The traditional date for the feast is January 6. However, since 1970 the celebration has been held in some countries on the Sunday after January 1. Those Eastern Churches that are still following theJulian calendar observe the feast on what, according to the internationally usedGregorian calendar, is 19 January,[14] because of the current 13-day difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars.[15] TheAlawites and theMiddle Eastern Christians also observe the feast on January 19.[2][3][4]
The word Epiphany is fromKoine Greek ἐπιφάνεια,epipháneia, meaning manifestation or appearance. It is derived from the verb φαίνειν,phainein, meaning ‘to appear’.[26] In classical Greek it was used for the appearance of dawn, of an enemy in war, but especially of a manifestation of a deity to a worshipper (atheophany). In theSeptuagint the word is used of a manifestation of the God of Israel (2 Maccabees 15:27).[27] In the New Testament the word is used in2 Timothy 1:10 to refer either to the birth of Christ or to his appearance after his resurrection, and five times to refer to hisSecond Coming.[27]
Alternative names for the feast inGreek include τα Θεοφάνια,ta Theophánia, ‘Theophany’ (a neuter plural rather than feminine singular), η Ημέρα των Φώτων,i Iméra ton Fóton (modern Greek pronunciation), ‘The Day of the Lights’, and τα Φώτα,ta Fóta, ‘The Lights’.[28]
In Egypt, it is calledEid al-Ghitas (Arabic: عيد الغِطاس).[29]
"But the followers of [theearly Christian Gnostic religious teacher]Basilides celebrate the day of His Baptism too, spending the previous night in readings. And they say that it was the 15th of the monthTybi of the 15th year of Tiberius Caesar. And some say that it was observed the 11th of the same month."
— Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 200)
The Egyptian dates given correspond to January 6 and 10.[30] The Basilides were aGnostic sect.[citation needed]
The reference to "readings" suggests that the Basilides were reading theGospels. In ancientgospel manuscripts, the text is arranged to indicate passages for liturgical readings. If a congregation began readingMark at the beginning of the year, it might arrive at the story of the Baptism on January 6, thus explaining the date of the feast.[31][32] If Christians read Mark in the same format the Basilides did, the two groups could have arrived at the January 6 date independently.[33]
The earliest reference to Epiphany as a Christian feast was in AD 361, byAmmianus Marcellinus.[34] The holiday is listed twice, which suggests a double feast of baptism and birth.[30] Thebaptism of Jesus was originally assigned to the same date as the birth becauseLuke 3:23 was read to mean that Jesus was exactly 30 when he was baptized; it is said by manyChurch Fathers that Jesus was the age of 30, although not necessarily exactly that age.[35]
Epiphanius of Salamis says that January 6 is Christ's "Birthday; that is, His Epiphany" (hemera genethlion toutestin epiphanion).[36] He also asserts that theMiracle at Cana occurred on the same calendar day.[37] Epiphanius assigns the Baptism to November 6.[30]
The scope to Epiphany expanded to include the commemoration of his birth; the visit of themagi, all ofJesus' childhood events, up to and including the Baptism byJohn the Baptist; and even the miracle at the wedding at Cana inGalilee.[38]
In the Latin-speaking West, the holiday emphasized the visit of the magi. The magi represented the non-Jewish peoples of the world, so this was considered a "revelation to the gentiles".[39] In this event, Christian writers also inferred a revelation to theChildren of Israel.John Chrysostom identified the significance of the meeting between the magi andHerod's court:
"The star had been hidden from them so that, on finding themselves without their guide, they would have no alternative but to consult the Jews. In this way the birth of Jesus would be made known to all."[40]
Even before 354,[41] the Western Church had separated the celebration of the Nativity of Christ as the feast ofChristmas and set its date as December 25; it reserved January 6 as a commemoration of the manifestation of Christ, especially to the Magi, but also at his baptism and at the wedding feast of Cana.[42]
In 385, the pilgrimEgeria (also known as Silvia) described a celebration inJerusalem andBethlehem, which she called "Epiphany" that commemorated the Nativity.[43] Even at this early date, there was anoctave associated with the feast. The Georgian Chantbook of Jerusalem compiled in the mid 6th century contains hymns for this feast[44] that were likely written between the time of Egeria and the turn of the 6th century.[45]
In a sermon delivered on December 25, 380, St.Gregory of Nazianzus referred to the day as "the Theophany" (ta theophania, formerly the name of a pagan festival at Delphi),[46] saying expressly that it is a day commemorating "the holy nativity of Christ" and told his listeners that they would soon be celebrating the baptism of Christ.[47] Then, on January 6 and 7, he preached two more sermons,[48] in which he declared that the celebration of the birth of Christ and the visitation of the Magi had already taken place, and that they would now commemorate his Baptism.[49] At this time, celebration of the two events was beginning to be observed on separate occasions, at least inCappadocia.[citation needed]
In theLatin Church, from 1893 until 1955, Epiphany was celebrated as an eight-day feast, known as the Octave of Epiphany, beginning on January 6 and ending on January 13. The Sunday within that octave had been the feast of theHoly Family, and Christmastide was reckoned as the twelve days ending on January 5, followed by the January 6–13 octave. Before the 1969 revision of its liturgy, the Sundays following the Octave of Epiphany or, when this was abolished, following the Feast of theBaptism of the Lord, which was instituted to take the place of theOctave Day of Epiphany were named as the "Second (etc., up to Sixth) Sunday after Epiphany", as the at least 24 Sundays followingPentecost Sunday andTrinity Sunday were known as the "Second (etc.) Sunday after Pentecost". (If a year had more than 24 Sundays after Pentecost, up to four unused post-Epiphany Sundays were inserted between the 23rd and the 24th Sunday after Pentecost.) TheEncyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices, which has received theimprimatur ofJohn Michael D'Arcy, with reference to Epiphanytide, thus states that "The Epiphany season extends from January 6 to Septuagesima Sunday, and has from one to six Sundays, according to the date of Easter. White is the color for the octave; green is the liturgical color for the season."[51]
In 1955,Pope Pius XII abolished all but three liturgicaloctaves, and the 1969 revision of theGeneral Roman Calendar instituted the modern system, which made the date variable to some extent.[52] It also made the Feast of the Epiphany part of Christmas Time, which it defined as extending from the First Vespers of Christmas (the evening of December 24) up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany (the Sunday after January 6).[53] In 1955 a separate feast of theBaptism of the Lord was also instituted, thus weakening further the connection in the West between the feast of the Epiphany and the commemoration of the baptism of Christ. (However,Hungarians, in an apparent reference to baptism, refer to the January 6 celebration asVízkereszt, a term that recalls the words "víz" (water) and "kereszt, kereszt-ség" (baptism).)
Prior to 1976, Anglican churches observed an eight-dayoctave, beginning on January 6.
K † M † B † 2009 written on a door of a rectory in a Czech village, to bless the house by Christ. Christians of various denominations, including Catholics, Lutherans and Anglicans practice thechalking the door on Epiphanytide.
Epiphany is celebrated by both the Eastern and Western Churches, but a major difference between them is precisely which events the feast commemorates. For Western Christians, the feast primarily commemorates the coming of the Magi, with only a minor reference to the baptism of Jesus and the miracle at the Wedding at Cana. Eastern churches celebrate the Baptism of Christ in the Jordan. In both traditions, the essence of the feast is the same: the manifestation of Christ to the world (whether as an infant or in the Jordan), and the Mystery of theIncarnation. The miracle at the Wedding at Cana is also celebrated during Epiphany as a first manifestation of Christ's public life.[54]
In some Churches, the feast of the Epiphany initiates theEpiphany season, also known as Epiphanytide.
In theCatholic Church, Epiphany is either observed on the traditional fixed date of January 6, or it is transferred to the Sunday between January 2 and January 8. Most dioceses in the United States observe the latter. In each system, the date of Epiphany affects the dates of other feasts:[55]
Where Epiphany is always celebrated on January 6, theFeast of the Baptism of the Lord is celebrated the following Sunday. During years where there are two Sundays between Christmas and Epiphany, the second is known as the "Second Sunday after Christmas".
Where Epiphany is on a moveable date and does not occur on January 6, it is moved earlier to replace the Second Sunday after Christmas in years where it would have occurred; otherwise it is moved later to the following Sunday, and displaces the Feast of the Baptism to the following Monday.
Currently, Epiphany is considered part of Christmas Time, which runs from First Vespers (Evening Prayer I) of Christmas up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany,[53] withOrdinary Time beginning on the following Monday.[56] Some regions and especially some communities celebrating theTridentine Mass extend the season to as many as forty days, ending Christmastide traditionally onCandlemas (February 2).
On the Feast of the Epiphany in some parts of central Europe the priest, wearing white vestments, blesses Epiphany water,frankincense, gold, and chalk. The chalk is used to write the initials of the threemagi (traditionally,Caspar,Melchior, andBalthasar), over the doors of churches and homes. The initials may also be interpreted as the Latin phrase,Christus mansionem benedicat (may Christ bless the house).
