The airshipZeppelin LZ 54 crashed in theNorth Sea on its return from bombing the English midlands. All 16 crew drowned when the crew of a British fishing boat refused to rescue them.[2]
The new German cruiserSMSEmden, taking the legacy name from its famouspredecessor, was launched byAG Weser inBremen. She would survive the war but would be scuttled along with many ships with theImperial German Navy in 1919.[5]
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition – British Antarctic expedition commanderErnest Shackleton sent a larger party to bring back the third lifeboat from the sunken polar shipEndurance in anticipation of crossing open water during the Antarctic summer thaw. The crew had been on the open ice for close to three months, with seal meat being the primary staple to preserve packaged meals. Their teams of dogs were also reduced to two teams, with the others being shot to ensure more seal meat for expedition members.[10]
A German zeppelin that disappeared on the air raid toLiverpool four days earlier was spotted by the Britishnaval trawlerKing Stephen floating in theNorth Sea. After briefly speaking with Zeppelin CaptainOdo Löwe and the crew, the trawler left the German air crew to their fate.[11][12]
The3rd Australian Division was established and would become the longest serving Australian division in the country's military history.[13]
A fire killed seven people and destroyed most of theCentre Block, the home of theParliament of Canada, onParliament Hill inOttawa, Canada. The fire, which started in theHouse of Commons reading room while Parliament was in session, was likely caused from an improperly extinguished cigar or faulty electrical wiring, although an investigating commission also put forth the theory sabotage could have also been a likely cause.[16][17]
Died:Rubén Darío, 49, Nicaraguan writer, credited as the "father ofmodernismo (modernism)" in Spanish literature, author ofAzul...,Prosas profanas y otros poemas andCantos de vida y esperanza (b.1867)[citation needed]
Argentine tango composerRoberto Firpo was approached by Uruguayan musicianGerardo Matos Rodríguez at a music cafe inMontevideo with sheet music for a new tango. Firpo added arrangements from his own work and recorded it in November "La cumparsita", now considered one of the world's most recognizable tango melodies.[33]
Enlisted Canadian servicemen rioted and vandalized two businesses owned and operated by German Canadians inCalgary over two days before the city restored order, following rumors a popular diner had been hiring "illegal aliens" instead of veterans.[37]
Achiam, Franco-Israeli sculptor, recipient of the 1965 Grand Prix des Beaux-Arts de la ville de Paris; as Ahiam Shoshany, in Beit-Gan,Galilee (present-dayIsrael) (d.2005)[citation needed]
The Romanianassociation football clubBucurești was founded inBucharest as a university sports club for students and staff with programs in football, athletics and tennis. Renowned Romanian mathematicianTraian Lalescu was the club's first president.[45]
Battle of Salaita Hill – South African and German colonial forces fought the first large-scale battle of theEast African Campaign atTraveta in what is now modern-dayKenya. TheAllied force of 6,000 was unable to take a strategic hill and sustained 172 casualties.[48]
Ross Sea party – British polar exploration shipAurora was momentarily free from the packed ice in theSouthern Ocean. It had beendrifting in the ice for nearly 10 months since it lost anchor inMcMurdo Sound on theRoss Sea near the Antarctic, stranding 10 members of the expedition onshore. Unfortunately, the ice reformed around the ship three days later and the vessel was stuck in the ice for another two weeks before it was finally free.[49]
Erzurum Offensive – Russian forces began to advance on theOttoman Third Army, which was too small to defend against the assault. Many Ottoman battalions averaged 350 men compared to Russian battalions made up of 1,000 soldiers.[52]
Siege of Mora – Brigadier General Frederick Hugh Cunliffe, commander ofAllied forces inCentral Africa, sent a message to Captain Ernst von Rabe, commander of the German colonial forces at the mountain fortress nearMora inKamerun (now modern-dayCameroon), offering terms of surrender that included all African native soldiers to be allowed safe passage back to their home villages and all German troops interned inEngland. Rabe accepted the terms with an additional offer all the native soldiers be paid for their military service.[62]
