Clockwise from top-left:Hong Kong protests turn to widespread riots and civil disobedience; theU.S. House of Representatives votes to adopt articles ofimpeachment against Donald Trump due to theTrump-Ukraine scandal and other controversies;CRISPR gene editing first used to experimentally treat a patient with a genetic disorder; afire destroys the spire and roof ofNotre-Dame de Paris ; theVenezuelan presidential crisis divided the nation and the world in support forNicolás Maduro orJuan Guaidó ; protesters inTahrir Square, Baghdad during theIraqi protests , caused by strongIraqi nationalism ;Chileans protest after the increase in the rates of the public transport system ofSantiago ; theEvent Horizon Telescope captures the first image of ablack hole . Calendar year
2019 (MMXIX ) was acommon year starting on Tuesday of theGregorian calendar , the 2019th year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini 3rd millennium and the21st century , and the 10th and last year of the2010s decade.
Calendar year
This was the year in which the first known human case ofCOVID-19 was documented, precedingthe pandemic which was declared by theWorld Health Organization the following year.[ 1]
2019 by topic By international organization
Up to that point, 2019 had been described as the "best year in human history" by some newspapers and media outlets in the United States, includingThe New York Times WNYC [ 2] [ 3]
April 2 –Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns asPresident of Algeria amidwidespread protests , after nearly two decades in office.[ 54] April 4 –Second Libyan Civil War : TheLibyan National Army (LNA) launches asurprise offensive in westernLibya , moving units towards theGovernment of National Accord -held capitalTripoli and capturingGharyan .[ 55] [ 56] April 6 –2019 Maldivian parliamentary election : TheMaldivian Democratic Party wins 65 out of the 85 seats in thePeople's Majlis .[ 57] April 10 April 11 April 15 – DuringHoly Week , a majorfire engulfsNotre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, resulting in the roof and main spire collapsing.[ 64] [ 65] April 16 – TheHowse Peak avalanche kills three noted mountaineers: AustriansHansjörg Auer andDavid Lama , and CanadianJess Roskelley .[ 66] April 18 –NepaliSat-1 is launched. It isNepal 's first ever research satellite to be sent into space.[ 67] [ 68] April 21 April 25 –North Korean leader Kim Jong Un visits Russia to hold aseries of summits with Russian leaders, including PresidentVladimir Putin .[ 72] April 28 –Victor Vescovo achieves the deepest dive of any human in history, as he reachesChallenger Deep within theMariana Trench , at a depth of 10,928 m (35,853 ft).[ 73] April 29 – ElusiveIslamic State leaderAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi appears in undated footage released by the group, his first appearance on video since 2014.[ 74] April 30 May 1 May 3 – The number of deaths from theKivu Ebola epidemic exceeds 1,000. It is the second deadliestEbola outbreak in history, only surpassed by theWestern African Ebola virus epidemic of 2013–2016.[ 80] May 3 –6 –May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes : TheGaza–Israel conflict escalates after theIsraeli military launches airstrikes intoGaza killing more than 20 Palestinians including a pregnant woman and a toddler following the injury of two soldiers from Gazan sniper fire.May 5 –Aeroflot Flight 1492 crash-lands and bursts into flames atSheremetyevo International Airport , Moscow, killing 41 of the 78 people on board.[ 81] May 6 May 8 – A British teenager, Isabelle Holdaway, 17, is reported to be the first patient ever to receive a genetically modifiedphage therapy to treat adrug-resistant infection .[ 85] May 10 – Amid ongoing negotiations, the U.S.'s 25% tariff hike on US$200 billion worth ofChinese imports takes effect, escalating tensions between the two nations in the ongoingChina–United States trade war .[ 86] May 12 –May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident : Four commercial ships, including twoSaudi Aramco oil tankers, are damaged nearFujairah in theGulf of Oman .[ 87] UAE claims it as a "sabotage attack", while an early U.S. assessment blamesIran . The incident occurs after increased U.S.-Iran tensions provoked by the deployment of U.S. military to thePersian Gulf in response to analleged plot by Iran to attackU.S. forces .[ 88] May 13 – Prosecutors inSweden reopen therape allegation investigation againstJulian Assange . Swedish prosecutors mention their intent to seek extradition of Assange from theU.K. after he has served his 50-week prison sentence for skipping bail.