According to ancient custom, the priest announced thedate of Easter on the feast of Epiphany. This tradition dated from a time when calendars were not readily available, and the church needed to publicize the date ofEaster, since many celebrations of theliturgical year depend on it.[57] The proclamation may be sung or proclaimed at theambo by adeacon,cantor, orreader either after the reading of theGospel or after thepostcommunion prayer.[57]
Today,The Epiphany of our Lord,[61] classified as aPrincipal Feast, is observed in some Anglican provinces on January 6 exclusively (e.g., theAnglican Church of Canada)[61] but in theChurch of England the celebration is "on 6 January or transferred to the Sunday falling between 2 and 8 January".[62] InAdvent 2000, theChurch of England,Mother Church of theAnglican Communion, introduced into its liturgy an optional Epiphany season by approving theCommon Worship series of services as an alternative to those in theBook of Common Prayer, which remains the Church's normative liturgy and in which no such liturgical season appears. An official publication of the Church of England states: "The Christmas season is often celebrated fortwelve days, ending with the Epiphany. Contemporary use has sought to express an alternative tradition, in which Christmas lasts for a full forty days, ending with the Feast of the Presentation on 2 February."[63] It presents the latter part of this period as the Epiphany season, comprising the Sundays of Epiphany and ending "only with the Feast of the Presentation (Candlemas)".[64]
Another interpretation of "Epiphany season" applies the term to the period from Epiphany to the day beforeAsh Wednesday. Some Methodists in the United States and Singapore follow these liturgies.[10][65] Lutherans celebrate the last Sunday before Ash Wednesday as the Transfiguration of our Lord, and it has been said that they call the whole period from Epiphany to then as Epiphany season.[66] TheEvangelical Lutheran Church in America used the terms "Time after Epiphany" to refer to this period.[67] The expression with "after" has been interpreted as making the period in question correspond to that ofOrdinary Time.[68][69]
ThePresbyterian Church (U.S.A.) does not celebrate Epiphany or Pentecost as seasons; for this Church, expressions such as "Fifth Sunday after Epiphany" indicate the passing of time, rather than a liturgical season. It instead uses the term "Ordinary Time".[70]
Eastern churches celebrate Epiphany (Theophany) on January 6. Some, as in Greece, employ the modernRevised Julian calendar, which until 2800 coincides with theGregorian calendar, the one in use for civil purposes in most countries. Other Eastern churches, as inRussia, hold to the olderJulian calendar for reckoning church dates. In these old-calendar churches Epiphany falls at present on Gregorian January 19 – which is January 6 in the Julian calendar.
The name of the feast as celebrated in the Orthodox churches may be rendered in English as theTheophany, as closer in form to theGreekΘεοφάνια ("God shining forth" or "divine manifestation"). Here it is one of theGreat Feasts of theliturgical year, being third in rank, behind onlyPaskha (Easter) andPentecost in importance. It is celebrated on January 6 of the calendar that a particular Church uses. On theJulian calendar, which some of the Orthodox churches follow, that date corresponds, during the present century, to January 19 on theGregorian orRevised Julian calendar. The earliest reference to the feast in the Eastern Church is a remark bySt. Clement of Alexandria inStromateis, I, xxi, 45:
And there are those who have determined not only the year of our Lord's birth, but also the day… And the followers ofBasilides hold the day of his baptism as a festival, spending the night before in readings. And they say that it was the fifteenth year ofTiberius Caesar, the fifteenth day of themonth of Tubi; and some that it was the eleventh of the same month.
(11 and 15 of Tubi are January 6 and 10, respectively.)
If this is a reference to a celebration of Christ's birth, as well as of his baptism, on January 6, it corresponds to what continues to be the custom of theArmenian Apostolic Church, which celebrates the birth of Jesus on January 6 of the calendar used, calling the feast that of the Nativity and Theophany of Our Lord.[75][76]
Origen's list of festivals (inContra Celsum, VIII, xxii) omits any reference to Epiphany. The first reference to an ecclesiastical feast of the Epiphany, inAmmianus Marcellinus (XXI:ii), is in 361.
In parts of the Eastern Church, January 6 continued for some time as a composite feast that included the Nativity of Jesus: though Constantinople adopted December 25 to commemorate Jesus' birth in the fourth century, in other parts the Nativity of Jesus continued to be celebrated on January 6, a date later devoted exclusively to commemorating his Baptism.[41]
Today inEastern Orthodox churches, the emphasis at this feast is on the shining forth and revelation of Jesus Christ as theMessiah andSecond Person of theTrinity at the time of his baptism. It is also celebrated because, according to tradition, thebaptism of Jesus in theJordan River bySt. John the Baptist marked one of only two occasions when all three Persons of the Trinity manifested themselves simultaneously to humanity:God the Father by speaking through the clouds,God the Son being baptized in the river, andGod the Holy Spirit in the shape of a dove descending from heaven (the other occasion was theTransfiguration onMount Tabor). Thus the holy day is considered to be a Trinitarian feast.
The Orthodox consider Jesus' Baptism to be the first step towards theCrucifixion, and there are some parallels in the hymnography used on this day and the hymns chanted onGood Friday.
Forefeast: The liturgicalForefeast of Theophany begins on January 2[77] and concludes with the Paramony on January 5.
Paramony: TheEve of the Feast is calledParamony (Greek:παραμονή,Slavonic:navechérie). Paramony is observed as a strictfast day, on which those faithful who are physically able, refrain from food until the first star is observed in the evening, when a meal with wine and oil may be taken. On this day theRoyal Hours are celebrated, thus tying together this feast withNativity and Good Friday. The Royal Hours are followed by theDivine Liturgy of St. Basil which combinesVespers with theDivine Liturgy. During the Vespers, fifteenOld Testamentlections which foreshadow the Baptism of Christ are read, and specialantiphons are chanted. If the Feast of the Theophany falls on a Sunday or Monday, the Royal Hours are chanted on the previous Friday, and on the Paramony theDivine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated in the morning. The fasting is lessened to some degree in this case.
TheophanyCrucession inBulgaria. The priests are going to throw a wooden cross in theYantra river. Believers will then jump into the icy waters to recover the cross.
Blessing of Waters: The Orthodox Churches perform theGreat Blessing of Waters on Theophany.[78] The blessing is normally done twice: once on the Eve of the Feast – usually at aBaptismal font inside the church – and then again on the day of the feast, outdoors at a body of water. Following theDivine Liturgy, the clergy and people go in aCrucession (procession with the cross) to the nearest body of water, be it a beach, harbor, quay, river, lake, swimming pool, water depot, etc. (ideally, it should be a body of "living water"). At the end of the ceremony the priest will bless the waters. In the Greek practice, he does this by casting a cross into the water. If swimming is feasible on the spot, any number of volunteers may try to recover the cross. The person who gets the cross first swims back and returns it to the priest, who then delivers a special blessing to the swimmer and their household. Certain such ceremonies have achieved particular prominence, such as the one held annually atTarpon Springs, Florida. In Russia, where the winters are severe, a hole will be cut into the ice so that the waters may be blessed. In such conditions, the cross is not cast into the water, but is held securely by the priest and dipped three times into the water.
The water that is blessed on this day is sometimes known as "Theophany Water", though usually just "holy water", and is taken home by the faithful, and used with prayer as a blessing. People will not only bless themselves and their homes by sprinkling with holy water, but will also drink it. The Orthodox Church teaches that holy water differs from ordinary water by virtue of the incorruptibility bestowed upon it by a blessing that transforms its very nature.[79] a miracle attested to as early asSt. John Chrysostom.[80]
Theophany is a traditional day for performingBaptisms, and this is reflected in theDivine Liturgy by singing the baptismal hymn, "As many as have been baptized into Christ, have put on Christ. Alleluia," in place of theTrisagion.
House Blessings: On Theophany the priest will begin making the round of the parishioner's homes to bless them. He will perform a short prayer service in each home, and then go through the entire house, gardens and outside-buildings, blessing them with the newly blessed Theophany Water, while all sing theTroparion andKontakion of the feast. This is normally done on Theophany, or at least during theAfterfeast, but if the parishioners are numerous, and especially if many live far away from the church, it may take some time to bless each house. Traditionally, these blessings should all be finished before the beginning ofGreat Lent.
Afterfeast: The Feast of Theophany is followed by an eight-dayAfterfeast on which the normal fasting laws are suspended. The Saturday and Sunday after Theophany have special readings assigned to them, which relate to theTemptation of Christ and to penance and perseverance in the Christian struggle. There is thus a liturgical continuum between the Feast of Theophany and the beginning of Great Lent.
