the sport.Tatiana Tarasova, a top figure skating coach in Russia, stated that the rule change was made to "specifically target the Russian team".[20] ISU presidentJan Dijkema said that it was an important and historic decision.[20]

Scoring and judging system

[edit]

A very specific scoring system is used for every discipline in the Olympics. This is referred to as the International Judging System (IJS). Competitors are scored on the technical score and the program components. Each technical element that is attempted in a program has a specific base value of points, which varies based on the element.[21] Additionally, elements such as spins and step sequences can achieve different levels, which can add or subtract points from that element's final score. At the end of the program, all of the competitors' technical element points are added up to form their technical scores. The program components are determined by the overall presentation of a performance and are separated into five categories. The categories consist of skating skills, transitions, performance, composition, and interpretation of the music.[22] Again, these categories are added together at the end of the program to determine the program components score. The technical elements score and the program components score are added together to create a final segment score.  

The judging system consists of two parts, the technical panel and the judges.[21] The technical panel involves five people that play different roles in judging the technical elements of a skaters program. First, there is the technical specialist, who uses the rules developed by the International Skating Union to identify each element and its level of difficulty. The two judges who support the main technical specialist are referred to as the technical controllers and assistant technical specialist. They make sure the primary specialist has correctly identified the elements and make any final decisions on the technical elements presented in the program. The final two roles presented by the technical panel are the data operator and video replay operator. Separate from the technical panel is the judging panel, which is made up of nine judges. Their job is to judge the quality of each element done by the skater regarding the technical elements, as well as evaluate the program components shown in the program. They do this by a grade of execution score, GOE, that ranges from –5 to +5 and determines how many points can be added or subtracted from the base value of an element.

Synchronized skating in the Olympics

[edit]

The discipline of synchronized skating adds a team element to figure skating, having eight to twenty skaters on the ice at once. They skate together in unison performing difficult step sequences and formations together. This discipline has not yet been included in the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) determines whether to add a sport or a discipline to the Olympics based on how many athletes and officials would be included, how popular the sport is, and how much money it would bring to them.[23] The ISU has been making efforts the past several years to "investigate, strategize and gather the information required for Synchronized Skating to be accepted as an Olympic discipline."[24] 

Events

[edit]
Event0820242832364852566064687276808488929498020610141822Editions
Men's singles●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●26
Men's special figures●1
Women's singles●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●26
Pair skating●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●26
Ice dance●●●●●●●●●●●●●13
Team event●●●3
Total events43333333333334444444444555

Medal table

[edit]
See also:List of Olympic medalists in figure skating

Accurate as of2022 Winter Olympics.[25]

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 United States (USA)17162154
2 Russia (RUS)149326
3 Soviet Union (URS)109524
4 Austria (AUT)79420
5 Canada (CAN)6111229
6 Great Britain (GBR)53715
7 Sweden (SWE)53210
8 France (FRA)43714
9 Germany (GER)4239
10 Japan (JPN)35311
11 East Germany (GDR)33410
12 Norway (NOR)3216
13 Unified Team (EUN)3115
14 China (CHN)2349
15 ROC(ROC)1326
16 Netherlands (NED)1203
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)1203
 United Team of Germany (EUA)1203
19 Czechoslovakia (TCH)1135
20 Finland (FIN)1102
 South Korea (KOR)1102
22 Belgium (BEL)1012
 Ukraine (UKR)1012
24 Russian Empire (RU1)1001
25 Hungary (HUN)0246
26 Switzerland (SUI)0213
27 Italy (ITA)0022
 West Germany (FRG)0022
29 Kazakhstan (KAZ)0011
 Spain (ESP)0011
Totals (30 entries)969595286

Participating nations

[edit]

The number in each box represents the number of figure skaters the nation sent.

Nation0820242832364852566064687276808488929498020610141822Years
 Argentina1-------------------------1
 Armenia-------------------432---24
 Australia-------326---222432421144216
 Austria--4921210486108363-21-1-1242321
 Azerbaijan-------------------432-2-25
 Belarus------------------5221---25
 Belgium-232143--------11---11212114
 Brazil-----------------------11-2
 Bulgaria---------------2211435---18
 Canada--2566467812107116151713131012131217171324
 China--------------2664441199911812
 Chinese Taipei----------------21-1------3
 Croatia-----------------2-111----4
 Czechoslovakia--13137-4288162366--------15
 Czech Republic------------------854143568
 Denmark------11--------1211------6
 Estonia-----2-----------1111352-29
 Finland-32311-21----12--331123-1317
 France-2532-323455511561291488898424
 Georgia--------------------1231166
 Germany3--816-8---------6106458108613
 United Team of Germany--------41112---------------4
 East Germany-----------8710785---------6
 West Germany-----------1154798---------6
 Great Britain11666412988457512910976122762326
 Hungary----47662-2213223532253-1220
 Israel------------------134423738
 Italy-----2212222172347-69791111920
 Japan----25---345433456474681091019
 Kazakhstan------------------25--223-5
 South Korea-----------3111222214-237416
 North Korea----------------26---41-2-5
 Latvia-----4-----------23-----215
 Lithuania-----------------22222-2-27
 Luxembourg-------------------1-1----2
 Malaysia------------------------1-1
 Mexico----------------22-------13
 Netherlands-------1221-11-----------17
 Norway-6131434--2------------1--9
 Philippines-----------------------11-2
 Poland-----------223-13235444-2313
 Romania-----3-----11----1212211--10
 Russia------------------151716161615--6
 Russian Empire1-------------------------1
 Olympic Athletes from Russia------------------------15-1
 ROC-------------------------181
 Serbia and Montenegro---------------------1----1
 Slovakia-------------------13-113-5
 Slovenia-----------------2-1112---5
 South Africa---------4--------11------3
 Spain--------1-----1-1-11--24449
 Sweden441121-21-111-1221-1-1121221
 Switzerland-112-375438113222-11434-1222
 Turkey---------------------1122-4
 Soviet Union---------44101016161717---------8
 Ukraine------------------1010111176468
 Unified Team-----------------17--------1
 United States123612991010121212111514181616121314161515141626
 Uzbekistan------------------4243111-7
 Yugoslavia--------------121---------3
Skaters21262951398464635971889667105831121281331291451431471461491531172448
Nations68111213171215151415171818202026282837313531303230
Year082024283236485256606468727680848892949802061014182226

