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Afellow is a title and form of address for distinguished, learned, or skilled individuals in academia, medicine, research, and industry. The exact meaning of the term differs in each field. Inlearned orprofessional societies, the term refers to a privileged member who is specially elected in recognition of their work and achievements.^[1][2] Withininstitutions of higher education, a fellow is a member of a highly ranked group of teachers at a particular college or university or a member of the governing body in some universities. It can also be a specially selected postgraduate student who has been appointed to a post (called afellowship) granting astipend, research facilities and other privileges for a fixed period (usually one year or more) in order to undertake some advanced study or research, often in return for teaching services.^[1][2] In the context of medical education in North America, a fellow is a physician who is undergoing a supervised, sub-specialty medical training (fellowship) after having completed a specialty training program (residency). Lastly, In large,R&D-intensive institutions, the term denotes a small number of senior scientists and engineers.

In education and academia there are several kinds of fellowships, awarded for different reasons.

The title of (senior) teaching fellow is used to denote an academic teaching position at a university or similar institution and is roughly equivalent to the title of (senior)lecturer. The title(senior) fellow can also be bestowed to an academic member of staff upon retirement who continues to be affiliated to a university in the United Kingdom.

The term teaching fellow orteaching assistant is used, in the United States and United Kingdom, in secondary school, high school and middle school setting for students or adults that assist a teacher with one or more classes.^[3]

In US medical institutions, a fellow refers to someone who has completed residency training (e.g. in family medicine, internal medicine, pediatrics, general surgery, etc.) and is currently in a 1- to 3-year subspecialty training program (e.g. cardiology, sleep medicine, pediatric nephrology, transplant surgery, etc.).

The title of research fellow may be used to denote anacademic position at a university or a similar institution; it is roughly equivalent to the title oflecturer in the Commonwealth teaching career pathway.^{[citation needed]}

Research fellow may also refer to the recipient of academic financial grant orscholarship.For example, in Germany, institutions such as theAlexander von Humboldt Foundation offer research fellowship for postdoctoral research and refer to the holder as research fellows, while the award holder may formally hold a specificacademic title at their home institution (e.g.,Privatdozent).^[4]

These are often shortened to the name of the programme or organization, e.g.Dorothy Hodgkin Fellow rather than Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellow, except where this might cause confusion with another fellowship, (e.g.Royal Society University Research Fellowship.^[5][6][7][8])

In the context ofgraduate school in theUnited States andCanada, a fellow is a recipient of apostgraduate fellowship. Examples include theNSF Graduate Research Fellowship, theDoD National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, theDOE Computational Science Graduate Fellowship, theGuggenheim Fellowship, theRosenthal Fellowship, theFrank Knox Memorial Fellowship, theWoodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship and thePresidential Management Fellowship. It is granted to prospective or current students, on the basis of their academic or research achievements.

In the UK, research fellowships are awarded to supportpostdoctoral researchers such as those funded by theWellcome Trust^[9] and theBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC).^[10] AtETH Zurich, postdoctoral fellowships support incoming researchers.^[11] TheMacArthur Fellows Program (aka "genius grant") as prestigious research fellowship awarded in the United States.

Fellowships may involve a short placement for capacity building,^[12][13] e.g., to get more experience in government, such as theAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science's fellowships^[14] and theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellowship programs. Some institutions offer fellowships as a professional training program as well as a financial grant, such as theBalsillie School of International Affairs, where tuition and other fees are paid by the fellowship.

Fellows are often the highest grade of membership of manyprofessional associations orlearned societies, for example, theChartered Institute of Arbitrators, theChartered Governance Institute orRoyal College of Surgeons. Lower grades are referred to as members (who typically share voting rights with the fellows), or associates (who may or may not, depending on whether "associate" status is a form of full membership). Additional grades of membership exist in, for example, theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and theAssociation for Computing Machinery (ACM).

Fellowships of this type can be awarded as atitle of honor in their own right, e.g. theFellow of the Royal Society (FRS) orFellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng).Exclusivelearned societies such as theRoyal Society have Fellow as the only grade of membership.

Appointment as an honorary fellow in a learned or professional society can be either to honour exceptional achievement or service within the professional domain of the awarding body or to honour contributions related to the domain from someone who is professionally outside it. Membership of the awarding body may or may not be a requirement.

How a fellowship is awarded varies for each society, but may typically involve some or all of these:

• A qualifying period in a lower grade
• Passing a series of examinations
• Nomination by two existing fellows who know the applicant professionally
• Evidence of continued formal training post-qualification
• Evidence of substantial achievement in the subject area
• Submission of a thesis or portfolio of works which will be examined
• Election by a vote of the fellowship

At theancient universities ofOxford,Cambridge, andTrinity College, Dublin, members of the teaching staff typically have two affiliations: one as a reader, lecturer, or otheracademic rank within a department of the university, as at other universities, and a second affiliation as a fellow of one of thecolleges of the university.The fellows, sometimes referred to asuniversity dons, form thegoverning body of the college. They may elect a council to handle day-to-day management. All fellows are entitled to certain privileges within their colleges, which may include dining atHigh Table (free of charge) and possibly the right to a room in college (free of charge).^{[citation needed]}

At Cambridge, retired academics may remain fellows.^{[citation needed]} At Oxford, however, a governing body fellow would normally be elected afellow emeritus and would leave the governing body upon his or her retirement.^{[citation needed]} Distinguished old members of the college, or its benefactors and friends, might also be elected 'Honorary Fellow', normally for life; but beyond limited dining rights this is merely an honour. Most Oxford colleges have 'Fellows by Special Election' or 'Supernumerary Fellows', who may be members of the teaching staff, but not necessarily members of the governing body.

Some senior administrators of a college such asbursars are made fellows, and thereby members of the governing body, because of their importance to the running of a college.^{[citation needed]}

At some universities in the United States, "fellows" are members of theboard of trustees who hold administrative positions as non-executivetrustee rather than academics.^{[citation needed]}

In industries intensive inscience,engineeringmedicine, andresearch & development, companies may appoint a very small number of top senior researchers as corporate, technical or industry fellows, either inScience or inEngineering. These are internationally recognized leaders who are among the best in the world in their respective fields.^[15][16][17]

Corporate, Technical or Industry Fellow in eitherScience orEngineering is the most senior rank or title one can achieve in a scientific or engineeringcareer, though fellows often also hold business titles such asVice President^[18][19] orChief Technology Officer.^[20][21]

Notable examples of fellows in scientific, medical and other research-intensive organizations include:

• Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Fellows^[22]
• Apple Fellows^[23]
• Battelle Fellows^[24][25]
• Bell Labs Fellows^[26]
• Boeing Fellows
• Deloitte Fellows^[27]
• DXC Technology Fellows^[28]
• DuPont Fellows^[29]
• Google fellows^[30]
• Henry Ford Technical Fellows
• HP Fellows^[31]
• Intel Fellows^[32]
• Microsoft Fellows
• NASA Fellows^[33]
• Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Fellows^[34]
• RTI International fellows^[35]
• Toray Fellows^[36]

The title fellow can be used for participants in a professional development program run by anonprofit or governmental organization. This type of fellowship is a short term work opportunity (1–2 years)^[37] forprofessionals who already possess some level of academic or professional expertise that will serve the nonprofit mission. Fellows are given astipend as well as professional experience and leadership training.

Look upfellow in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Honorary title (academic)
• List of science awards

• Academic administration
• Education and training occupations
• Corporate titles
• Positions of authority
• Leadership

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