| Feline leukemia virus | |
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| Electron micrograph of Feline leukemia virus | |
Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Pararnavirae |
| Phylum: | Artverviricota |
| Class: | Revtraviricetes |
| Order: | Ortervirales |
| Family: | Retroviridae |
| Genus: | Gammaretrovirus |
| Species: | Gammaretrovirus felleu |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is aretrovirus that infectscats. FeLV can be transmitted from infected cats when the transfer of saliva or nasal secretions is involved. If the animal'simmune system fails to neutralize the virus, it may become severely weakened by it, potentially leading to lethal disease. Because FeLV is cat-to-cat contagious, FeLV+ cats should only live with other FeLV+ cats.
FeLV is categorized into four subgroups, A, B, C and T. An infected cat has a combination of FeLV-A and one or more of the other subgroups.[2][3] Symptoms, prognosis and treatment are all affected by subgroup.[2]
FeLV+ cats often have a shortened lifespan, but can still live relatively normal, healthy lives.[4]
The signs and symptoms of infection with felineleukemia virus are quite varied and includeloss of appetite, poor coat condition, anisocoria (uneven pupils), infections of the skin, bladder, and respiratory tract,oral disease,seizures,lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes),skin lesions,fatigue,fever,weight loss,stomatitis,gingivitis, litter box avoidance,pancytopenia, recurring bacterial and viral illnesses,anemia,diarrhea andjaundice.[citation needed]
Asymptomatic carriers are still immune suppressed, with potential delayed and decreased antibody responses.[5]
The disease has a wide range of effects. The cat can fight off the infection and become totally immune, can become a healthy carrier that never gets sick itself but can infect other cats, or a mid-level case in which the cat has a compromised immune system.[citation needed] Nevertheless, the development of lymphomas is considered the final stage of the disease. Although it is thought that virus protein has to be present to induce lymphomas in cats, newer evidence shows that a high percentage of FeLV-Antigen negative lymphomas contain FeLV-DNA, indicating a "hit-and-run" mechanism of virus-induced tumor development.[6]
Once the virus has entered the cat, there are six stages to a FeLV infection[citation needed]:
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Cats infected with FeLV can serve as sources of infection of FeLV-A.[3] Cats can pass the virus between themselves through saliva and close contact, by biting another cat, and (rarely) through a litter box or food dish used by an infected cat.[7]
Once a cat has been infected with FeLV-A, additional mutated forms of the original FeLV-A virus may arise, as may FeLV subgroups B, C and T.
In addition to domestic cats, some other members ofFelidae are now threatened by FeLV (e.g.lynx andFlorida panther).[3] Overwhelmingepidemiologic evidence suggests FeLV is not transmissible to either humans[2] or dogs.[8]
Approximately 0.5% of pet cats are persistently infected with FeLV, but many more pet cats (>35%) have specificIgG antibodies which indicate prior exposure and subsequent development ofimmunity instead ofinfection. FeLV is highly infectious.[9][10]
Kittens can be born with it, having contracted it from their mother whilein utero.[7]
Infection is far higher in city cats, stray or owned, than in rural cats: this is entirely due to the amount of contact the cats have with each other.[11]
Testing for FeLV is possible withELISA tests that look for viralantigens, free particles found in the bloodstream. These ELISA tests use blood samples most often, but can also use saliva or eye secretions. The sample is added to a container or dish that contains the antibodies to the viral antigens. If the antigens are present in the sample, the antibodies will bind to them and an indicator on the test will change color. These give a definitive diagnosis, but it cannot differentiate between acute or persistent infections. Therefore, it is recommended that the cat be retested in three to four months after the positive result to determine if the virus has been cleared from the body.
Diagnosis can also be made by reference lab testing, using animmunofluorescence (IFA) test. The IFA test uses a blood sample and will detect the virus once it is in the bone marrow by detecting the virus's presence in white blood cells. IFA testing will not give positive results for transient, primary infections – the infection must be persistent to get a positive result on this test. Other than ELISA and IFA testing, routine laboratory blood work may show changes that indicate infection but cannot be used as a definitive diagnosis. There may be blood cell count changes likeleukopenia, decreasedPacked Cell Volume (PCV) and Total Protein (TP) levels due toanemia, hemoconcentration and hypoglycemia due to vomiting and diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance caused by dehydration and anorexia, and recurrent urinary tract infections.[12]
Cats diagnosed as persistently infected byELISA testing may die within a few months or may remain asymptomatic for longer; median survival time after diagnosis is 2.5 years.[7]
FeLV is categorized into four subgroups.[2][13]
The fatal diseases areleukemias,lymphomas, and non-regenerativeanemias. Although there is no known cure for the virus infection, in 2006 the United States Department of Agriculture approved Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator as a treatment aid for FeLV (seeTreatment).