Medals per year

[edit]
#Number of medals won by the NOC at these Games–NOC did not win medals at these GamesNOC did not participate at these Games
NOC0820242832364852566064687276808488929498020610141822Total
 Austria (AUT)3423212–111––––––––––20
 Belgium (BEL)––1––1––––––––2
 Canada (CAN)––1–2–122–11–1312111234–29
 China (CHN)––––11122–119
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)––––––1–11––1–15
 East Germany (GDR)11331110
 Finland (FIN)11–––––––––––––––2
 France (FRA)–111–1––111––––1121–––1114
 Germany (GER)2––21––1––111–9
 United Team of Germany (EUA)–123
 Great Britain (GBR)611––111–––––111––1–––––––15
 Hungary (HUN)11111––––1––––––––––6
 Italy (ITA)––––––––––––––1––1––2
 Japan (JPN)––––––––––1–––1212411
 Kazakhstan (KAZ)–––1–1
 Netherlands (NED)––11–1–3
 Norway (NOR)3–111––––6
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)33
 ROC66
 Russia (RUS)55542526
 Russian Empire (RU1)11
 South Korea (KOR)––––––––––11––2
 Soviet Union (URS)–123445524
 Spain (ESP)–––––––1–1
 Sweden (SWE)331111–––––––––––––––10
 Switzerland (SUI)–1––1–––––––––––––1–––3
 Ukraine (UKR)1––1––––2
 Unified Team (EUN)55
 United States (USA)–1112–1454221223331232222354
 West Germany (FRG)1––1––2
Year0820242832364852566064687276808488929498020610141822–

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^See "Qualification System - XXV Olympic Winter Games - Milano Cortina 2026: Figure Skating", pp. 1-2, for a more detailed explanation of the quota spaces for skaters and couples.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"Figure Skating".Official website of the Olympic Movement.International Olympic Committee.Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. RetrievedJuly 14, 2009.
  2. ^ab"Figure Skating: History".Official website of the Olympic Movement. International Olympic Committee.Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. RetrievedJuly 14, 2009.
  3. ^Windhausen, John D. (1976)."Russia's First Olympic Victor"(PDF).Journal of Sport History.3 (1). United States of America: North American Society for Sport History:35–44.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2010-08-07. RetrievedJuly 15, 2009.
  4. ^Sarkar, Pritha (29 March 2012)."Figure skating-New team event at Sochi Olympics will begin early". Reuters.Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved12 November 2012.
  5. ^Anderson Cezar (25 October 2018)."Official Results Book Figure Skating"(PDF).pyeongchang2018.com.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2018-02-25. Retrieved2018-03-03.
  6. ^Qualification, p. 1.
  7. ^Isom, David (30 October 2025)."Guides: Olympics and International Sports Law Research Guide: Organization & Legal Structure of the Olympic Games".Georgetown Law Library.Archived from the original on 13 June 2025. Retrieved30 October 2025.
  8. ^abcQualification, p. 2.
  9. ^"Frequently Asked Questions: Competing and Being Part of the Games".Olympics.com. 31 October 2025.Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved31 October 2025.
  10. ^Isom, David (31 October 2025)."Guides: Olympics and International Sports Law Research Guide: Anti-Doping".Georgetown Law Library.Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved31 October 2025.
  11. ^"Prevention of Competition Manipulation".Olympics.com. 31 October 2025.Archived from the original on 14 May 2025. Retrieved31 October 2025.
  12. ^abcdS&P/ID 2024, p. 30
  13. ^Qualification, pp. 8—9.
  14. ^abQualification, p. 10.
  15. ^abcdefS&P/ID 2024, p. 31
  16. ^abQualification, p. 7.
  17. ^"Hard to Figure: No Norwegian Skaters".Chicago Tribune. 26 January 1994.Archived from the original on 22 January 2025. Retrieved30 October 2025.
  18. ^abQualification, p. 4.
  19. ^Qualification, p. 6.
  20. ^abcdKeh, Andrew (7 June 2022)."After Doping Scandal, Figure Skating Will Raise Age Limit to 17".The New York Times.Archived from the original on 27 July 2025. Retrieved31 October 2025.
  21. ^ab"Scoring System | U.S. Figure Skating".www.usfigureskating.org. Retrieved2022-10-25.
  22. ^"Figure skating at the Beijing Winter Olympics: What are the rules, how does scoring work, what are Team GB's prospects?".Eurosport. 2021-12-15. Retrieved2022-10-25.
  23. ^Torchinsky, Rina (2022-02-18)."Synchronized skaters missed out on Beijing, but their Olympic dreams live on for 2026".NPR. Retrieved2022-10-25.
  24. ^Torchinsky, Rina (2022-02-18)."Synchronized skaters missed out on Beijing, but their Olympic dreams live on for 2026".NPR. Retrieved2022-10-25.
  25. ^"Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries".olympanalyt.com. Retrieved2022-02-20.

General

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Works cited

[edit]

External links

[edit]

Media related toFigure skating at the Olympics at Wikimedia Commons

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