[ 89] May 14 –18 – TheEurovision Song Contest 2019 takes place inTel Aviv ,Israel , and is won byDutch entrantDuncan Laurence with the song "Arcade ".May 17 –Taiwan's parliament becomes the first inAsia to legalisesame-sex marriage .[ 90] May 18 –2019 Australian federal election :Scott Morrison 'sLiberal /National Coalition government is narrowly re-elected,[ 91] Labor Party led byBill Shorten .May 19 –China–United States trade war :Google pullsAndroid update support forHuawei phones, as well as theGoogle Play Store andGmail apps, after the company's blacklisting by theU.S. government .[ 92] May 20 – Therevision of theSI system of measurement adopted by the majority of countries in the world takes effect.[ 93] May 23 –2019 Indian general election :Narendra Modi secures a landslide victory, with his partyBJP alone gaining 303 of the 543 seats inparliament , and his political alliance winning 353 seats of the 543.[ 94] [ 95] [ 96] May 24 May 26 –27 –Amazonas prison massacres : More than 50 prisoners are killed in a series of riots at four different prisons inAmazonas , Brazil.[ 98] May 27 –U.S. President Donald Trump , during an officialstate visit to Japan , becomes the first foreign leader to meet withJapanese emperor Naruhito .[ 99] May 30 –July 14 – The2019 Cricket World Cup is held in England (one match in Wales) with England defeating New Zealand in the final.June 1 –Liverpool F.C win their 6thUEFA Champions League title against fellow English clubTottenham Hotspur F.C. 2–0 at theMetropolitano Stadium , with goals fromMohamed Salah andDivock Origi .[ 100] June 2 June 3 –Khartoum massacre : More than 100 people are killed whenSudanese troops andJanjaweed militiamen storm and open fire on aprotest camp outside of a military headquarters inKhartoum , Sudan.[ 103] June 3 –5 –U.S. President Donald Trump makes astate visit to theU.K. , meeting withQueen Elizabeth II and outgoingPrime Minister Theresa May . It is the first official state visit to theU.K. by a sitting U.S. president since 2011. Trump also attendsD-Day commemorative ceremonies.[ 104] June 5 –8 –Chinese President Xi Jinping makes astate visit to Russia, where he also attends theSt. Petersburg International Economic Forum .[ 105] June 6 –Sudanese revolution : TheAfrican Union suspends Sudan's membership "with immediate effect" after theKhartoum massacre .[ 106] June 7 –British Prime Minister Theresa May resigns as leader of theConservative Party .June 7 –July 7 – The2019 FIFA Women's World Cup is held inFrance and is won by theUnited States .June 9 June 11 –Botswana decriminalizes homosexuality .[ 110] June 12 June 13 –June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident : Two oil tankers are attacked near theStrait of Hormuz while transiting theGulf of Oman amid heightened tension betweenIran and the U.S. , with the latter blaming the former for the incident.[ 115] June 15 –2019–2020 Hong Kong protests :Hong Kong announces it will indefinitely suspend the controversialextradition bill , but protests continue, this time calling for the total withdrawal of the bill and the resignation ofChief Executive Carrie Lam .[ 116] June 16 – A large-scalepower outage hitsArgentina ,Uruguay andparts of Paraguay , affecting nearly 50 million people.[ 117] June 17 –A triple suicide blast kills 30 and injures over 40 inBorno ,Nigeria , at a hall where people were watching a football match.June 18 – TheU.S. sends an additional 1,000 troops to theMiddle East as tensions build withIran .[ 118] June 19 – Four men are charged with murdering the 298 passengers and crew ofMalaysia Airlines Flight 17 , an airliner shot down while flying overEastern Ukraine in July 2014.[ 119] June 20 –21 –Chinese President Xi Jinping makes astate visit toNorth Korea . It is his first visit to the country as president and thefirst visit to North Korea by a Chinese leader sinceHu Jintao 's visit 14 years prior.[ 120] June 20 –2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone :Iran shoots down a U.S.RQ-4 Global Hawk surveillance drone over theStrait of Hormuz after claiming it violated their airspace. The U.S. claims it has been shot down in international airspace in an "unprovoked attack".[ 121] June 22 –Amhara Region coup attempt : In theAmhara Region of Ethiopia, regional presidentAmbachew Mekonnen and national-military chief of staffSe'are Mekonnen are assassinated.