Erzurum Offensive –Russia captured the city ofErzurum. The Russian column did not effectively pursue the retreatingOttoman Third Army, allowing them to set up a new defense line less than 10 km away from the city. TheOttoman Empire lost 17,000 soldiers, including 10,000 casualties and 5,000 prisoners. TheRussian Empire sustained 9,000 casualties, including 1,000 dead, 4,000 wounded and 4,000 affected with frostbite.[69]
Siege of Mora – The German colonial force of 155 men at the mountain fortress nearMora inGerman Cameroon surrendered after a year and a half under siege byAllied forces. The surrender effectively ended theKamerun campaign, as most of the remaining German troops escaped into neighboringSpanish Guinea weeks before under orders of German colonial commanderCarl Heinrich Zimmermann.[76]
Hans Schmidt, a Roman Catholic priest inNew York City was executed by hanging atSing Sing prison for the murder of housekeeper Anna Aumüller, whom he had a secret affair with. He was only priest ever to be executed in theUnited States.[80]
East River tunnel blowout: During the construction of a subway tunnel under theEast River toBrooklyn Heights, New York City, twosandhogs were killed in an accident when acompressed air pocket burst out of its chamber. A third man, 28-year-old Marshall Mabey, survived being blown through the riverbed for 12 feet (3.7 m), up through the river and to the top of a 25-foot (7.6 m) waterspout. He would continue working as a sandhog for 25 years.[81]
Battle of Verdun – TheImperial German Army launched one of the biggest offenses ofWorld War I, mobilizing 1.25 million soldiers in 50 divisions to assault and break the French line atVerdun,France, which was being defended by 1.14 million French soldiers. The fearsome army and aerial assault involved usingstorm troopers for the first time, slinging hand grenades or using flamethrowers to destroy French defenses as opposed to firing their rifles.[83]
Italian hospital shipHSMarechiaro was torpedoed and sunk by German submarineSMUC-12 near the Albanian port ofDurrës, killing 33 people.[84]
To support the morale of French troops defending against the German offensive atVerdun, French fighter pilotJean Navarre began daily aerobatic flights over the front line in aNieuport fighter with its fuselage painted in French red, white, and blue.[85]
Battle of Verdun – German forces advanced 5 km (3.1 mi) past the French to the edge of the village ofFlabas,France, with only light casualties. Two French battalions led by ColonelÉmile Driant tried to hold the line but were pushed back to the village ofSamogneux where he was killed.[87]
Cochinchina uprising – French colonial authorities executed Vietnamese revolutionaryPhan Xích Long following an attempted prison breakout days earlier. The uprising was put down around the same time with 51 dissidents executed and hundreds more imprisoned.[88]
Battle of Verdun – The French failed to retakeFort Douaumont, forcing GeneralPhilippe Pétain to call off further attacks and have defenses consolidated around the remaining forts.[99] The Germans had advanced 3 km (1.9 mi) on a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) front; French losses were24,000 men and German losses werec. 25,000 men..[100]
Action of Agagia – British forces inNorth Africa foughtSenussi militia backed by theCentral Powers east of the Egyptian port town ofSidi Barrani. The British force of 1,400 defeated aSenussi force estimated at between 1,500 and 1,600. TheSenussi lost an estimated 500 men and horses while the British sustained 47 killed and 137 wounded.[101]
French ocean liner turned auxiliary cruiserSSLa Provence II was sunk by German submarineSMU-35 while transporting French troops, killing 990 out of the 1,732 passengers and crew on board.[102]
French air force pilotJean Navarre induced a German two-seat aircraft to land in French-held territory and surrender without ever firing a shot merely by appearing behind them over the Verdun battlefield. Later that morning, Navarre shot down a German bomber for his fifth victory.[103]
Battle of Verdun – The spring thaw turned the ground to swamp and slowed German advances, allowing French time to regroup. German soldiers began suffering from exhaustion and lost 500 soldiers to one day of fighting around the village ofDouaumont,France.[106]
