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Fengyun

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chinese weather satellites
Fengyun
风云卫星
Fēngyún Wèixīng
Program overview
CountryChinaPeople's Republic of China
PurposeMeteorology
StatusActive
Program history
First flight6 September 1988
Vehicle information
Launch vehicle(s)

Fēngyún (FY,simplified Chinese:风云;traditional Chinese:風雲;lit. 'wind cloud') are China'smeteorological satellites. Launched since 1988 intopolarSun-synchronous andgeosynchronous orbit, each three-axis stabilized Fengyun satellite is built by theShanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST) and operated by theChina Meteorological Administration (CMA).[1][2] To date, China has launched twenty-one Fengyun satellites in four classes (FY-1 through FY-4). Fengyun 1 and Fengyun 3 satellites are inpolar,Sun-synchronous orbit andLow Earth orbit while Fengyun 2 and 4 aregeosynchronous orbit.[2]

On 11 January 2007, China destroyed one of these satellites (FY-1C, COSPAR 1999-025A) in atest of an anti-satellite missile.[3][4] According toNASA, the intentional destruction of FY-1C created more than 3,000 high-velocity debris items, a larger amount of dangerousspace debris than any other space mission in history.[5]

Classes

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Fengyun 1

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The four satellites of the Fengyun 1 (or FY-1) class were China's first meteorological satellites placed in polar, Sun-synchronous orbit.[6] In this orbit, FY-1 satellites orbited theEarth at both a lowaltitude (approximate 900 km above the Earth's surface), and at a highinclination between 98.8° and 99.2° traversing theNorth Pole every 14 minutes, giving FY-1-class satellites global meteorological coverage with a rapid revisit time and closer proximity to the clouds they image.[7][8] FY-1A, launched in September 1988, lasted 39 days until it suffered attitude control problems.[6] FY-1B, launched in September 1990 along with the first two QQW (Qi Qui Weixing)balloon satellites,[9] lasted until late 1992 when its attitude control system also failed.[6] FY-1C, launched in May 1999 along withShijian-5, also completed its two-year design life operating until January 2004.[6] The last satellite of the class, FY-1D, was launched in May 2002 and operated continuously for nine years until in May 2011 operations were temporarily lost. Despite resuscitation, FY-1D failed on 1 April 2012.[6][10]

All Fengyun 1 satellites were launched fromTaiyuan Satellite Launch Center (TSLC) inShanxi Province onLong March 4A and4B rockets and weighed 750 kg, 880 kg, 954 kg, and 954 kg respectively. Aboard each satellite were two multichannel visible and infrared scanning radiometers (MVISR) built by the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics (SITP) bearing an optical scanner,image processor, radiant cooler, and controller for the radiant cooler.[11][12][6] FY-1C and FY-1D satellites also carried on board ahigh-energy particle detector (HEPD) for study of the space environment, contributing to their increasedmass.[6] FY-1 satellites are powered by two deployablesolar arrays and internalbatteries.[6]

Destruction of FY-1C

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Main article:2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test

On 11 January 2007, China conducted its first anti-satellite (ASAT) missile test, destroying FY-1C with akinetic kill vehicle, identified by the United StatesDefense Intelligence Agency (DIA) as the SC-19,[13] a modifiedDF-21ballistic missile with mounted kill vehicle.[14] The shootdown, and the subsequent creation of a record-setting amount of in-orbitdebris, drew serious international criticism.[15][16][17][18][19]

Fengyun 2

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Satellites of the Fengyun 2 class are based on the spin-stabilizedDong Fang Hong 2 platform and are China's first class of meteorological satellites ingeostationary orbit.[20] Unlike meteorological satellites in polar orbit (like the FY-1 and FY-3 classes), FY-2 satellites in geostationary orbit remain in a fixed position relative to the Earth 35,000 km above its surface and maintain a constant watch over an assigned area.[21][22] Unlike polar orbiting satellites which view the same area about twice a day, geostationary satellites can image a location as fast as once a minute and show long term meteorological trends - at the cost of resolution.[21][22]

Built by the Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering and operated by the Chinese Meteorological Administration, FY-2 satellites are 4.5 m tall and arespin-stabilized rotating at 100 rotations per minute. FY-2-class satellites have been marketed for their openly available data whereby any user with a receiver could view FY-2 derived sensory data.[20] Satellites of the Fengyun 2 class have a mass of 1,380 kilograms, use solar cells and batteries for power, and a FG-36apogee motor jettisoned after attaining orbit.[20]