[ 122] June 30 – During atrilateral gathering at thePanmunjom Truce Village betweenSouth Korean President Moon Jae-in ,North Korean Leader Kim Jong Un andU.S. President Donald Trump , Trump becomes the first sitting U.S. president to cross theKorean Demilitarized Zone and enter North Korea. Trump and Kim also agree to restart stalleddenuclearization negotiations.[ 123] July – TheNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports, on August 15, that July 2019 has been the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the20th-century average .[ 124] [ 125] [ 126] July 1 July 2 – A totalsolar eclipse occurs overSouth America . It is the 58th solar eclipse fromSaros cycle 127 .[ 133] [ 134] July 3 –2019 Tajoura migrant center airstrike : An airstrike by Field MarshalKhalifa Haftar 'sLibyan National Army hits the Tajoura Detention Center outsideTripoli ,Libya , while hundreds of people are inside the facility, killing at least 53 of them and injuring 130 others.[ 135] July 7 –2019 Greek legislative election : TheNew Democracy party wins 158 of 300 seats in theHellenic Parliament .[ 136] [ 137] July 10 – The lastVolkswagen Beetle rolls off the line inPuebla , Mexico. The last of 5,961 "Special Edition" cars will be exhibited in a museum.[ 138] July 12 –Asasey Hotel attack : A car bomb and a gun attack kill at least 26 people, including two prominent journalists and nine foreigners, inKismayo ,Somalia . Islamist groupal-Shabaab claims responsibility.[ 139] July 13 –Hurricane Barry strikes theGulf Coast , killing one and causing over $500 million (2019 USD) in damages.July 16 – TheEuropean Parliament electsUrsula von der Leyen as the newPresident of the European Commission . SucceedingJean-Claude Juncker , she will be sworn in on December 1, 2019. She is the first female to be elected to this office in EU history.[ 140] [ 141] July 17 July 18 – 36 people are killed and more than 30 others injured after anarson attack at an animation company inKyoto , Japan.[ 144] deadliest massacres in the country's history since the end ofWorld War II and the deadliest building fire in the country in 18 years, since theMyojo 56 building fire in 2001.[ 145] July 19 – TheIranian Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps capturesBritish tankerStena Impero and temporarily seizes British-operated andLiberian -flagged tankerMesdar in thePersian Gulf . The BritishForeign Secretary ,Jeremy Hunt , warns there will be "serious consequences" if Iran does not release the tanker.[ 146] [ 147] [ 148] July 21 – A mob of over 100 suspectedtriad members dressed in white and armed with batonsattack commuters indiscriminately at MTRYuen Long station inHong Kong , injuring 45, including a pro-democracy legislator and a pregnant woman.Hong Kong police have been accused of allowing the violence to happen due to their delayed response and decision to limit emergency services in the area.(The Guardian ) (SCMP) July 24 –Boris Johnson becomesPrime Minister of the United Kingdom after defeatingJeremy Hunt in aleadership contest , succeedingTheresa May .[ 149] July 26 –August 11 – The2019 Pan American Games are held inLima ,Peru .July 30 – India banstripletalaq .[ 150] August 1 – Danish polar research institution Polar Portal reports a large spike inGreenland ice loss, with 11 billion tons melted in one day and 197 gigatonnes during the month of July.[ 151] August 2 August 5 August 7 – TheSingapore Mediation Convention , also known as the UN Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation, comes into effect. States that have ratified the treaty must enforce international commercial agreements in their courts.[ 157] August 8 –Nyonoksa radiation accident : Reports indicate that there may have been a nuclear explosion at theNyonoksa weapons-testing site inArkhangelsk Oblast , Russia. At least five people were killed and three others injured in the blast, with radiation levels inSeverodvinsk , 47 km (29 mi) from the site, being 20 times above normal levels temporarily.[ 158] August 10 August 10 –25 –2019 Canary Islands wildfires : A number offorest fires break out in theCanary Islands ofGran Canaria ,Tenerife andLanzarote . The fires on the island of Gran Canaria were the most severe, resulting in the loss of large areas of the island's forests and leading to the evacuation of thousands of residents from a number of towns and villages.[ 162] [ 163] August 11 –2019 Indian floods : At least 114 people, including 57 inKerala , 30 inKarnataka and 27 inMaharashtra , are reported to have died in monsoon-related floods inIndia . At least 227 died across India,Nepal ,Bangladesh andPakistan .