Gregorio Cortez, 40, American farmer and outlaw, became a folk hero among Mexican-Americans for evading arrest for 10 days following a shooting Cortez argued had been in self-defense and later exonerated for (b.1875)[citation needed]
Battle of Verdun – The Germans were further delayed by a sudden snowstorm, allowing the French time to bring90,000 men and 23,000 short tons (21,000 t) of ammunition by rail fromBar-le-Duc,France, toVerdun.[113]
The German auxiliary cruiserSMS Greif wasintercepted and attacked by fourRoyal Navy ships in theNorth Sea, includingRMS Alcantara andHMS Comus, after it broke through theAllies naval blockade.Greif sankAlcantara thanks to superior firepower when the smaller ship got too close, killing 72 British sailors before it was destroyed by the other three ships. In total, 220 out of the 360 crew onGreif were captured and another 130 were killed.[114]
^For Those In Peril – The Lifeboat Service of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, Station by Station. Author: Leach, Nicholas. Publisher: Silver Link Publishing Ltd, First Issue 1999. Work:Part 2, South Coast of England – Eastbourne to Weston-super-Mare, Page 78, Bembridge.ISBN1-85794-129-2
^Brookes, Andrew J. (May 1979). "Flying the Winged Horse – the history of No 35 Squadron RAF".Aircraft Illustrated.12 (5): 229.
^Gröner, Erich (1990).German Warships: 1815–1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 113.ISBN0-87021-790-9.
^Simpson, Robert (1979).Carl Nielsen, Symphonist (2nd ed.). London: Kahn & Averill. pp. 76–91.ISBN978-0-900707-46-9.
^the Department of Education, New South Wales (1 February 1916). "The School Magazine of literature for our boys and girls".The School Magazine of Literature for Our Boys and Girls.
^Palazzo, Albert (2002).Defenders of Australia: The 3rd Australian Division 1916–1991. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military Historical Publications. p. 1.ISBN1-876439-03-3.
^Walton, Robert (1984).The Capture of Trabzon. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol iv. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 1306–1313.ISBN0-86307-181-3.
^Layman, R.D.,Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849–1922, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989,ISBN0-87021-210-9, p. 101.
^W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields, A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828-1921, pp. 351-363,ISBN0-89839-296-9
^Friedman, Norman (2009).British Destroyers: From Earliest Days to the Second World War. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. p. 308.ISBN978-1-84832-049-9.
^Sondhaus, Lawrence (2014).The Great War at Sea: A Naval History of the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 181.ISBN978-1-107-03690-1.
^Selles, Roberto; Pinsón, Néstor."Roberto Firpo".Los Creadores (in Spanish). Todo Tango. Archived fromthe original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved1 March 2011.
^Miller, Charles (1974).Battle for the Bundu: The First World War in East Africa. Macmillan Publishing. p. 208.ISBN0-02-584930-1.
^Bruce, J.M. (1992).The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (2nd ed.). London: Putnam Publishing. pp. 509–512.ISBN0-85177-854-2.
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^Korhonen, Kimmo (2013a).Leevi Madetoja: Symphony No. 1 and 3, Okon Fuoko Suite (booklet). John Storgårds & Helsinki Philharmonic. Helsinki, Finland: Ondine. p. 4–7. ODE1211-2.
^Macmunn, G; Falls, C. (1996) [1928 HMSO].Military Operations: Egypt and Palestine, From the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917. Vol. I. Nashville, TN: Battery Press. pp. 135–136.ISBN0-89839-241-1.
^Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985).Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 55–56.ISBN0-85177-245-5.
^Tai, Hue-Tam Ho (1983).Millenarianism and peasant politics in Vietnam. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press]. p. 73.ISBN0-674-57555-5.
^Edmonds, J. E. (1993) [1932].Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 166–67.ISBN978-0-89839-185-5.
^Foley, R. T. (2007) [2005].German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916 (pbk. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. p. 220.ISBN978-0-521-04436-3.
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