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| Fatti di Rovereta | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theCold War | |||
 An armed militant belonging to the San Marino provisional government in Rovereta | |||
| Date | 19 September – 11 October 1957 (22 days) | ||
| Location | |||
| Resulted in | Provisional government victory | ||
| Parties | |||
| Lead figures | |||
| |||
| Number | |||
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| Casualties and losses | |||
| None | |||
Thefatti di Rovereta (Italian: "Rovereta affair") was aconstitutional crisis that occurred inSan Marino from 19 September to 11 October 1957. TheCommittee of Freedom lost itsmajority in theGrand and General Council in protest of its reaction to theHungarian Revolution of 1956. The Grand and General Council was deliberately renderedinquorate by the Committee of Freedom to prevent the scheduled election of theCaptains-Regent. Opposition led by theSammarinese Christian Democratic Party established aprovisional government in the village ofRovereta supported by Italy, with the government and provisional government formingmilitias as San Marino appeared to be heading towardscivil war.[1]
The Committee of Freedom conceded after a 22-day standoff and the provisional government was recognised aslegitimate by the Captains-Regent. Thefatti di Rovereta marked the end of San Marino having the onlyCommunist government inWestern Europe, and the beginning of the Christian Democratic Party's dominance inSammarinese politics.
Following the end ofWorld War II in 1945, theSammarinese Fascist Party was removed from power and the1945 general election was held. The Committee of Freedom, aleft-wing coalition of theSammarinese Socialist Party andSammarinese Communist Party, won 40 of the 60 seats in the Grand and General Council. It was the first ever democratically-electedCommunist government, and made San Marino the only Communist-ruled state in Western Europe.[2]
Both themiddle class andworking class supported the Committee of Freedom out of fear that San Marino would return to being ruled by anoligarchy of localpatrician families. The government instituted several reforms; of the industries of San Marino, the government onlynationalized three drugstores.[2] Within the context of theCold War, the United States launched aboycott of theeconomy of San Marino in response to the communist-majority government.[3] Additionally, the United States put pressure on Italy to not respect any agreements made with the country. This made San Marino extremely poor, but the Communist Party continued to receive a significant enough amount of the public vote to remain in power.[4]
The Committee for Freedom won 35 seats in the1949 general election and 31 seats in the1951 general election, nearly losing itsmajority. The Committee for Freedom returned to 35 seats in the1955 general election, but fivemoderate Socialist councilmen (Alvaro Casali, Domenico Forcellini, Giuseppe Forcellini, Federico Micheloni, and Pio Galassi) wanted to break the alliance with the Communists in the aftermath of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The Sammarinese Communist Party, who were close to theSoviet Union, did not condemn the Soviets' violent suppression in Hungary; this led to international condemnation and strained the image ofSoviet-style Communism, even among Western EuropeanCommunist parties.[5]
The Socialist leadership was itself split between those who condemned Soviet actions in Hungary and those who did not. In April 1957, the five Socialists left to form a new party, theSammarinese Independent Democratic Socialist Party (PSDIS). This left a perfect 30–30 split in the council, with the Committee of Freedom losing their majority and paralyzing the government. The Captains-Regent, given thedeadlock, avoided convening the council until the mandatory 19 September regency election to choose their replacements.[2]
A day before the election, one Communist councillor became anindependent and joined theopposition, giving them the majority.[2] However, it was the practice of the Socialist and Communist parties to enforceparty discipline by making their councillors signletters of resignation after each election, with the date left blank. The party chiefs submitted to the regency all 35 letters, including the six who left their parties, with the date of 19 September. With the majority of seats vacant in the council, there was noquorum, so the Regency dissolved the council until new general elections could be held on 3 November. The status of the sitting Regency was uncertain because the council did not elect new regents to replace them once their terms expired on 1 October, causing a constitutional crisis.[2]
The Regency ordered theCorps of Gendarmerie to seal off thePalazzo Pubblico in theCity of San Marino, preventing any councillors from entering. The opposition was in an uproar as the six defectors claimed their resignations were invalid and what transpired was acoup d'etat. Federico Bigi, leader of the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party, led his men into a church and declared the Communist government illegal, forming an executive council. The Communists claimed they would arrest the ex-council members and so they went underground.[2]
On 28 September, the ItalianCarabinieri and soldiers set uproadblocks on highways leading into San Marino, and refused passage to anyone besides journalists and foreign tourists. This was to keep communists fromEmilia-Romagna andMarche from supporting the government in San Marino, as the opposition government was immediately recognized by Italy.[2][6] Eventually, no one was allowed in or out including food shipments and medicines.[better source needed] On the night of 30 September, near midnight, the opposition council and a few supporters occupied an abandoned factory in the village of Rovereta inSerravalle, in northern San Marino on the border with Italy. At the stroke of midnight, when the Regency should have expired, the opposition councillors declared a provisional government of San Marino.[2] It was immediately recognized by France, the United States, and Italy.[6]
Soon after, both the Communist and provisional governments began to organize militias as the police force declared neutrality. Italy also sent in a force of 150 Carabinieri to support the provisional government and protect the three sides of the factory that sat in their territory.[6] Initially, the Communists only had 150 men armed with GermanWorld War II-eramachine guns to 1891muskets. The provisional government had a smaller 100-man force, but was armed with more modern weapons.[2] The Communists sent a letter to theUnited Nations asking for them to send apeacekeeping force but they were denied.[2] By 2 October, both forces had grown by about 100 men and a Communist militant shot at ananti-Communist militant but missed. No other shots were fired as neither side wanted to shed blood.[2]
On 11 October, after 22 days of a tense standoff, the Regency caved in and recognized the provisional government as legitimate, ending the crisis. The new government elected a new regency. One of its acts was to provide forwomen's suffrage. The1959 general election was held two years later, confirming the victory of the Christian Democrat–PSDIS coalition with a comfortable 36 seats, and ending the Committee of Freedom's 12 years in power.[7] Thiscoalition government remained in power until the1974 general election, when the Christian Democrats opted to form a coalition with the Socialists. The Christian Democrats themselves would govern San Marino continuously until the2016 general election, and have since remained the single-largest party in the country to date.