On 2 April 1994, China attempted to launch the Fengyun 2 fromXichang Satellite Launch Center (XSLC) when, prior to its mating with theLong March 3, a fire caused an explosion destroying the satellite, killing a technician, and injuring 20 others. Officials of the Chinese space agency described the $75 millionUSD loss of the satellite as a "major setback" to the Chinese space program.[20][23] Despite this, China launched eight successive Fengyun 2 satellites without incident.[20]

Model FY-3 in Shanghai museum

Fengyun 3

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Chinese participation in the monitoring ofauroras for scientific and space weather investigation was initiated with the launch of the Fengyun-3D satellite, which carries a wide-field auroral imager.[11][12]

Fengyun 4

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A mockup of a FY-4 satellite

As of 2021, China has launched two Fengyun 4 class satellites.

List of satellites

[edit]
SatelliteLaunchOrbitOrbital apsisInclinationPeriod (min)SCNCOSPARLaunch siteVehicleStatus
Fenyun 1A6 September 1988Sun-synchronous880.0 km × 899.9 km99.2°102.6194671988-080ATSLCLong March 4ADecayed
Fengyun 1B3 September 1990Sun-synchronous880.2 km × 902.5 km98.8°102.6207881990-081ATSLCLong March 4ADecayed
Fengyun 2-014 April 1994Exploded before launchXSLCLong March 3Destroyed before launch
Fengyun 2A10 June 1997Geostationary36,588.1 km × 37,451.4 km15.0°1499.1248341997-029AXSLCLong March 3Decayed
Fengyun 1C10 May 1999Sun-synchronous832.3 km × 851.7 km99.0°101.4257301999-025ATSLCLong March 4BDestroyed in 2007[24]
Fengyun 2B25 June 2000Geostationary35,830.7 km × 35,848.3 km11.9°1438.7263822000-032AXSLCLong March 3Decayed
Fengyun 1D15 May 2002Sun-synchronous855.7 km × 878.8 km99.1°102.1274312002-024BTSLCLong March 4BDecayed
Fengyun 2C19 October 2004Geostationary36,393.0 km × 36,443.3 km10.2°1468.1284512004-042AXSLCLong March 3ADecayed
Fengyun 2D8 December 2006Geostationary36,330.7 km × 36,442.4 km8.3°1466.5296402006-053AXSLCLong March 3ADecayed
Fengyun 3A27 May 2008Sun-synchronous830.0 km × 843.5 km98.5°101.4329582008-026ATSLCLong March 4CDecayed
Fengyun 2E23 December 2008Geostationary35,785.9 km × 35,805.9 km6.1°1436.1334632008-066AXSLCLong March 3ADecayed
Fengyun 3B4 November 2010Sun-synchronous835.3 km × 868.6 km99.1°101.8372142010-059ATSLCLong March 4CDecayed
Fengyun 2F13 January 2012Geostationary35,794.2 km × 35,799.5 km4.0°1436.2380492012-002AXSLCLong March 3AOperational
Fengyun 3C23 September 2013Sun-synchronous837.7 km × 854.8 km98.5°101.6392602013-052ATSLCLong March 4COperational
Fengyun 2G31 December 2014Geostationary35,782.4 km × 35,798.7 km2.1°1435.9403672014-090AXSLCLong March 3AOperational
Fengyun 4A10 December 2016Geostationary35,784.0 km × 35,802.9 km0.2°1436.2418822016-077AXSLCLong March 3BOperational
Fengyun 3D14 November 2017Sun-synchronous833.4 km × 836.9 km98.8°101.4430102017-072ATSLCLong March 4COperational
Fengyun 2H5 June 2018Geostationary35,776.6 km × 35,814.1 km1.3°1436.0434912018-050AXSLCLong March 3AOperational
Fengyun 4B2 June 2021Geostationary35,786.6 km × 35,802.2 km0.2°1436.1488082021-047AXSLCLong March 3BOperational
Fengyun 3E4 July 2021Sun-synchronous831.3 km × 835.4 km98.7°101.4490082021-062AJSLCLong March 4COperational
Fengyun 3G16 April 2023Low Earth410.0 km × 416.0km50.0°92.7562322023-055AJSLCLong March 4BOperational
Fengyun 3F3 August 2023Sun-synchronous832.9 km × 834.1km98.8°101.4574902023-111AJSLCLong March 4COperational
Sources:USSPACECOM,NASA,WMO,CelesTrak

