This article is about the union of Egypt, Syria, and Libya. For the 1958-1961 union of Egypt and Syria, seeUnited Arab Republic. For the 1974 union of Tunisia and Libya, seeArab Islamic Republic.
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TheFederation of Arab Republics (FAR;Arabic:إتحاد الجمهوريات العربية,romanized: Ittiḥād al-Jumhūrīyāt al-'Arabīyah,lit.'Union of Arab Republics') was an unsuccessful attempt byMuammar Gaddafi to mergeLibya,Egypt andSyria in order to create aunified Arab state. Although approved by a referendum in each country on 1 September 1971,[1] the three countries disagreed on the specific terms of the merger. The federation lasted from 1 January 1972 to 19 November 1977.
After Nasser's death in September 1970, his successor,Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation. It was implemented in April 1971 which enabled Egypt, Syria and Sudan to get large grants of Libyan oil money.[6] In September 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken.[7] In October 1973 Egypt and Syria, without consulting Libya, launched a coordinated attack on Israel, initiating theOctober war.[8] Sadat agreed to open negotiations with Israel, seeking the return of theSinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for a guarantee to not engage in further attacks on the country.[9] Gaddafi was angered by the war's limited objectives and the ceasefire, and accused Sadat of cowardice, undermining the FAR,[10] and betraying the Arab cause.[11] Sadat responded by revealing he had intervened earlier that year to prevent Libya from sinking a civilian passenger ship carrying Jewish tourists in theMediterranean Sea. Thereafter Egyptian–Libyan relations were marked by frequent accusations against each country's leaders, and further discussions regarding the pursuit of unity were abandoned.[12]
Three simultaneous referendums on the Federation of Arab Republics were held on 1 September 1971, in Egypt, Libya and Syria.[1] In theEgyptian referendum the proposal was approved by 99.96% of voters,[13] in theLibyan referendum it was approved by 98.6% of voters,[14] whilst inSyria 96.4% voted in favour.[15]
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