In theEthiopian Orthodox Church, the feast is known asTimkat and is celebrated on the day that theGregorian calendar calls January 19, but on January 20 in years whenEnkutatash in theEthiopian calendar falls on Gregorian September 12 (i.e. when the following February in the Gregorian calendar will have 29 days). The celebration of this feast features blessing of water and solemn processions with the sacredtabot. A priest carries this to a body of water where it stays overnight, with theMetsehafe Qeddassie celebrated in the early morning. Later in the morning, the water is blessed to the accompaniment of the reading of the four Gospel accounts of the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan and the people are sprinkled with or go into the water. The tabot returns in procession to the church[citation needed].
Among theSyriac Christians the feast is calleddenho (up-going), a name to be connected with the notion of rising light expressed inLuke 1:78. In theEast Syriac rite, the season of Epiphany (Epiphanytide) is known asDenha[citation needed].
In theArmenian Apostolic Church, January 6 is celebrated as the Nativity (Soorp Tsnund) and Theophany of Christ. The feast is preceded by a seven-day fast. On the eve of the feast, theDivine Liturgy is celebrated. This liturgy is referred to as theChragaluytsiPatarag (the Eucharist of the lighting of the lamps) in honor of the manifestation of Jesus as the Son of God. Both the Armenian Apostolic Church's andAssyrian Church of the East's liturgy is followed by a blessing of water, during which the cross is immersed in the water, symbolizing Jesus' descent into the Jordan, and holymyron (chrism) is poured in, symbolic of the descent of the Holy Spirit upon Jesus. The next morning, after the Liturgy, the cross is removed from the vessel of holy water and all come forward to kiss the cross and partake of the blessed water[citation needed].
TheIndian Orthodox Church celebrates the feast of Epiphany,Denaha [Syriac term which means rising] on January 6, and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church celebrates on January 19 as the Timkath festival, which was included in the UNESCO heritage list of festivals[citation needed].
The first three movements ofFelix Mendelssohn's oratorioChristus are sometimes sung at Epiphany as they make reference to the Magi and the Star of Bethlehem.[84][85]
Two very familiarChristmas carols are associated with the Epiphany holiday: "As with gladness, men of old", written byWilliam Chatterton Dix in 1860 as a response to the many legends which had grown up surrounding theMagi;[86][87] and "We Three Kings of Orient Are", written by the ReverendJohn Henry Hopkins Jr. – then an ordaineddeacon in the Episcopal Church[88] – who was instrumental in organizing an elaborate holiday pageant (which featured this hymn) for the students of the General Theological Seminary in New York City in 1857 while serving as the seminary's music director.
Another popular hymn, less known culturally as a carol, is "Songs of thankfulness and praise", with words written byChristopher Wordsworth and commonly sung to the tune "St. Edmund" byCharles Steggall.
A carol used as an anthem for the Epiphany holiday is "The Three Kings".
A traditionalBulgarian all-malehoro dance in ice-cold water on Theophany
Epiphany is celebrated with a wide array of customs around the world. In some cultures, the greenery andnativity scenes put up at Christmas are taken down at Epiphany. In other cultures these remain up untilCandlemas on February 2. In countries historically shaped byWestern Christianity (Roman Catholicism,Protestantism) these customs often involve gift giving, "king cakes" and a celebratory close to the Christmas season. In traditionallyOrthodox nations, water, baptismal rites and house blessings are typically central to these celebrations.
In Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, as in other Latin American countries, the day is called "Día de Reyes" (The Day of Kings, a reference to theBiblical Magi), commemorating the arrival of the Magi to revere Jesus as son of God. The night of January 5 into the morning of January 6 is known as "Noche de Reyes" (The Night of Kings) and children leave their shoes by the door, along with grass and water for the camels. On the morning of January 6, they get up early and rush to see their shoes, where they are expecting to find gifts left by the "Reyes" who, according to tradition, bypass the houses of children who are awake. On January 6, a "Rosca de Reyes" (a ring-shaped Epiphany cake) is eaten and all Christmas decorations are traditionally put away.
Assyrian Christians in Iraq celebrate "the feast of Epiphany", "Etha de Denha" ("rising inNeo-Aramaic) on January 6, this holiday is celebrated by people of all ages splashing water at each other with buckets or hoses as a symbol of Jesus’s baptism.
In Bulgaria, Epiphany is celebrated on January 6 and is known asBogoyavlenie ("Manifestation of God"),Кръщение Господне (Krashtenie Gospodne or "Baptism of the Lord") orYordanovden ("Day of Jordan", referring tothe river). On this day, a wooden cross is thrown by a priest into the sea, river or lake and young men race to retrieve it. As the date is in early January and the waters are close to freezing, this is considered an honorable act and it is said that good health will be bestowed upon the home of the swimmer who is the first to reach the cross.[89]
In the town ofKalofer, a traditionalhoro with drums andbagpipes is played in the icy waters of theTundzha river before the throwing of the cross.[90][91]
Speakers of Dutch and Flemish call this dayDriekoningen (Three kings), while German speakers call itDreikönigstag (Three Kings' Day). In Belgium, Luxembourg, the southern parts of the Netherlands and in neighboring Germany, children in groups of three (symbolizing the Biblical Magi) proceed in costume from house to house while singing songs typical for the occasion, and receiving a coin or some sweets at each door. They may each carry a paper lantern symbolizing the star.[92] In the Netherlands (provinces of Brabant and Limburg only),[93] these troupes gather for competitions and present their skits/songs for an audience. As in Belgium,Koningentaart (Kings' tart), puff pastry with almond filling, is prepared with a black bean hidden inside. Whoever finds the bean in his or her piece is king or queen for the day. A more typically Dutch version isKoningenbrood, or Kings' bread. In the north of the Netherlands, the traditions have died out, except for a very few places.[94] AnotherLow Countries tradition on Epiphany is to open up doors and windows to let good luck in for the coming year.
In Brazil, the day is called "Dia dos Reis" (The Day of Kings) and in the rest of Latin America "Día de Reyes" commemorating the arrival of the Magi to confirm Jesus as son of God. The night of January 5 into the morning of January 6 is known as "Night of Kings" (also called the Twelfth Night) and is feasted with music, sweets and regional dishes as the last night of Nativity, when Christmas decorations are traditionally put away.[95]
This day is sometimes known as theDía de los Tres Reyes Magos (The day of the Three RoyalMagi) orLa Pascua de los Negros (Holy Day of the Black men)[96] in Chile, although the latter is rarely heard, because it was the day when slaves were allowed not to work.
In the Dominican Republic, theDía de los Tres Reyes Magos (The day of the Three RoyalMagi) and in this day children receive gifts on the christmas tree in a similar fashion to Christmas day. On this day public areas are very active with children accompanied by their parents trying out their new toys.
A common practice is to leave toys under the children's beds on January 5, so when they wake up on January 6, they are made to believe the gifts and toys were left from Santa Claus or the Three Kings. However, and particularly in the larger cities and in the North, local traditions are now being observed and intertwined with the greater North American Santa Claus tradition, as well as with other holidays such as Halloween, due to Americanization via film and television, creating an economy of gifting tradition that spans from Christmas Day until January 6.