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^Gebhardt, Chris (4 July 2021)."China lofts Fengyun 3E polar weather satellite".NASA Spaceflight.
  2. ^abXian, Di; Zhang, Peng; Fang, Meng; Liu, Chang; Jia, Xu (16 January 2020)."The First Fengyun Satellite International User Conference"(PDF).Advances in Atmospheric Sciences.38 (August 2021). Beijing, China:Springer Publishing:1429–1432.doi:10.1007/s00376-020-2011-5.S2CID 216111411.
  3. ^David, Leonard (2 February 2007)."China's Anti-Satellite Test: Worrisome Debris Cloud Circles Earth".Space.com.
  4. ^Kestenbaum, David (19 January 2007)."Chinese Missile Destroys Satellite in 500-Mile Orbit".NPR.
  5. ^NASA identifies Top Ten space junk missionsArchived 2013-10-19 at theWayback Machine; Michael Cooney,NetworkWorld, 28 July 2010
  6. ^abcdefghKrebs, Gunter D. (30 July 2019)."FY 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D".Gunter's Space Page.
  7. ^"Two Orbits, One Mission: NOAA Satellites Work Together To Provide Critical Data for Weather Forecasts".NOAA–NASA GOES-R. 29 June 2020.
  8. ^Hillger, Donald W. (1997)."Complimenting Geostationary Weather Satellites"(PDF).Topical Time (July–August):33–35 – viaColorado State University.
  9. ^Krebs, Gunter D. (21 July 2019)."QQW 1, 2 (DQ 1, 2)".Gunter's Space Page.
  10. ^"Satellite: FY-1D".United Nations: World Meteorological Organization. 11 December 2017.
  11. ^abLui, A., 2019. Imaging global auroras in space. Light: Science & Applications, 8(1).
  12. ^abZhang, Xiao-Xin; Chen, Bo; He, Fei; Song, Ke-Fei; He, Ling-Ping; Liu, Shi-Jie; Guo, Quan-Feng; Li, Jia-Wei; Wang, Xiao-Dong; Zhang, Hong-Ji; Wang, Hai-Feng; Han, Zhen-Wei; Sun, Liang; Zhang, Pei-Jie; Dai, Shuang (2019)."Wide-field auroral imager onboard the Fengyun satellite".Light: Science & Applications.8 (47): 47.Bibcode:2019LSA.....8...47Z.doi:10.1038/s41377-019-0157-7.PMC 6529440.PMID 31123586.
  13. ^"Senator Clinton Questions Vice Admiral John M. McConnell, USN (ret), Director of National Intelligence and Lieutenant General Michael Maples, USA, the Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency at a Senate Armed Services Committee Hearing on Worldwide Threats". February 27, 2007. Archived fromthe original on March 30, 2007. RetrievedApril 24, 2007.
  14. ^"Sc-19 Asat".Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2017.
  15. ^"Chinese ASAT Test".Archived from the original on April 23, 2007. RetrievedApril 18, 2007.
  16. ^"ISS crew take to escape capsules in space junk alert".BBC. March 24, 2012.Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. RetrievedMarch 24, 2012.
  17. ^BBC News (2007).Concern over China's missile test. Retrieved January 20, 2007.Archived May 12, 2011, at theWayback Machine
  18. ^Agence France-Presse (January 19, 2007)."Britain Concerned By Chinese Satellite Shoot-Down".Spacedaily.com.Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
  19. ^Kestenbaum, David (January 19, 2007)."Chinese Missile Destroys Satellite in 500-Mile Orbit".National Public Radio.Archived from the original on November 21, 2011.
  20. ^abcdeKrebs, Gunter D. (21 July 2019)."FY 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, 2G, 2H".Gunter's Space Page.
  21. ^ab"Weather Satellites".National Weather Service.
  22. ^abHanson, Derek; Peronto, James; Hilderbrand, Douglas."NOAA's Eyes in the Sky - After Five Decades of Weather Forecasting with Environmental Satellites, What Do Future Satellites Promise for Meteorologists and Society?".World Meteorological Organization.62 (1). Archived fromthe original on December 18, 2023.
  23. ^Tyler, Patrick E. (27 April 1994)."China Says Blast Won't Slow Satellite Launchings".The New York Times. p. 3.
  24. ^"Concern over China's missile test".BBC News. 2007-01-19.

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