[ 164] August 12 August 13 – The main yield curve forU.S. Treasury bonds inverts, as the yield rate for 2-year bonds rises higher than the yield rate for 10-year bonds.[ 170] August 14 – TheDow Jones plunges more than 500 points, due to concerns over theyield curve inversion .[ 171] [ 172] [ 173] August 15 – TheEuropean Central Bank shuts downPNB Banka after ruling it had become insolvent; this bank, previously called Norvik Banka, has been Latvia's sixth-largest lender, and a critic of the Baltic country's financial authorities.[ 174] August 16 – Russian airstrike kills20 civilians in the Hass refugee camp [ 175] August 18 – 100 activists, officials, and other concerned citizens inIceland hold a funeral forOkjökull glacier , which has completely melted after once covering 15.5 km2 (6 sq mi).[ 176] August 19 –2019 Papua protests erupt, mainly acrossIndonesian Papua , in response to an incident inSurabaya where a group of Papuan students were arrested for alleged disrespect of theIndonesian flag . InJayapura ,Sorong ,Fakfak ,Timika andManokwari , protests turned violent, with various private buildings and public facilities being damaged or burned. The protests and unrest were described byReuters as "the most serious civil unrest in years over perceived racial and ethnic discrimination."[ 177] August 21 August 23 – German ChancellorAngela Merkel and French PresidentEmmanuel Macron describe the widespreadAmazon fires as an international emergency, urging the matter to be discussed at the weekend'sG7 summit .[ 180] [ 181] August 25 –2019 Beirut drone crash : According to Lebanese officials, two Israeli drones attackBeirut , Lebanon. One crashed into the roof of the Hezbollah Media Center, about 45 minutes before the second exploded in the air and damaged the building.[ 182] 2006 Lebanon War .[ 183] August 31 –2019 Alta helicopter crash : A sightseeing helicopter crashes in the mountains ofSkoddevarre inAlta Municipality ,Norway , killing all 6 occupants.[ 184] September 1 –Hurricane Dorian makes landfall onThe Bahamas as the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic basin outside the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, with sustained wind speeds of 185 mph.[ 185] [ 186] September 2 September 4 September 6 –Chandrayaan-2 , India's second lunar probe, is successfully placed inlunar orbit , but the landerVikram crashes into the surface of the Moon.[ 192] September 7 September 10 – TheParliament of the United Kingdom isprorogued amid unprecedented protests from opposition MPs, who hold up signs in the House of Commons and refuse to back the shutdown.[ 195] September 11 – Astronomers announce the detection of water in the atmosphere ofexoplanet K2-18b , the first such discovery for an exoplanet in thehabitable zone around a star.[ 196] September 14 –2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack : TwoSaudi Aramco oil refineries inAbqaiq andKhurais , Saudi Arabia, are attacked by drones, resulting in fires.Houthi militants claim responsibility, saying that they used ten drones for the attack. Aramco's oil exports and production are disrupted by five million barrels a day, close to half of the entire Saudi Arabian oil exports.[ 197] September 16 – A gas explosion inKoltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast ,Russia sets off a fire in a bioweapons plant that houses viruses includingsmallpox ,ebola andanthrax .[ 198] September 17 – Interest rates onrepurchase agreements (or "repos") in the United States experience asudden and unexpected spike .[ 199] September 19 – 30Afghan nut farmers are killed and 40 injured in a U.S. drone attack inNangarhar Province .[ 200] September 20 – An internationalstrike and protest led by young people and adults is held three days before the latestUN Climate Summit , to demand action be taken to address theclimate crisis . Gathering 6 million people in 4,500 locations across 150 countries, the event is one of the largest climate mobilizations in history.[ 201] [ 202] [ 203] September 20 –November 2 – The2019 Rugby World Cup is held inJapan and is won bySouth Africa who defeatedEngland inthe final .[ 204] September 21 – U.S. PresidentDonald Trump approves deployment of several hundred troops and military equipment to Saudi Arabia andUnited Arab Emirates following theSeptember 14 attack on Saudi oil refineries.[ 205] [ 206] Iran vow to defend themselves.