The feast of the Epiphany, locally calledEid al-Ghitas (Arabic:عيد الغِطاس),[97] is celebrated by theCoptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, which falls on 11 Tobe of theCoptic calendar, as the moment when in the baptism of Jesus the skies opened and God himself revealed to all as father of Jesus and all mankind. It is then a moment of revelation of epiphany. This celebration started to include all the processes of incarnation of Jesus, from his birth on Christmas until his baptism in the river Jordan. For the Coptic Orthodox Church it is also a moment in which the path of Jesus to the Cross begins. Therefore, in many celebrations there are certain similarities with the celebrations of Holy Friday during the time of Easter. Since the Epiphany is one of the seven great feasts of the Coptic Orthodox Church, it is a day of strict fasting, and several religious celebrations are held on this day. The day is related to the blessing of waters that are used all throughout the year in the church celebrations, and it is a privileged day to celebrate baptisms. It is also a day in which many houses are blessed with water. It may take several days for the local priest to bless all the houses of the parishioners that ask for it, and so the blessing of the houses may go into the after-feasts of the Epiphany celebrations. However, it must be done before the beginning of Lent.[98]
In England, the celebration of the night before Epiphany,Epiphany Eve, is known as Twelfth Night (the first night of Christmas is December 25–26, and Twelfth Night is January 5–6), and was a traditional time formumming and thewassail. TheYule log was left burning until this day, and the charcoal left was kept until the next Christmas to kindle next year's Yule log, as well as to protect the house from fire and lightning.[99] In the past, Epiphany was also a day for playing practical jokes, similar toApril Fool's Day. Today in England, Twelfth Night is still as popular a day for plays as whenShakespeare'sTwelfth Night was first performed in 1601, and annual celebrations involving theHolly Man are held in London.[100] A traditional dish for Epiphany was Twelfth Cake, a rich, dense, typically Englishfruitcake. As in Europe, whoever found the baked-in bean was king for a day, but uniquely to English tradition other items were sometimes included in the cake. Whoever found the clove was the villain; the twig, the fool; and the rag, the tart.[clarification needed] Anything spicy or hot, like ginger snaps and spiced ale, was considered proper Twelfth Night fare, recalling the costly spices brought by the Wise Men. Another English Epiphany sweetmeat was the traditional jam tart, made appropriate to the occasion by being fashioned in the form of a six-pointed star symbolising the Star of Bethlehem, and thus called Epiphany tart. The discerning English cook sometimes tried to use thirteen different colored jams on the tart on this day for luck, creating a pastry resembling stained glass.[101]
Orthodox priests dancing during the celebration ofTimkat
In theEthiopian Orthodox Church and theEritrean Orthodox Church, the feast is known asTimkat and is celebrated on the day that theGregorian calendar calls January 19, but on January 20 in years whenNew Year in theEthiopian calendar falls on Gregorian September 12 (i.e. when the following February in the Gregorian calendar will have 29 days). The celebration of this feast features blessing of water and solemn processions with the sacredTabot.[102]
In Finland, Epiphany is calledloppiainen, a name which goes back to the 1600s. In the 1500s the Swedish-FinnishLutheran church called Epiphany "Day of the Holy Three Kings", while before this, the older termEpiphania was used. In theKarelian language Epiphany is calledvieristä, meaning cross, from theOrthodox custom of submerging a cross three times to bless water on this day.[103] Today, in theLutheran church, Epiphany is a day dedicated to a focus onmissionary work in addition to the Wise Men narrative. Between 1973 and 1991 Epiphany was observed in Finland on a Saturday each year no earlier than January 6, and no later than January 12. After that time however, the traditional date of January 6 was restored and has since been observed once again as a national public holiday.
The Christmas tree is traditionally taken out of the house on Epiphany. While the termloppiainen means "ending [of Christmas time]," in reality, Christmas celebrations in Finland are extended toNuutti's orSt. Canute's Day on January 13, completing the Scandinavian Twenty Days of Christmas.
In France people share one of two types of king cake. In the northern half of France and Belgium the cake is called agalette des Rois, and is a round, flat, and golden cake made with flake pastry and often filled withfrangipane, fruit, or chocolate. In the south, inProvence, and in the south-west, a crown-shaped cake orbrioche filled with fruit called agâteau des Rois is eaten. InRomandie, both types can be found though the latter is more common. Both types of cake contain a charm, usually a porcelain or plastic figurine, called afève (broad bean in French).[104]
The cake is cut by the youngest (and therefore most innocent) person at the table to assure that the recipient of the bean is random. The person who gets the piece of cake with the trinket becomes "king" or "queen" and wears a paper crown provided with the cake. In some regions this person has a choice between offering a beverage to everyone around the table (usually a sparkling wine or champagne), or volunteering to host the next king cake at their home. This can extend the festivities through all of January.[105]
Star singers visit PresidentKarl Carstens (1982).Traditional house blessing in chalk, written bySternsinger on the door beam of the home
January 6 is a public holiday in Austria, threefederal states of Germany, and threecantons of Switzerland, as well as in parts ofGraubünden.In the German-speaking lands, groups of young people calledSternsinger (star singers) travel from door to door. They are dressed as the Biblical Magi, and their leader carries a star, usually of painted wood attached to a broom handle. Often these groups are four girls, or two boys and two girls in order to sing in four-part harmony. They sing traditional songs and newer ones such as "Stern über Bethlehem". They are not necessarily three wise men. German Lutherans often note in a lighthearted fashion that the Bible never specifies that theWeisen (Magi) were men, or that there were three. The star singers solicit donations for worthy causes, such as efforts to end hunger in Africa, organized jointly by the Catholic and Protestant churches, and they will also be offered treats at the homes they visit.[106] The young people then perform the traditional house blessing, by marking the year over the doorway with chalk. In Roman Catholic communities this may even today be a serious spiritual event with the priest present, but among Protestants it is more a tradition, and a part of the German notion ofGemütlichkeit. Usually on the Sunday following Epiphany, these donations are brought into churches. Here all of the children who have gone out as star singers, once again in their costumes, form a procession of sometimes dozens of wise men and stars. The German Chancellor and Parliament also receive a visit from the star singers at Epiphany.[107]
The Three Kings cake is a golden pastry ring filled with orange and spice representing gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Most often found inSwitzerland, these cakes take the form ofBuchteln but for Epiphany, studded with citron, and baked as seven large buns in a round rather than square pan, forming a crown. Or they may be made of typical rich Christmas bread dough with cardamom and pearl sugar in the same seven bun crown shape. These varieties are most typically purchased in supermarkets, with the trinket and gold paper crown included.[108] As in other countries, the person who receives the piece or bun containing the trinket or whole almond becomes the king or queen for a day. Epiphany is also an especially joyful occasion for the young and young at heart, as this is the day dedicated toplündern – that is, when Christmas trees are "plundered" of their cookies and sweets by eager children (and adults) and whengingerbread houses, and any other good things left in the house from Christmas, are devoured.[109] Lastly, there is a German rhyme saying, orBauernregel, that goesIst's bis Dreikönigs kein Winter, kommt keiner dahinter, meaning "If there hasn't been any winter (weather) until Epiphany, none is coming afterward." Another of theseBauernregel (German farmer's rules) for Epiphany states:Dreikönigsabend hell und klar, verspricht ein gutes Weinjahr, or "If the eve of Epiphany is bright and clear, it foretells a good wine year."
In Greece, Cyprus and theGreek diaspora throughout the world, the feast is called the Theophany,[citation needed] or colloquiallyPhōta (Greek:Φώτα, "Lights").[110] It is the "Great Celebration" orTheotromi. In some regions of Macedonia (West) it is the biggest festival of the year. The Baptism of Christ symbolizes the rebirth of man, its importance is such that until the fourth century Christians celebrated New Year on this day. Customs revolve around theGreat Blessing of the Waters.[111] It marks the end of the traditional ban on sailing, as the tumultuous winter seas are cleansed of the mischief-pronekalikántzaroi, the goblins that try to torment God-fearing Christians through the festive season. During this ceremony, a cross is thrown into the water, and the men compete to retrieve it for good luck. ThePhota form the middle of another festivetriduum, together with Epiphany Eve, when children sing the Epiphany carols, and the great feast ofSt. John the Baptist (January 7 and eve),[citation needed] when the numerous Johns and Joans celebrate their name-day.
It is a time for sanctification, which in Greece means expiation, purification of the people and protection against the influence of demons. This concept is certainly not strictly Christian, but has roots in ancient worship. In most parts of Greece a ritual called "small sanctification",Protagiasi or "Enlightment" is practiced on the eve of Epiphany. The priest goes door to door with the cross and a branch of basil to "sanctify" or "brighten" the rooms by sprinkling them with holy water. Theprotagiasi casts away the goblins ; bonfires are also lit in some places for that purpose. The "Great Blessing" happens in church on the day of the Epiphany.In the Churches in a special rig embellished upon which brought large pot full of water[clarify]. Then the "Dive of the Cross" is performed: a cross is throwned by the priest in the sea, a nearby river, a lake or an ancient Roman cistern (as inAthens). According to popular belief, this ritual gives the water the power to cleanse and sanitize. In many places, after the dive of the cross, the locals run to the beaches or the shores of rivers or lakes to wash their agricultural tools and even icons. Indeed, according common folk belief, icons lose their original strength and power with the passage of time, but they can be restored by dipping the icons in the water cleansed by the cross. This may be a survival of ancient beliefs. Athenians held a ceremony called "washing": the statue of Athena was carried in procession to the coast of Faliro where it was washed with salt water to cleanse it and renew its sacred powers.Today, women in many parts repeating this ancient custom of washing the images but combined with other instruments of medieval and ancient magic. As the plate of Mytilene while the divers dive to catch the Cross women at the same time "getting a detaining (= pumpkin) water from 40 waves and then with cotton dipped it clean icons without talking to throughout this process ("dumb water") and then the water is thrown out of the not pressed (in the crucible of the church).[clarify][citation needed]
Celebrations in Guadeloupe have a different feel from elsewhere in the world. Epiphany here does not mean the last day of Christmas celebrations, but rather the first day ofKannaval (Carnival), which lasts until the evening beforeAsh Wednesday. Carnival, in turn, ends with thegrand brilé Vaval, the burning of Vaval, the king of theKannaval, amidst the cries and wails of the crowd.[112]
The picture depicts a Christmas-star, the main part of an old Hungarian Christmas-tradition calledcsillagozás (star-play). Unlike other usual Christmas traditions the csillagozás is a play that isn't performed in a group. Usually it is performed by a child who is younger than 10 years. The play itself is a string of Christmas carols that tells the story of Jesus' birth. In the end of the performance the child asks the Lord's blessings for the house and ones who're living in it and wishes them merry Christmas. In return the child usually gets some sweets or money.
