| Banyan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| The Great Banyan inHowrah,Kolkata | |
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| Banyan figs atIndira Gandhi Zoo Park,Visakhapatnam | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae |
| Genus: | Ficus |
| Subgenus: | F. subg.Urostigma |
| Species: | F. benghalensis |
| Binomial name | |
| Ficus benghalensis L. 1753 | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Ficus benghalensis,Ficus indica, orFicus audrey commonly known as thebanyan,banyan fig,audrey fig andIndian banyan,[2] is a tree native to theIndian subcontinent. Specimens in India are among the largest trees in the world by canopy coverage. It is also known as a "strangler fig" because like many other trees in the genusFicus it starts out asepiphyte, that is, leaning on another tree that it ends up enveloping.
_(20665373299)%2c_Ficus_benghalensis.jpg)
Ficus benghalensis is an evergreen, monoecious, fast-growing tree found mainly in monsoon and rainforests, that can reach a height of up to 30 meters.[3] It is resistant to drought and mild frost. It produces propagatingaerial roots that grow downward. Once these roots reach the ground, they take root and become supportive woody trunks.
The figs produced by the tree are eaten by birds such as theIndian myna. Fig seeds that have passed through the digestive system of birds are more likely to germinate than those that have not.[4]
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Banyan trees reproduce easily by seed or by stake, and they often spread from the original place by means of aerial roots that anchor in the ground and begin to grow and thicken to the point that they "become independent" from the original trunk, thus managing to "emigrate" sometimes at great distances. The figs are eaten by all kinds offrugivorous birds such as thecoppersmith barbet and thecommon myna. Seeds that have passed through thedigestive system of birds are more likely togerminate and grow faster.
Banyan seeds can fall and grow near a tree, sometimes from the very tree from which they come, and they also usually germinate in a hollow in a trunk or in a wall or rock. Gradually they begin to grow as they have plenty of support as epiphytes on any object they can use to climb in search ofsunlight. Under normal conditions, the tree grows until it reaches a level where it gets the most sunlight, so its height can vary considerably. For this reason, where this tree predominates in a place, rather than growing in height, they spread on the surface, looking for the gaps that are left without vegetation. In general, the crown of this tree extends over a diameter well above its height.
Ficus benghalensis is thenational tree of India.[5]
The tree is considered sacred in India,[6] and temples are often built nearby. Due to the large size of the tree's canopy, it provides useful shade in hot climates.
InTheravada Buddhism, this tree is said to have been used as the tree for achieved enlightenment, or Bodhi by the twenty fourthbuddha called "Kassapa - කස්සප". The sacred plant is known as "Nuga - නුග" or "Maha nuga - මහ නුග" in Sri Lanka.[7]
It is the tree under which Adhinath the first Jain Tirthankara attained Kewal Gyan or spiritual enlightenment.
The giant banyans ofIndia are the largest trees in the world by area of canopy coverage. Notable individual trees include:
The largest known tree in the world in terms of the two dimensional area covered by its canopy isThimmamma Marrimanu inAndhra Pradesh,India, which covers 19,107 square metres (205,670 sq ft). Its perimeter, 846 metres (2,776 ft), is also the greatest of any known tree.[8]
Nearchus, an admiral ofAlexander the Great, described a large specimen on the banks of theNarmada River in contemporaryBharuch,Gujarat,India; he may have described the tree presently named "Kabirvad". The canopy of the tree thatNearchus described was said to be so extensive that it sheltered 7,000 men. James Forbes later described it in hisOriental Memoirs (1813–5) as almost 610 m (2,000 ft) in circumference and having more than 3,000 trunks.[9] Currently its canopy has an area of 17,520 square metres (188,600 sq ft) and a perimeter of 641 metres (2,103 ft).[8]
Other notableIndian specimens includeThe Great Banyan in theJagadish Chandra Bose Botanic Garden inShibpur,Howrah, which has a canopy area of 18,918 square metres (203,630 sq ft) and is about 250 years old, andDodda Aladha Mara in Kettohalli,Karnataka, which has a canopy area of 12,000 square metres (130,000 sq ft) and is about 400 years old.
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Media related toFicus benghalensis at Wikimedia Commons
Data related toFicus benghalensis at Wikispecies| Constitutional |
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