[ 207] September 22 – Nearly three weeks afterHurricane Dorian makes landfall onThe Bahamas , the official death toll stands at 52 and 1,300 are reported missing. Rescuers report the widespread stench of rotting bodies in the rubble.[ 208] September 23 September 24 September 27 500,000 people march in aclimate change protest led by activistGreta Thunberg and Prime MinisterJustin Trudeau inMontreal , Canada.[ 215] [ 216] TheUnited Nations University Centre for Policy Research'sFinancial Sector Commission on Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking releases its final report,Unlocking Potential: A Blueprint for Mobilizing Finance Against Slavery and Trafficking , during the United Nations General Assembly in New York.[ 217] September 30 – TheRepublic of Ireland promises to plant 440 million trees in twenty years tocombat climate change .[ 218] October 1 October 2 – 25 soldiers are killed and 60 missing following attacks on two army camps in Boulkessi andMondoro ,Mali .[ 222] October 3 –European Commission spokesperson Daniel Rosario threatens retaliatory measures if theUnited States imposes a US$7.5-billion (approximately €6.8-billion) tariff on products such as olives, whiskey, wine, cheese, yogurt, and airplanes. The tariffs are scheduled to take place onOctober 18 .[ 223] October 4 –2019–20 Hong Kong protests :Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam and theChief Executive in Council invokes theEmergency Regulations Ordinance and banning theface mask in public gatherings with immediate effect.[ 224] October 5 –2019 Iraqi protests : 91 people are killed by police during a week of demonstrations inIraq .[ 225] [importance? October 8 October 9 October 12 –Typhoon Hagibis makes landfall inJapan , the biggest storm to hit the region in decades, with over seven million people urged to evacuate.[ 230] October 14 October 16 – Venezuelan councilman and opposition politicianEdmundo Rada is reported missing. He is found dead the following day on the side of the road out ofPetare ,Caracas ,[ 234] coup de grâce shots in the back of his neck.[ 235] October 17 – Shootouts erupt inCuliacán ,Mexico , after the arrest ofEl Chapo 's son,Ovidio Guzmán López , on an arrest warrant for drug dealing in the United States.[ 236] [ 237] October 18 October 19 – An estimated one million people march throughLondon in a protest organised byPeople's Vote , to demand a second referendum onBrexit .[ 240] October 23 October 25 – Tourists visit the summit ofUluru (also known as Ayers Rock) for the last time, as a ban on climbing the famous rock in Australia'sNorthern Territory comes into effect.[ 247] October 26 – TheAmazon Catholic bishops synod proposes that married men be ordained as priests, which would reverse the Church's centuries-old discipline of celibacy.[ 248] October 27 – U.S. PresidentDonald Trump announces that the leader of theIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant ,Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi , has been killed in a U.S. special forcesoperation . It is reported that al-Baghdadi detonated a suicide vest after being chased into a tunnel.[ 249] [ 250] October 30 October 31 November 4 November 5 – 11,000 scientists from around the world publish a study in the journalBioScience , warning "clearly and unequivocally that planet Earth is facing a climate emergency".[ 259] [ 260] [ 261] November 6 –2019 Fada N'Gourma attack : At least 37 people are killed and 60 others injured when gunmen attacka Canadian gold mining company convoy on a road inBurkina Faso .[ 262] November 7 – FormerCongolese rebel leaderBosco Ntaganda is sentenced to 30 years in prison forwar crimes andcrimes against humanity , the longest sentence ever handed down by theInternational Criminal Court .[ 263] November 9 November 10 –2019 Bolivian protests :Evo Morales andÁlvaro García Linera resigns in response to fierce three-week long protests. Within hours,Adriana Salvatierra andVíctor Borda also tender their resignations, leading to apolitical crisis .[ 266] [ 267] [ 268] November 11 November 12 –2019 Bolivian protests :Jeanine Áñez took power as interimPresident of Bolivia amidst political crisis.[ 271] November 13 November 14 November 17 –2019–20 Hong Kong protests : Police use tear gas and water cannons against protesters who try to break through cordons and reachThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University , which is at the center of a week-long standoff between demonstrators and law enforcement. Protesters fight back withMolotov cocktails , arrows, and bricks.