On this day, the Christmas trees are taken down. Nowadays, the traditions associated with the holiday are being followed in fewer and fewer villages. Many traditions and superstition are associated with this day. During house blessings (calledkoleda), it was common to write with chalk e.g.20CMB25 over the door = „Christus Mansionem Benedicat!” in the year 2025, or with meaning by people's ethimology: C = Caspar, M = Melchior, B = Balthasar (a monogram made out of the names of the3 Kings) next to the year to protect them against witches hex orlightnings. The preachers were given a bowl of corn, a bowl of peas, a pig's foot to eat and gifted them a bag of plums, nuts, flour, salo and sausages. With the holywater they blessed their kids, house and animals and their dead (sprinkled on coffins). There were places where people attributed magical powers to simple brooks, like in Jászdózsa, where they cut a hole in the Tarna (today: Trnava) and people splashed each other with the icy water to be healthy.Csillagének (Star singing) andCsillagozás were both common. The children doing the Csillagének prepared costumes and mechanically-moved stars, and it wasn't only performed by boys. This was accomponied byHáromkirályjárás where next to the singing they also performed the story of the Biblical Magi and the Story of Herod. As with most Hungarian holidays, there were also superstitions connected to Epiphany (Vízkereszt): for example, inJózseffalva, Bukovina, it was believed that if you braid that day the sausages will become longer next year.[113]
Diyas (lights) are used to celebrate Epiphany in some Kerala Christian households.
In parts of southern India, Epiphany is called the Three Kings Festival and is celebrated in front of the local church like a fair. This day marks the close of the Advent and Christmas season and people remove the cribs and nativity sets at home. InGoa Epiphany may be locally known by itsPortuguese nameFesta dos Reis. In the village of Reis Magos, in Goa, there is a fort called Reis Magos (Wise Men) or Três Reis Magos for Biblical Magi. Celebrations include a widely attended procession, with boys arrayed as the Magi, leading to the Franciscan Chapel of the Magi near the Goan capital ofPanjim.[114] Other popular Epiphany processions are held inChandor. Here three young boys in regal robes and splendid crowns descend the nearby hill of Our Lady of Mercy on horseback towards the main church where a three-hour festival Mass is celebrated. The route before them is decorated with streamers, palm leaves and balloons with the smallest children present lining the way, shouting greetings to the Kings. The Kings are traditionally chosen, one each, from Chandor's three hamlets of Kott, Cavorim and Gurdolim, whose residents helped build the Chandor church in 1645.
In the past the kings were chosen only from among high-caste families, but since 1946 the celebration has been open to all. Participation is still expensive as it involves getting a horse, costumes, and providing a lavish buffet to the community afterwards, in all totaling some 100,000rupees (about US$2,250) per king. This is undertaken gladly since having son serve as a king is considered a great honor and a blessing on the family.[115]
Cansaulim in South Goa is similarly famous for its Three Kings festival, which draws tourists from around the state and India. Three boys are selected from the three neighboring villages of Quelim, Cansaulim and Arrosim to present the gifts ofgold,frankincense andmyrrh in a procession. Only a native of these villages may serve as king; outsiders are barred from the role. Throughout the year, excitement runs high in the villages to see who will be chosen. The boys selected are meticulously groomed, and must grow their hair long in time for the festival. The procession involves the three kings wearing jeweled redvelvet robes and crowns, riding white horses decked with flowers and fine cloth, and they are shaded by colorfulparasols, with a retinue of hundreds.[116][117]
The procession ends at the local church built in 1581, and in its central window a large white star hangs, and colored banners stream out across the square from those around it. Inside, the church will have been decorated withgarlands. After presenting their gifts and reverencing the altar and Nativity scene, the kings take special seats of honor and assist at the High Mass.[118]
TheSaint Thomas Christians ofKerala State, Epiphany is known by its Syriac nameDenha. Saint Thomas Christians, like other Eastern Christians, celebrateDenha as a great feast to commemorate the Baptism of Jesus in the river Jordan. The liturgical seasonDenhakalam ("Weeks of Epiphany") commemorates the second revelation at the Baptism and the subsequent public life of Jesus.Denha is celebrated on January 6 by theSyro-Malabar Church in two ways –Pindiperunnal ("Plantain trunk feast") andRakkuliperunal ("Feast with a night bath").[119]
The Irish call the day the Feast of the Epiphany or traditionallyLittle Christmas or "Women's Christmas" (Irish:Nollaig na mBan). On Nollaig na mBan, women traditionally rested and celebrated for themselves after the cooking and work of the Christmas holidays. The custom was for women to gather on this day for a special meal, but on the occasion of Epiphany accompanied by wine, to honor the Miracle at theWedding at Cana.[citation needed]
Today, women may dine at a restaurant or gather in apub in the evening. They may also receive gifts from children, grandchildren or other family members on this day. Other Epiphany customs, which symbolize the end of theChristmas season, are popular in Ireland, such as the burning the sprigs of Christmasholly in the fireplace which have been used as decorations during the past twelve days.[120][121] In Ireland, certain traditions celebrate Epiphany to conclude the Twelfth Night of Christmas, and Christmas decorations should not be removed before this day.[121]
The Epiphany celebration serves as the initial setting for – and anchors the action, theme, and climax of –James Joyce's short story "The Dead" in his 1914 collectionDubliners.
InItalian folklore and folk customs, theBefana (the name being a corruption of the wordEpifania) is awitch-like old woman who delivers gifts to children throughoutItaly on Epiphany Eve (the night of January 5) in a similar way toSanta Claus or theThree Magi.[123] The Befana is a widespread tradition amongItalians and thus has many names. She is a part of both popular national culture and traditional folk culture and is akin to other figures who roam about sometime during theTwelve Days and reward the good, punish the bad, and receive offerings. The Befana is a mysterious, contradictory figure of unclear origins. The legend told of her is that, having missed her opportunity to bring a gift to the child Jesus together with the Biblical Magi, she now brings gifts to other children on that night.[124][125][30]
This character is enhanced by the fact that she is overall neglected by scholars but is the subject of much speculation by the ones who do mention her. Pre-Christian, Christian, and syncretism of the two have all been postulated as explanations of her origins. In some parts of Italy, especially the central regions,mumming takes place on Epiphany eve. Dolls are made of her and effigies are burnt and bonfires are often lit. She brings gifts to good children, typically sweets, candies or toys, but coal to bad children. She is usually portrayed as ahag riding a broomstick through the air wearing a black shawl and is covered in soot because she enters the children's houses through the chimney. She is often smiling and carries a bag or hamper filled with candy, gifts, or both. She is not only loved but also feared and mocked, particularly by children.
Written records of the Befana and Befanata date to the Middle Ages. Her origins are the subject of speculation by scholars who have variously proposed they lie in paganism, Christianity, or a mix of the two. John B. Smith said she, like her High German counterpart Perchta, is nothing more than the personification of Epiphany invented by medieval Christians who had a tendency to personify feast and fast days[126] whileJacob Grimm found it not credible that two separate cultures would personify a feast day as a supernatural figure ("a name in the calendar had caused the invention of a supernatural being") and concluded it was far more likely that the Befana and Perchta were pre-Christian in origin and that they blended with the Christian holiday name.[127] It has been pointed out that there was "a clear attempt to Christianize the disturbing female character by transforming her into the female personification of the feast."[128] Generally the pre-Christian origin is the one most proposed and the Befana is often said to be a goddess or the remnant of one, though what culture and time period she comes from has been less uniform. Cultures that have been proposed include Roman, Celtic, Neolithic farmers, and Paleolithic hunter-gatherers.
However, in some parts of today's Italian state, different traditions exist, and instead of theBefana it is the three Magi who bring gifts. inSardinia, for example, where local traditions and customs of the Hispanic period coexist, the tradition of theBiblical Magi (inSardinian language,Sa Pasca de is Tres Reis) bringing gifts to children is very present.
Thousands ofJordanian Christians, tourists and pilgrims flock toAl-Maghtas site on theeast bank of theJordan River in January every year to mark Epiphany, where large masses and celebrations are held.[129] "Al-Maghtas", meaning "baptism" or "immersion" in Arabic, is an archaeologicalWorld Heritage site inJordan, officially known as "Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan" (Al-Maghtas)". It is considered to be the original location of theBaptism of Jesus and the ministry ofJohn the Baptist and has been venerated as such since at least theByzantine period.[12]
John 1:28:These things took place inBethany beyond the Jordan, whereJohn was baptising.
