| Fenâri Îsâ Mosque Lips Monastery Fenâri Îsâ Câmîi | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Side view of the Mosque, formerly theChurch of St. John the Baptist, Recently restored as of 2022[update] | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Sunni Islam |
| Year consecrated | 1497 |
| Location | |
| Location | Istanbul,Turkey |
  Location in the Fatih district of Istanbul | |
| Coordinates | 41°0′55.37″N28°56′38.40″E / 41.0153806°N 28.9440000°E /41.0153806; 28.9440000 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | church withcross-in-square plan (North church) and square plan (south church) |
| Style | Byzantine |
| Groundbreaking | 908 |
| Completed | 1304 |
| Specifications | |
| Minaret | 1 |
| Materials | brick, stone |
Fenâri Îsâ Mosque (full name inTurkish:Molla Fenâri Îsâ Câmîi), known inByzantine times as theLips Monastery (Greek:Μονὴ τοῦ Λιβός), is amosque inIstanbul, made of two formerEastern Orthodox churches.
The place of worship is located on Adnan Menderes Boulevard, also known as Vatan Street, in the Fatih district of Istanbul. It is between the Fatih-Emniyet and Aksaray stops on the M1 line of the Istanbul Metro; It can also be easily reached from IETT's İskenderpaşa or Oğuzhan stops.
In 908, theByzantine admiralConstantine Lips[1] inaugurated anunnery in the presence of the EmperorLeo VI the Wise (r. 886–912).[2] The nunnery was dedicated to theVirginTheotokos Panachrantos ("Immaculate Mother of God") in a place called "Merdosangaris" (Greek:Μερδοσαγγάρης),[3] in the valley of theLycus (the river of Constantinople).[2] The nunnery was known also after his name (Monē tou Libos), and became one of the largest ofConstantinople.
The church was built on the remains of another shrine from the 6th century,[4] and used the tombstones of an ancient Roman cemetery.[2]Relics ofSaint Irene were stored here. The church is generally known as "North Church".
After theLatin invasion and the restoration of the Byzantine Empire, between 1286 and 1304, EmpressTheodora, widow of EmperorMichael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282), erected another church dedicated toSt. John the Baptist (Ἐκκλησία τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰωάννου Προδρόμου τοῦ Λιβός)[5] south of the first church. Several exponents of the imperial dynasty of thePalaiologos were buried there besides Theodora: her sonConstantine, EmpressIrene ofMontferrat and her husband EmperorAndronikos II (r. 1282–1328).[4] This church is generally known as the "South Church". The Empress restored also the nunnery, which by that time had been possibly abandoned.[6] According to itstypikon, the nunnery at that time hosted a total of 50 women[6][7] and also aXenon[8] for laywomen with 15 beds attached.[2]
During the 14th century anesonarthex and aparekklesion[9] were added to the church. The custom of burying members of the imperial family in the complex continued in the 15th century withAnna, first wife of EmperorJohn VIII Palaiologos (r. 1425–1448), in 1417.[10][11] The church was possibly used as a cemetery also after 1453.[10]
In 1497–1498, shortly after theFall of Constantinople and during the reign of SultanBeyazid II (1481–1512), the south church was converted into amescit (a small mosque) by theOttoman dignitary Fenarizade Alâeddin Ali ben Yusuf Effendi,Qadi 'asker[12] ofRumeli, and nephew ofMolla Şemseddin Fenari,[2] whose family belonged to the religious class of theulema. He built aminaret in the southeast angle, and amihrab in theapse.[10] Since one of the head preachers of themadrasah was namedÎsâ ("Jesus" inArabic andTurkish), his name was added to that of the mosque. The edifice burned down in 1633, was restored in 1636 byGrand VizierBayram Pasha, who upgraded the building tocami ("mosque") and converted the north church into atekke (adervish lodge). In this occasion the columns of the north church were substituted withpiers, the two domes were renovated, and the mosaic decoration was removed.[10] After another fire in 1782,[13] the complex was restored again in 1847/48. In this occasion also the columns of the south church were substituted with piers, and thebalustradeparapets of the narthex were removed too.[13] The building burned once more in 1918,[14] and was abandoned. During excavations performed in 1929, twenty-twosarcophagi have been found.[14] The complex has been thoroughly restored between the 1950s and 1960s by theByzantine Institute of America,[15] and since then serves again as a mosque.[13]
Thenorth church has an unusualquincuncial (cross-in-square) plan, and was one of the first shrines in Constantinople to adopt this plan, whose prototype is possibly theNea Ekklesia ("New Church"), erected in Constantinople in the year 880, of which no remains are extant.[16] During the Ottoman period the four columns have been replaced with twopointed arches which span the whole church.[17]
The dimensions of the north church are small: thenaos is 13 metres (43 feet) long and 9.5 metres (31.2 feet) wide, and was sized according to the population living in the monastery at that time. Themasonry of the northern church was erected by alternating courses of bricks and small rough stone blocks. In this technique, which is typical of the Byzantine architecture of the 10th century,[18] the bricks sink in a thick bed ofmortar. The building is topped by an Ottoman dome pierced by eight windows.[17]
This edifice has three highapses: the central one is polygonal, and is flanked by the other two, which served aspastophoria:prothesis anddiakonikon.