[ 278] November 19 –Google enters the video game market with the launch ofStadia .[ 279] November 21 – Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu is indicted on charges of bribery, fraud and breach of trust.[ 280] November 23 – The last knownSumatran rhinoceros inMalaysia dies.[ 281] November 23 –December 7 – A non-bindingindependence referendum was held inBougainville , an autonomousregion ofPapua New Guinea . Voters overwhelmingly voted for independence.[ 282] November 24 –2019 Busy Bee crash : A plane crashes shortly after takeoff in a densely populated area ofGoma ,Democratic Republic of the Congo , killing all 19 people on board and at least 10 more on the ground.[ 283] November 25 November 26 November 27 – The U.S. Government passes theHong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act .[ 292] December 1 –COVID-19 pandemic : First known human case ofCoronavirus disease 2019 , inWuhan ,Hubei ,China .[ 293] [ 294] December 2 –Typhoon Kammuri hits thePhilippines , causing the evacuation of 200,000 people, but without reports of injuries or serious damage.[ 295] December 2 –13 – The2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference takes place inMadrid , Spain, after Chilean PresidentSebastián Piñera announced in October that his country could not host the conference due topolitical unrest in the country.[ 296] December 5 December 8 –A fire at a factory inDelhi , India, kills 43 people and injures at least 50 others.[ 299] December 9 December 10 December 11 – TheWorld Trade Organization is left unable to intervene in trade disputes after the U.S. blocks the appointment of new panel members.[ 307] [ 308] [ 309] December 12 –Boris Johnson and hisConservative Party win alandslide victory in the2019 United Kingdom general election achieving a majority in theHouse of Commons of 80 seats.[ 310] December 16 –Pope Francis abolishespontifical secrecy insex abuse cases ; the move follows the Vatican'sMeeting on the Protection of Minors in the Church months prior.[ 311] child pornography " from 14 to 18 years old.[ 312] December 17 –Shandong aircraft carrier , enters naval service.[ 313] [ 314] December 18 December 19 December 20 The United States founds theUnited States Space Force , abranch of theUnited States Armed Forces dedicated tospace warfare .[ 321] The Dutch Supreme Court affirms that the Dutch government is responsible for management of carbon dioxide emissions for the country and is bound to protect human rights.[ 322] December 23 Five men are sentenced to death and another three face 24 years in prison for their roles in themurder of dissident journalist andWashington Post columnistJamal Khashoggi at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul.[ 323] 28 people are killed and 13 others injured after a bus plunges into a ravine on a winding road in SouthSumatra .[ 324] [importance? December 24 – Thousands of Muslims protest the December 20 burning of fourmosques in theAmhara Region of Ethiopia.[ 325] December 26 – An annularsolar eclipse is visible from South Asia. This is a part ofSaros 132 .[ 326] December 27 – Corporate defaults on corporate bonds in China reach a new record.[ 327] [ 328] [importance? December 28 – Atruck bomb attributed toal-Shabaab kills at least 78 and wounds 125 inMogadishu, Somalia .[ 329] December 29 A report by the Multi-Sector Epidemic Response Committee (CMRE) indicates that 2,231 people have died so far in the2018–20 Kivu Ebola epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[ 330] TheTaliban 's ruling council agrees to a temporary cease-fire in Afghanistan, opening a door to a peace agreement with the United States.[ 331] December 30 – Chinese authorities announce thatHe Jiankui , who claimed to have created the world'sfirst genetically edited human babies , has been sentenced to three years in prison and fined 3 million yuan (US$430,000) for his genetic research efforts.[ 332] [ 333] December 31 Nobel medal Specific events and situations [ edit ] ^ Allam, Zaheer (2020)."The First 50 days of COVID-19: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the Pandemic" .Surveying the Covid-19 Pandemic and Its Implications :1– 7.doi :10.1016/B978-0-12-824313-8.00001-2 .ISBN 9780128243138 PMC 7378494 ^ Nicholas Kristof (December 28, 2019)."This Has Been the Best Year Ever" .The New York Times Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. RetrievedAugust 25, 2022 . ^ The Brian Lehrer Show (December 31, 2019)."2019: Best Year Ever?" .WNYC .Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. RetrievedAugust 25, 2022 . ^ Chang, Kenneth (December 31, 2018)."New Horizons Spacecraft Completes Flyby of Ultima Thule, the Most Distant Object Ever Visited" .The New York Times Archived from the original on November 19, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 1, 2019 . ^ Dom Phillips (January 1, 2019)."Bolsonaro declares Brazil's 'liberation from socialism' as he is sworn in" .The Guardian Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. RetrievedOctober 15, 2021 . ^ "Member Countries" .OPEC .Archived from the original on April 13, 2023. RetrievedOctober 15, 2021 .^ Ockerbloom, John Mark (January 1, 2019)."Public Domain Day 2019: Welcome to 1923!" .Everybody's Libraries .Archived from the original on September 13, 2022. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2022 . ^ Miller, Naseem (August 14, 2018)."Florida Hospital, Adventist Health System announces new name: AdventHealth" Orlando Sentinel . RetrievedJanuary 7, 2025 . ^ Griffin, Justine (August 14, 2018)."Florida Hospital to change its name to AdventHealth" .Tampa Bay Times . RetrievedJanuary 7, 2025 . ^ Moss, Trefor (January 3, 2019)."China Lands Probe on the 'Dark Side' of the Moon" .The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 3, 2019 . ^ "Ukraine Orthodox Church granted independence from Russian Church" .BBC News Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 8, 2019 .^ "Malaysia king: Sultan Muhammad V abdicates in historic first" .BBC News Archived from the original on January 7, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 8, 2019 .^ "Gabon coup attempt: Government says situation under control" .BBC News Archived from the original on May 29, 2023. RetrievedJuly 3, 2023 .^ "¿Venezuela tiene un presidente interino?" .Semana . January 11, 2019.Archived from the original on January 13, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 13, 2019 .^ "Venezuelan President Maduro is severing diplomatic ties with the US" . January 23, 2019.Archived from the original on January 24, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 23, 2019 .^ "Brazil's Vale ordered to pay compensation for dam disaster" .BBC News Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. RetrievedAugust 9, 2019 .^ "US files charges against China's Huawei and CFO Meng Wanzhou" .BBC News Archived from the original on January 28, 2019. RetrievedJanuary 28, 2019 .^ "Donald Trump confirms US withdrawal from INF nuclear treaty" .The Guardian Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 1, 2019 .^ "INF nuclear treaty: Russia follows US in suspending pact" .BBC News Archived from the original on February 2, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 2, 2019 .^ "Pope Francis Makes 'Historic' Gulf Tour Amid Yemen Crisis and Christian Repression" .The New York Times Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2019 .^ "El Salvador election: Nayib Bukele claims presidency" .BBC News Archived from the original on March 9, 2022. RetrievedMarch 9, 2022 .^ "Hungary is now only a 'partly free' country" .The Washington Post the original on February 7, 2019.^ "Freedom House: Serbia lost its free state status" . February 6, 2019. Archived fromthe original on November 22, 2019. RetrievedDecember 10, 2019 .^ "Deadly protests hit Haiti capital" .BBC News Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 13, 2019 .^ "Macedonia officially changes name to North Macedonia, drawing line under bitter dispute" .CNN . February 13, 2019.Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. RetrievedFebruary 13, 2019 .^ "Israeli company sends world's first privately funded mission to moon" .The Guardian Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 22, 2019 .^ "Venezuela's Maduro cuts ties with Colombia amid border conflict" .NBC News Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 23, 2019 .^ "Nigeria Presidential Elections Results 2019 - BBC News" .BBC News Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. RetrievedMarch 9, 2022 .^ "Cubans overwhelmingly ratify new socialist constitution" .Reuters Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. RetrievedMarch 9, 2022 .^ "cu privire la totalizarea rezultatelor alegerilor Parlamentului Republicii Moldova în circumscripția națională și circumscripțiile uninominale din 24 februarie 2019" .a.cec.md (in Romanian). March 3, 2019.Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. RetrievedMarch 9, 2022 .^ "DÉCISION N° 4-E-2019 AFFAIRE N° 25-E-19" (in French). 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