Fenggan | |
|---|---|
 Bukan byHashimoto Gahō (detail) | |
| Title | monk poet |
| Personal life | |
| Born | |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Buddhism |
| School | Ch'an |
Fenggan (simplified Chinese:丰干;traditional Chinese:豐干;pinyin:Fēnggān;Wade–Giles:Fengkan;lit. 'Big Stick', JapaneseBukan, fl. 9th century) was a ChineseChan monk-poet lived in theTang dynasty, associated withHanshan andShide in the famed "Tiantai Trio" (天台三聖).
Legendarily, Feng appeared one day atGuoqing Temple (located by theEast China Sea, in the Tiantai mountain range), a 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) monk with an unshaven head, riding a tiger. From then on, he took up residence in the temple behind the library, where he would hull rice and chantsutras.
The few accounts of him record that he became close friends to Hanshan, and was the one who found the orphaned Shide, named him, and brought him to the temple. From these and other anecdotes, it appears that Feng was the oldest of the three.
The circumstances of his death are as murky as his life: the stories in which Feng is any more than a name orfoil for Hanshan cease after he healed a local prefect. It has been conjectured that Hanshan's Poem 50 refers to his death:
Very few of Feng's poems survive, but the ones which do are very revealing; the third of the four confirms Feng's relationships with the other members of the Tientai Trio:
The first of the poems appears to confirm the stories of how he was an itinerant monk prior to stopping at Kuoching Temple (and even then he would depart at least once for a pilgrimage toMount Wutai):
The fourth poem is especially important, since it unmistakably references the challenge the Fifth Patriarch of Zen set his would-be successors ~713 C. E. making it impossible for Feng (and by extension Hanshan and Shide) to predate the 720's, thereby eliminating many other dating possibilities:
(The exchange referenced was between two potential successors Shenxiu andHuineng. Shenxiu to demonstrate his mastery of Zen wrote the following poem:The body is theBodhi Tree \ the mind like a clear mirror. \ Always wipe it clean, \ don't let it gather dust. Huineng retorted withBodhi isn't a tree, \ what's clear isn't a mirror. \ Actually, there isn't a thing- \ where do you get this dust?)
It is difficult to judge Feng's poetic oeuvre with only four works to judge by, and only one really poetic. But it appears that his poetry's formal structures were fairly conventional, and in ideas, from a strictly Buddhist perspective; Hanshan, in contrast, often played with rhymes and tones and structure, and very often dropped inTaoist references, to the point where his actual religious orientation is in some doubt. See for example Feng's second poem, which expresses strictly Buddhist ideas:
(The 'Three Worlds' refer to either those of the past, present, and future; or alternatively, those of form, formlessness, and becoming.)
.De Gruyter Mouton.ISBN 978-1-5015-0191-3
.svg)