The apses are interrupted by triple (by the central one)and singlelancet windows.[17] The walls of the central arms of thenaos cross have two orders of windows: the lower order has triple lancet windows, the higher semicircular windows. Two longparekklesia, each one ended by a low apse, flanks thepresbytery of thenaos. The angular and central bays are very slender. At the four edges of the building are four small roof chapels, each surmounted by acupola.
The remainders of the original decoration of this church are the bases of three of the four columns of the central bay, and many original decorating elements, which survive on the pillars of the windows and on the frame of the dome. The decoration consisted originally in marble panels and coloured tiles: the vaults were decorated withmosaic. Only spurs of it are now visible.[18]
As a whole, the north church presents strong analogies with theBodrum Mosque (the church ofMyrelaion).[19]
Thesouth church is a square room surmounted by a dome, and surrounded by twodeambulatoria,[20] anesonarthex and aparekklesion (added later). The north deambulatorium is the south parekklesion of the north church. This multiplication of spaces around the central part of the church, typical of late Palaiologian architecture, was motivated by the need for more space for tombs, monuments erected to benefactors of the church, etc.[21] The central room is divided from the aisles by a triple arcade. During the mass the believers were confined in the deambulatoria, which were shallow and dark, and could barely see what happened in the central part of the church.
The masonry is composed of alternated courses of bricks and stone, typical of late Byzantine architecture in Constantinople.
The lush decoration of the south and of the main apses (the latter is heptagonal), is made of a triple order ofniches, the middle order being alternated with triple windows. The bricks are arranged to form patterns like arches, hooks,Greek frets,sun crosses,swastikas and fans.[22] Between these patterns are white and dark red bands, alternating one course of stone with two to five of bricks. This is the first appearance of this most important decorating aspect of Palaiologian architecture in Constantinople.
The church has an exonarthex surmounted by a gallery, which was extended to reach also the north church. Theparekklesion was erected alongside the southern side of the south church, and was connected with the esonarthex, so that the room surrounds the whole complex on the west and south side. Several marblesarcophagi are placed within it.
As a whole, this complex represents a notable example[citation needed] of middle and lateByzantine Architecture in Istanbul.
The building has undergone several restorational periods, starting from the Byzantine times. Since then, many changes have been implemented in the structure, and it carries a multilayered archaeological value.
In the repair record dated 1898, it is written that the cracks in the surrounding, dome, and drum walls of the building were filled with pitch pine and cement to strengthen them, and that they were plastered with sand and linen mortar and painted. It is also learned from the documents that the stitching method was applied at that time using pitch pine and linen mortar to close the cracks that occurred in the walls of the building after the earthquake.[23]
Archaeological studies were carried out in 1929 in the building, which suffered a great fire in 1918. During these excavations, it was understood that the ground was raised by 80 cm during the Ottoman period, and many findings were found in this filled ground.[24]
The building was reopened as a mosque with the restoration carried out in 1960, and its minaret, which was demolished in 1942, was rebuilt in the following years.[25] Due to the effect of Vatan St., which was opened to traffic in the 1950s, the building remained 2-3 meters below the road level. The roof of the building was damaged in 2000. The comprehensive restoration work, which started in 2012, finished in 2019.
The 2012-2019 restorations were carried out after studying the previous repair interventions to the building.[26] Addressing the decays and deterioriations, and providing proper solutions to these problems were among the goals of the restoration. In the section below, the mentioned pathologies are detailed further.[23]
The lower part of the narthex window on the north facade of the building has been partially covered with brick and cement-based plaster. In the south dome, instead of the stone jamb that has disappeared, a marble sill piece and a lintel have been created, and a different stone and brick, and cement-based integration have been made on top of it. There are unqualified braids on the edges of some of the lower rows of windows on the west facade and inside the arches on the north and south of the main entrance door.[26]
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