The site has then seen several archaeological digs, four papal visits and state visits and attracts tourists and pilgrimage activity.[129] Approximately 81,000 people visited the site in 2016, mostly European, American and Arab tourists.[130]
Epiphany is known in Latvia asTrijkungu diena (Three Kings Day) by Catholics orZvaigznes diena (Star Day) by Lutherans after the custom of star singing, and the Star ofBethlehem which led the Magi to the Christ Child.[131] In the past bright stars of fabric were sewn onto the background of dark colored quilts, representing the night sky. Epiphany was a day of enjoyment, spent in horse-drawn opensleighs, and these quilts would then be taken along to cover the laps of the merry riders.[132] If Epiphany Day was bright and mild and the sun "warmed the horses' backs" it was said that the coming year would bring only peace. If the night before Epiphany saw clear starry skies, it meant Latvia could expect a fine harvest in the coming Summer.Weaving and wood-cutting were "bad luck", giving both men and women a proper holiday, and if a dog was heard barking on Epiphany one ought to look for his or her future spouse in that same direction. Special three-corner apple cakes are eaten on this day, and as in other countries, star singing, visiting and house blessings have long been popular.[133]
Epiphany, celebrated on January 6, is the feast for the Roman Church that commemorates the visit of the Wise Men, the magi. However, in the Maronite Church, in accordance with the ancient tradition, it represents the public announcement of Jesus' mission when he was baptized in the Jordan by John the Forerunner, also known as "John the Baptist". On the occasion, Lebanese Christians pray for their deceased.[134]
It is celebrated by attending church most often to the midnight mass by themaronites. The reason why it is at midnight is because the Christ will be passing to bless homes, also Lebanese Christians who gathered for the mass congratulate each other on that day by saying: "El Deyim Deyim" (Arabic:دايم دايم) which translates as "The permanent is permanent". They also mix dough made out of water and flour only and it rises outdoors with no yeast by being blessed.[134]
Epiphany procession in the capital of North MacedoniaSkopje near Stone Bridge on theVardar river in the early 1920s
Epiphany in North Macedonia is known as Vodici (Водици).[135] On this day the priest throws a wooden cross into the water, to symbolize the baptism of Christ.[citation needed] Men jump into the cold water to retrieve the cross, and whoever retrieves it is believed to be blessed during the whole year.[citation needed] These are very festive gatherings with many spectacles attending the sites. Special food jelly from pork and beef meat and bones called "pacha" (пача) or "pivtii" (пивтии) is prepared the day before, but served on the day after Epiphany, together with warm localbrandy,rakija (ракија).[136] Epiphany is a non-working day for the Orthodox believers in North Macedonia.[137]
In Malta, Epiphany is commonly known asIt-Tre Re (The Three Kings). Until the 1980s, January 6 was a public holiday, but today the Maltese celebrate Epiphany on the first Sunday of the year. Children and students still take January 6 as a school holiday and Christmas decorations are lit up through this day on most public streets. The Maltese also have a long-standing custom of presenting concerts in honor of Epiphany, including the prestigious annual Epiphany Concert organized by the Malta Council for Culture and Arts, performed by theNational Orchestra. In 2010, the Epiphany Concert which used to be held before a select audience, was opened to the general public following a decision by thePresident. The Ministry of Education and Culture therefore moved from the venue from thePalace to the historic Sacra Infermeria, also known as the Mediterranean Conference Centre.[138]Qagħaq tal-Għasel ortal-Qastanija (Maltese honey rings) are typically served at Epiphany in Malta.
The evening of January 5 marks theTwelfth Night of Christmas and is when the figurines of the three Biblical Magi are added to the nativity scene. Traditionally in Mexico, as with many other Latin American countries, Santa Claus does not hold the cachet that he does in the United States. Rather, it is the Magi who are the bearers of gifts, who leave presents in or near the shoes of small children.[139] Mexican families also commemorate the date by eatingRosca de reyes. In modern Mexico however, and particularly in the larger cities and in the North, local traditions are now being observed and intertwined with the greater North American Santa Claus tradition, as well as with other holidays such as Halloween, due to Americanization via film and television, creating an economy of gifting tradition that spans from Christmas Day until January 6.
Peru shares Epiphany customs with Spain and the rest of Latin America. Peruvian national lore holds thatFrancisco Pizarro was the first to callLima "Ciudad de los Reyes" (City of the Kings) because the date of the Epiphany coincided with the day he and his two companions searched for, and found, an ideal location for a new capital. Even more popular in Peru than gift giving is the custom of theBajada de Reyes when parties are held in honor of the taking down of family and public nativity scenes, and carefully putting them away until the nextChristmas.[140]
In the Philippines, Epiphany is known as "Three Kings' Day" andPasko ng Matatanda ("Feast of the Elderly"), and marks the official close of the country'sChristmas season. As a day of feasting, someFilipinos celebrate with gift-giving and greet each other "Happy Three Kings!".[141]
In Poland, Epiphany, orTrzech Króli (Three Kings) is celebrated in grand fashion, with huge parades held welcoming the Wise Men, often riding oncamels or other animals from the zoo, inWarsaw,Poznań[142] and over 2,000 other cities. The Wise Men pass out sweets, children process inrenaissance wear, carols are sung, and living nativity scenes are enacted, all similar to celebrations in Italy or Spain, pointing to the country's Catholic heritage. Children may also dress in colors signifying Europe, Asia, and Africa (the supposed homes of the Wise Men) and at the end of the parade route, church leaders often preach on the spiritual significance of the Epiphany. In 2011, by an act of Parliament, Epiphany was restored as an official non-working national public holiday in Poland for the first time since it was canceled undercommunism fifty years earlier.[143]
Poles though take small boxes containingchalk, a gold ring,incense and a piece ofamber, in memory of the gifts of the Magi, to church to be blessed. Once at home, they inscribe "K+M+B+" and the year with the blessed chalk above every door in the house, according to tradition, to provide protection against illness and misfortune for those within. The letters, with a cross after each one, are said to stand either for the traditionally applied names of the Three Kings in Polish – Kacper, Melchior and Baltazar – or for a Latin inscription meaning "Christ bless this house." They remain above the doors all year until they are inadvertently dusted off or replaced by new markings the next year.[144] On January 6, as in much of Europe, a Polish style Three Kings cake is served with a coin oralmond baked inside. The one who gets it is king or queen for the day, signified by wearing the paper crown that decorates the cake. According to Polish tradition this person will be lucky in the coming year. Recipes vary by region. Some serve a French-typepuff pastry cake withalmond paste filling, others favor asponge cake with almond cream filling, and yet others enjoy a lightfruitcake.[145]
In Portugal, Epiphany, January 6, is calledDia de Reis (Day of the Kings), during which the traditionalBolo Rei (King cake) is baked and eaten. Plays and pageants are popular on this day, and parents often hold parties for their children. Epiphany is also a time when the traditional Portuguese dances known asMouriscadas andPaulitos are performed. The latter is an elaborate stick dance. The dancers, who are usually men but may be dressed as women, manipulate sticks or staves (in imitation swords) in two opposing lines.[147] It is a tradition too in Portugal for people to gather in small groups and to go from house to house to sing theReis (meaning "Kings") which are traditional songs about the life of Jesus. The singers also bring greetings to the owners of the house. After singing for a while outside, they are invited in, and the owners of the house offer them sweets,liqueurs, and other Epiphany delicacies. TheseReis usually begin on Epiphany eve and last until January 20.[148]
Portuguese village ofVale de Salgueiro encourages children, some as young as five, to smoke in a tradition that does not have clear roots.[149][150]
Star boys. Postage stamp depicting traditional Christmas and Epiphany star singing in Moldova.
In Romania and Moldova, Epiphany is calledBoboteaza. In south-eastern Romania, following religious services, men participate in winter horse races. Before the race, the men line up with their horses before the priest, who will bless them by sprinkling them with green branches that have been dipped into Epiphany holy water. Sometimes people desire to have this blessing for themselves as well. Winning the Epiphany race is a great honor for both horse and rider, while the post-race celebrations, win or not, are highly festive. As in otherEastern Orthodox heritage countries, water rites play a special role on this day.[151] A unique piece of Romanian folk wisdom holds that if a girl slips on ice – or, better yet, falls into water – on Epiphany, she will surely marry before the year is out.[152]
InTransylvania (Erdély/Siebenbürgen),Lutheran andReformed Christians ofHungarian andSaxon descent celebrate Epiphany with star singing and house blessing, as inCentral Europe. The star singing custom had long ago spread throughout Romania and the Republic of Moldova. Here the star, calledSteaua, today resembles a stained-glass lantern and features an Orthodox icon at its center, a tradition pointing to the blending of both East and West which characterizes the two nations on the riverPrut.[153]
An ice hole is cut in the form of a cross in Russia to celebrate the Epiphany.
The Epiphany, celebrated in Russia on January 19, marks the baptism of Jesus in theEastern Orthodox Church. As elsewhere in the Orthodox world, the Russian Church conducts the rite of the Great Blessing of the Waters, also known as "the Great Sanctification of the Water" on that day (or the eve before).[154] The priest-led procession could simply proceed to thefont,[154] but traditionally the worshipers would go to a nearby lake or river.