In Canada, one feline infected with progressive Feline Leukemia Virus Type C and itsImmune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia complication has been successfully managed so far for over 6 months with the use of high-dose corticosteroids, broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat opportunistic and comorbid infections, antiviral medications, and immunomodulators such as cyclosporine after requiring multiple packed red blood cell transfusions to raise a critically low blood cell count.
Three types of vaccines for FeLV are available: anadjuvanted killed virus noninfectious vaccine, an adjuvanted subunit vaccine, and a nonadjuvanted canarypox virus-vectored recombinant infectious vaccine (ATCvet codeQI066AA01 and various combination vaccines), though no currently available vaccine offers 100% protection from the virus.[17] Vaccination is recommended for high-risk cats: those that have access to the outdoors, feral cats, cats that do not have the virus but live with an infected cat, multicat households, and cats with an unknown status, such as cats in catteries and shelters.[12]
Serious side effects have also been reported as a result of FeLV vaccination; in particular, a small percentage of cats who received the adjuvanted killed virus vaccine developedvaccine-associated sarcomas, an aggressive tumour, at the injection site.[18] The development of sarcomas with the use of the old FeLV and other vaccines may be due to the inflammation caused byaluminiumadjuvants in the vaccines.[19]
Merial produces arecombinant vaccine consisting ofcanarypox virus carrying FeLVgag andenv genes (sold as PUREVAX FeLV in the US and Eurifel FeLV in Europe). This is thought to be safer than the old vaccine as it does not require an adjuvant to be effective. Although this is a live virus, it originates from a bird host and so does not replicate in mammals.[20]
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is an RNA virus in theRetroviridae family. Thevirus comprises 5' and 3' LTRs and three genes: Gag (structural), Pol (enzymes) and Env (envelope and transmembrane); the totalgenome is about 9,600base pairs.[citation needed]
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In 2006, theUnited States Department of Agriculture issued a conditional license for a new treatment aid termedLymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator (LTCI).[21] Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator is manufactured and distributed exclusively by T-Cyte Therapeutics, Inc.[22]
Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator is intended as an aid in the treatment of cats infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and/orfeline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and the associated symptoms oflymphocytopenia,opportunistic infection,anemia,granulocytopenia, orthrombocytopenia. The absence of any observed adverse events in several animal species suggests that the product has a very low toxicity profile.
Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator is a potent regulator of CD-4lymphocyte production and function.[23] It has been shown to increase lymphocyte numbers andInterleukin 2 production in animals.[24]
Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator is a single chainpolypeptide. It is a strongly cationicglycoprotein, and is purified with cation exchange resin. Purification of protein from bovine-derivedstromal cell supernatants produces a substantially homogeneous factor, free of extraneous materials. The bovine protein is homologous with other mammalian species and is a homogeneous 50 kDa glycoprotein with an isoelectric point of 6.5. The protein is prepared in a lyophilized 1 microgram dose. Reconstitution in sterile diluent produces a solution for subcutaneous injection.[22]
Interferon-ω (omega) is sold in Europe at least under the name Virbagen Omega and manufactured by Virbac. When used in treatment of cats infected with FeLV in non-terminal clinical stages (over the age of 9 weeks) there have been substantial improvements in mortality rates; in non-anemic cats, mortality rate of 50% was reduced by approximately 20% following treatment.[25]
FeLV was first described in cats in 1964.[26] The disease was originally associated with leukemia; however, it was later realized that the initial signs are generallyanemia andimmunosuppression.[26] The first diagnostic test became available in 1973, which led to a "test and elimination" regime, dramatically reducing the number of infected cats in the general population.[27] The first vaccine became available in 1986.[27]
FeLV andfeline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are sometimes mistaken for one another, though the viruses differ in many ways. Although they are both in the same retroviral subfamily (Orthoretrovirinae), they are classified in different genera (FeLV is a gamma-retrovirus and FIV is a lentivirus like HIV-1). Their shapes are quite different: FeLV is more circular while FIV is elongated. The two viruses are also quite different genetically, and their protein coats differ in size and composition. Although many of the diseases caused by FeLV and FIV are similar, the specific ways in which they are caused also differ. Also, while the feline leukemia virus may cause symptomatic illness in an infected cat, anFIV infected cat can remain completely asymptomatic its entire lifetime.[citation needed]
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