Historical records indicate that the blessing of the waters events took place at the courts ofMoscow Czars since no later than 1525. According to historians, the blessing of the waters procession was the most magnificent of the annual Czar's court's ceremonies, comparable only to such special events as royal coronations and weddings. After adivine liturgy in theKremlin'sDormition Cathedral, the procession, led by the Czar and thePatriarch of Moscow would proceed to the frozenMoskva River. An ice-hole would have been made in the ice, calledIordan' (in memory of the Jordan River), over which a smallgazebo would have been erected and decorated with holy icons, one of which would depict theBaptism of Christ. The Patriarch would immerse his cross into the river's water; and sprinkle the Czar, hisboyars, and the banners of Czar's army's regiments with the holy water. A load ofholy water would then be brought back to the Kremlin, to be used in blessing the Czar's palace.[155] On a smaller scale, similar events would take place in the parishes throughout the nation.
Believing that on this day water becomes holy and is imbued with special powers, Russians cut holes calledIordan' in the ice of lakes and rivers, often in the shape of the cross, to bathe in the freezing water.[156] This practice is said to be popularized comparatively recently; it was fairly uncommon in the czarist days, but has flourished since the 1990s.[157]
Participants in the ritual may dip themselves under the water three times, honoring theHoly Trinity, to symbolically wash away their sins from the past year, and to experience a sense of spiritual rebirth. Orthodox priests are on hand to bless the water, and rescuers are on hand to monitor the safety of the swimmers in the ice-cold water. Others limit their participation in the Epiphany rites to those conducted inside churches, where priests perform the Great Blessing of Waters, both on Epiphany Eve and Epiphany (Theophany) proper. The water is then distributed to attendees who may store it to use in times of illness, to bless themselves, family members, and their homes, or to drink. Some Russians think any water – even from the taps on the kitchen sink – poured or bottled on Epiphany becomes holy water, since all the water in the world is blessed this day. In the more mild climate of the southern city ofSochi meanwhile, where air and water temperatures both hover in the low to mid 10-degree Celsius range (50 degrees Fahrenheit) in January, thousands of people jump into theBlack Sea at midnight each year on Epiphany and begin to swim in celebration of the feast.[citation needed]
In Slovenia, especially in the Western part of the country, during the first day of the year and on Epiphany, children go from house to house because villagers will give them almonds, dried figs, nuts, cookies or other good things that they have at home.[158]
In Spain and some Latin American countries, Epiphany day is calledEl Día de Reyes[159] i.e., the day when a group of Kings or Magi, as related in the second chapter of theGospel of Matthew, arrived to worship and bring three gifts to the baby Jesus after following a star in the heavens. In Spanish tradition on January 6, three of the Kings: Melchior, Gaspar, and Balthazar, representing Arabia, the Orient, and Africa, arrived on horse, camel and elephant, bringing respectively gold, frankincense and myrrh to the baby Jesus. Before going to bed on the eve of January 6, children polish their shoes and leave them ready for the Kings' presents to be put in them. The next morning presents willappear under their shoes, or if the children are deemed to have misbehaved during the year, coal (usually a lump of hard sugar candy dyed black, called Carbón Dulce).[160] Most towns in Spain arrange colorful parades representing the arrival of theReyes Magos to town so children can see them on their camels or carriages and receive sweets and toys thrown to the crowds from the paraders, before they go to bed. The oldest of these parades is held inAlcoy,Alicante (Valencian Community) which has hosted an annual parade since 1885.[161] Sweet wine, nibbles, fruit and milk are left for the Kings and their camels. In Spain, children typically receive presents on this day, rather than on Christmas, though this tradition has changed lately, and children now receive presents on both days. The Epiphany bread/cake is known asRoscón,[162]Tortell de Reis in Catalan, and in Mexico asRosca de reyes.[163]
Epiphany is apublic holiday in Sweden, where it is known astrettondedag jul ("Thirteenth Day Yule"), as January 6 is the thirteenth day after Christmas Eve, the main day on which Christmas is celebrated in Sweden. However, the end of the Christmas celebration is on January 13,St. Knut's Day, more commonly known as "Twentieth Day Yule" (or "Twentieth Day Knut").
King cakes of the type locally called "French style" on display at the chain bakery/restaurant "La Madeline" branch inCarrollton, New Orleans. They come with cardboard "crowns" to be worn by whoever gets the slice with the token and becomes monarch of the event.
InLouisiana, Epiphany is the beginning of theCarnival season, during which it is customary to bakeKing Cakes, similar to the Rosca mentioned above. It is round in shape, filled with cinnamon, glazed white, and coated in traditional carnival color sanding sugar. The person who finds the doll (or bean) must provide the next king cake. The interval between Epiphany andMardi Gras is sometimes known as "king cake season", and many may be consumed during this period. The Carnival season begins on King's Day (Epiphany), and there are many traditions associated with that day in Louisiana and along the Catholic coasts ofMississippi,Alabama, andFlorida. King cakes are first sold then, Carnivalkrewes begin having their balls on that date, and the firstNew Orleans krewe parades in street cars that night.
InPuerto Rico, Epiphany is an important festive holiday, and is commonly referred asDía de Los Tres Reyes Magos orThree Kings' Day. It is traditional for children to fill a box with fresh grass or hay and put it underneath their bed, for the Wise Men's horses or camels, depending on the household. Sometimes, the grass is cut fresh by the children on January 5. Many artisans make commemorative traditional figures of the Magi on horseback. The Three Wise Men of Puerto Rico, according to local tradition, arrive on horseback instead of camels, as in other countries where the custom is also ingrained. The Three Wise Men will then take the grass to feed the horses and will leave gifts under the bed as a reward. In other households, the grass is "eaten" by the Magi's transport bedside to "strengthen them for the long night's journey", while the presents are delivered by the Magi as they did for child Jesus. These traditions are analogous to the customs of children leaving mince pies and sherry out forFather Christmas in Western Europe or leaving milk and cookies forSanta Claus like the rest of the United States. On the day before the feast (January 5), the "Rosario de Reyes" or "Promesa de Reyes" is celebrated with songs (locally called "aguinaldos") thanking or asking the Kings for their blessing, usually before a little table with figures of the Nativity and the Kings or with the Kings alone and their camels or horses. However, recently public concerts have also become popular.[164] This celebration is often accompanied with a chicken soup ("asopa'o"), snacks, and drinks.
InColonial Virginia, Epiphany, or 12th Night, was an occasion of great merriment, and was considered especially appropriate as a date for balls and dancing, as well as for weddings. On 12th Night, Great Cake was prepared, consisting in two giant layers of fruitcake, coated and filled withroyal icing. Custom dictated that the youngest child present cut and serve the cake and whoever found the bean or prize in the Twelfth Night cake was crowned "King of the Bean" similar to the European king cake custom.[citation needed]
InErie, Pennsylvania, as part of an Epiphany party a king is hidden in a cake, and whichever child finds the king in the cake is crowned king for the day.[165]
Tarpon Springs, Florida, is known for elaborate religious ceremonies related to theGreek Orthodox Church, the most notable being the Epiphany celebration. TheMetropolitan of Atlanta usually presides over the blessings, sometimes joined by theArchbishop of America. The blessings conclude with the ceremonial throwing of a wooden cross into the city's Spring Bayou, and boys ages 16 to 18 diving in to retrieve it. Whoever recovers the cross is said to be blessed for a full year. Following the blessings, the celebration moves to the Sponge Docks where food and music are made part of the festivities.[166] Tarpon Springs has given itself the nickname Epiphany City.[167] The celebration attracts Greek Americans from across the country,[166] and the city's population is known to triple in size for that day.[168]
InManitou Springs, Colorado, Epiphany is marked by the Great Fruitcake Toss.Fruitcakes are thrown, participants dress as kings, fools, etc., and competitions are held for the farthest throw, the most creative projectile device, etc. As with customs in other countries, the fruitcake toss is a sort of festive symbolic leave-taking of the Christmas holidays until next year, but with humorous twist, since fruitcake is considered with a certain degree of derision in most of the United States, and is the source of many jokes.[169][170]
On January 6, the Feast of the Epiphany has long been an important celebration in Wales, known there asYstwyll. InGlamorganshire, a huge loaf or cake was prepared, which was then divided up into three parts to representChrist, theVirgin Mary and the Biblical Magi. A large company of neighbours was invited to be present at the dividing of the cake in which rings were concealed. Whoever discovered a ring in his piece of cake (or bread) was elected as King or Queen and presided over the day's festivities. January 6 was theold-calendar Christmas Day and many of the festivities connected with it lasted well over a century after thenew calendar was introduced in 1752.[citation needed]
Wales shares other Twelfth Night customs with its neighbor, England, including theYule log, and thewassail to wish farmers a good harvest in the coming year, but here the Yule log's ashes were saved then buried along with the seeds planted in the ensuing spring to ensure a good harvest, while the wassail bowl was taken to the house of newlyweds or to a family which had recently come to live in the district and songs sung outside the house door. Those inside the house would recite or sing special verses, to be answered by the revelers outside.
Another Welsh custom associated with Epiphany was the Hunting of the Wren. A group of young men would go out into the countryside to capture awren (the smallest bird in the British Isles after the goldcrest/firecrest). The bird would then be placed in a small, decorated cage and carried around from house to house and shown in exchange for money or gifts of food and drink. (If a wren could not be found then asparrow would have to undergo the ritual.)[171]
^Packer, George Nichols (1893).Our Calendar. Union and Advertiser Co. p. 110.The length of Christmastide or season is twelve days, lasting from the 25th of December to Epiphany. Epiphany (GreekEpiphania,Theophania orChristophania), is a festival in commemoration of the manifestation of Jesus Christ to the world as the Son of God, and referring to the appearance of the star which announced our Saviour's birth to the Gentiles, and the visit of the Magi, or Wise Men of the East to the infant Jesus. This festival is held on 6th January invariably, consequently is not a moveable feast, though the length of Epiphany-tide depends upon the date of Easter.
^"Epiphany and Epiphanytide".The Parish of St Clement and St James.The Church of England. December 23, 2013. Archived fromthe original on July 14, 2018. RetrievedDecember 15, 2014.The current pattern in the Anglican Church is to have an extended Epiphany season (called Epiphanytide). This is why Nativity scenes are sometimes kept in churches throughout January. Epiphanytide: Rather confusingly, however, the other two main 'manifestations' marked in Epiphanytide concern Jesus as an adult: his baptism in the River Jordan, when the Holy Spirit descends on him in the form of a dove (on the Sunday after Epiphany), and his first sign: the turning of water into wine at the marriage feast in Cana in Galilee. This latter event – the third 'epiphany' of the season – is only to be found in John's gospel.
^Heiligman, Deborah (2007).Celebrate Christmas. National Geographic. p. 27.ISBN9781426301223.At the end of the Twelve Days of Christmas comes a special day called the Epiphany, or Three Kings Day. This holiday, which falls on January 6th, is celebrated as the day when the three wise men, also called the three kings, first saw baby Jesus and gave him gifts.
^ab"Epiphany".Christian Advocate.7. United Methodist Publishing House: 15. 1963....in Methodist usage the Epiphany Season includes all the Sundays between that date and Ash Wednesday, which for 1964 will be February 12, the beginning of Lent.
^The Church Eclectic. Vol. XXV. The Young Churchman Co. 1898. p. 1089.The Provincial Synod established in 1883 the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, framed largely upon the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the American Church. No concerted action had been taken by the Church in Canada till the formation of this society but by the regular issuing of appeals from the Board of Management each year, at Ascensiontide for Domestic, and at Epiphanytide for Foreign Missions, a certain amount of interest in the great question of missions has been created.
^Holger Oertel (September 22, 2007)."The Julian Calendar". Ortelius.de. Archived fromthe original on January 3, 2012. RetrievedDecember 22, 2011.
^"Twelve days of Christmas". Full Homely Divinity. Archived fromthe original on March 27, 2016. RetrievedJanuary 2, 2015.We prefer, like good Anglicans, to go with the logic of the liturgy and regard January 5th as the Twelfth Day of Christmas and the night that ends that day as Twelfth Night. That does make Twelfth Night the Eve of the Epiphany, which means that, liturgically, a new feast has already begun.
^Funk, Tim (December 25, 2009). "Presbyterians bring Twelfth Night".The Charlotte Observer.Christmas was a day to go to church – the simpler the service, the better, Todd says – and maybe have a quiet dinner with family. It was a slower time in the agricultural year, so there was an opportunity for some leisure. As long as you didn't overdo it. But even Scots-Irish Presbyterians had to have a little fun sometimes. The occasion to let go was Twelfth Night on Jan. 5 or 6. For Christians, it marks the arrival in Bethlehem of the Magi, or Three Wise Men.
^Polon, Linda; Cantwell, Aileen (1983).The Whole Earth Holiday Book. Good Year Books. p. 97.ISBN9780673165855.
^A Study Guide for William Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night" (2 ed.).Cengage Learning. 2016. p. 29.ISBN9781410361349.Twelfth Night saw people feasting and taking down Christmas decorations. The king cake is traditionally served in France and England on the Twelfth Night to commemorate the journey of the Magi to visit the Christ child.
^abMcGregor, Kate (November 30, 2023)."It's Bad Luck To Take Your Tree Down Before January 6".AOL.According to the tradition of the 12 days of Christmas (explained above), January 6 is the earliest you should be taking down your Christmas tree. According to the legend, bad luck will befall those who stop the Christmas cheer any earlier.
^Edworthy, Niall (2008).The Curious World of Christmas.Penguin Group. p. 83.ISBN9780399534577.The time-honoured epoch for taking down Christmas decorations from Church and house in Candlemas Day, February 2nd. Terribly withered they are by that time. Candlemas in old times represented the end of the Christmas holidays, which, when "fine old leisure" reigned, were far longer than they are now.
^Roud, Steve (2008).The English Year. Penguin Books Limited. p. 690.ISBN9780141919270.As indicated in Herrick's poem, quoted above, in the mid seventeenth century Christmas decorations were expected to stay in place until Candlemas (2 February), and this remained the norm until the nineteenth century.
^Groome, Imogen (December 31, 2016)."When is Twelfth Night and what does it mean?".Metro. RetrievedJanuary 7, 2017.Twelfth Night 2017 is on Thursday 5 January, which is when we're meant to put away our Christmas decorations or there'll be bad luck in the year ahead. If you miss the date, some believe it's necessary to keep decorations up until Candlemas on 2 February – or you'll definitely have a rubbish year.
^"Candlemas".BBC. RetrievedApril 9, 2014.Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night (January 5th) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down.
^Carrington, Philip (1952).The Primitive Christian Calendar. Cambridge University Press. p. 71.ISBN978-1-316-60377-2.In the secondary arrangement of Mark which is found in the non-B manuscripts, the Roman Year was followed. This arrangement would be the most natural way of explaining the origin of January 6 as a festival of the Baptism of Jesus.
^Carrington, "The 'heretical' festival of 'Epiphany' became a universal festival throughout the whole Christian world, commemorating both the Baptism and the Nativity of Jesus. It is hard to explain this as a world-wide imitation of the Basilides; it is quite easy to explain if the 48 (49)-lection arrangement of Mark was used as a Calendar fairly widely at one time." (p. 54).
^Aquinas, Thomas; Parker, John Henry (1841).Catena Aurea. London: JGF and J Rivington.
^Epiphanius,Panarion, li, 27, inMigne,Patrologia Graecae (P.G.), XLI, 936 (where it is called by its Latin name:Adversus Haereses)
^Epiphanius, chapters xxviii and xxix P.G., XLI, 940 sq..
^Pokhilko, Nicholas."History of Epiphany".The birth of Christ, the story of the Magi, Christ's baptism, His divine manifestation, miracle at Cana, and the feeding of the crowds formed the festival of Epiphany on January 6 as indicated in earlier Alexandrian and Syrian traditions.
^Keener,Matthew, 1997, (InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, USA),ISBN0-8308-1801-4, page 65.
^"Today the Church has been joined to her heavenly bridegroom, since Christ has purified her of her sins in the river Jordan: the Magi hasten to the royal wedding and offer gifts: the wedding guests rejoice since Christ has changed water into wine, alleluia" (Benedictus antiphon, Liturgy of the Hours, Roman Rite). "Three wonders mark this day we celebrate: today the star led the Magi to the manger; today water was changed into wine at the marriage feast; today Christ desired to be baptized by John in the river Jordan to bring us salvation, alleluia" (Magnificat antiphon at Second Vespers, Liturgy of the Hours, Roman Rite).
^RISM452511216 Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich: Es danken dir Gott die Völker andRISM466000040 Stölzel, Gottfried Heinrich: Lobet den Herrn alle Heiden in F major
^Gamal Mikhail, Albair (December 26, 2003)."Coptic Feast of Epiphany". CopticHeritage. Archived fromthe original on August 10, 2020. RetrievedJanuary 5, 2014.
^Illes, Judika.Encyclopedia of Spirits: The Ultimate Guide to the Magic of Fairies, Genies, Demons, Ghosts, Gods & Goddesses (2009) p. 269.ISBN978-0-06-135024-5
^Chelsie Kenyon (December 18, 2013)."Rosca de Reyes". Mexicanfood.about.com. Archived fromthe original on October 13, 2016. RetrievedDecember 25, 2013.
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