 | This articlemay incorporate text from alarge language model. It may includehallucinated information,copyright violations, claims notverified in cited sources,original research, orfictitious references. Any such material should beremoved, and content with anunencyclopedic tone should be rewritten.(November 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
 | ||||
| Full name | Fatih Karagümrük Sportif Faaliyetler Sanayi ve TicaretA.Ş. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nicknames | Kara Kırmızı (Black Red) Fatih'in Torunları (Fatih's grandchildren)[1] | |||
| Founded | 1926; 99 years ago (1926) | |||
| Ground | Atatürk Olympic Stadium | |||
| Capacity | 77,563 | |||
| Owner | Süleyman Hurma | |||
| President | Süleyman Hurma[2] | |||
| Head coach | TBA | |||
| League | Süper Lig | |||
| 2024–25 | TFF 1. Lig, 3rd of 18 (promoted via play-offs) | |||
| Website | www | |||
 Current season | ||||
Fatih Karagümrük Spor Kulübü, commonly known asKaragümrük, is a Turkish professional football club based in theKaragümrük neighbourhood of theFatih district on the historic peninsula ofIstanbul. Founded in 1926, the club play in red and black and are nicknamedKara Kırmızı (“Black-Reds”). Karagümrük currently compete in theSüper Lig and stage most home matches at theAtatürk Olympic Stadium, while maintaining training facilities and their academy structure in Fatih.
One of the oldest clubs from Istanbul’s European side, Karagümrük were among the pioneers of the professional era in Turkey and won the Istanbul professional league title in 1957–58. After a lengthy spell outside the top flight, they returned to the Süper Lig in 2020–21 following promotion from the1. Lig.
In the 2020s the team has been coached by a series of high-profile managers, includingFrancesco Farioli,Volkan Demirel andAndrea Pirlo, and has become known for a progressive, possession-based style. The club draw strong neighbourhood support from Karagümrük and surrounding quarters and contest city rivalries with fellow Istanbul sides.
Karagümrük were founded in the spring of 1926, when local figures such asMuhtar Bey, Alaettin Bey, Nazmi Bey, Bedri Bey andKaragümrüklü Abdullah Bey brought together the youth groupsAçıksema Gençleri andKaragümrük Gençleri to form a sports club first registered asKaragümrük İdman Yurdu. The first president wasArnavut Fevzi Efendi, and a clubhouse was opened onİskembeci Malik Street after a neighbourhood fund-raising drive.[3]
During the same period the club adopted red and black as its colours—chosen in tribute to the local fire brigade (tulumbacılar), whose crews traditionally wore red shirts and black shorts in theKaragümrük quarter.[4]
In the early 1930s the team began to make a name inIstanbul competitions. Contemporary fixtures show Karagümrük competing against leading city sides and taking part in civic cups such as theHalk Fırkası Kupası (Republican People’s Party Cup). In 1932 the club also hosted theThessaloniki Representative XI in a friendly at their own ground, winning 3–2—one of the earliest occasions a non-affiliated Istanbul club brought a foreign representative side to the city.[5][6]
Through the 1930s and early 1940sKaragümrük İdman Yurdu competed largely in the amateur ranks associated with theIstanbul set-up. After the 1941–42 season the club were champions in their class and applied for inclusion in the newly professional structure; however, a municipal allocation decision transferred the use of the neighbourhood ground toVefa SK, forcing Karagümrük to suspend activities until after the war.[7][8]
On 14 July 1946 the club formally re-started asKaragümrük Gençlik Kulübü, beginning again from the lower city divisions and climbing back through successive championships. Within three seasons they had advanced to the second tier of theIstanbul system and re-established themselves as a permanent presence in the city’s competitive football scene, setting the stage for the professional decades that followed.[9]
From the mid-1950s Karagümrük were among theIstanbul clubs pushing for the professionalisation and national coordination of league football. The club were active in the creation and early organisation of the second-tier framework that fed into the national structure which theTurkish Football Federation built across the late 1950s and 1960s.[10]
Karagümrük’s best spell of the period came in the 1957–58 and 1958–59 campaigns in the Istanbul professional set-up, when the team topped theIstanbul Professional Second League and regularly contended with the city’s heavyweights in derby-like fixtures played in front of large crowds.[11] The club also took part in one of the most talked-about domestic transfers of the era by signing midfielderKadri Aytaç fromGalatasaray for a reported 57,500₺, a record fee at the time and a move that helped define the market for professional players inTurkey.[12] In those seasons the side remained unbeaten deep into the first half of the campaign before late-autumn defeats against title rivals ended their streaks.[13]
The club cultivated a strong supporter identity in this era; Karagümrük’s songs and red-black imagery spread well beyond the neighbourhood, and the club’s football branch occasionally lent know-how and symbolic support to rising Anatolian outfits of the period as the professional game expanded inland.[14]
By the early 1980s, however, finances began to bite. Karagümrük slipped into theThird League, then ground out consecutive promotions in 1981–82 and 1982–83 to climb back to the second and then first-tier structures of the day, only to be relegated again in 1983–84 as squad depth and budgets lagged behind rivals.[15][16] On 28 April 1985 the association officially adopted theFatih Karagümrük name used today.[17]
Despite producing a line of notable players under the influential coachOsman “Lağim Osman” Odman including future internationals who later joinedFenerbahçe,Trabzonspor andBeşiktaş, the club could not stabilise structurally asTurkish football commercialised in the 1990s.[18] Economic strain led to multiple relegations: by 1996–97 Karagümrük had fallen to the Amateur League, then narrowly missed out on immediate promotion in 1999–2000, before returning to the Third League in the early 2000s.[19] A brief sponsorship arrangement with Japanese electronics firmKyoto n the early 2000s offered respite but lasted only one season; after a short revival the club again slid to the Amateur level in 2004–05, and remained outside the professional ladder for several years.[20]
The reset finally arrived in 2011–12 when Karagümrük captured theRegional Amateur League title and earned promotion back to theThird League, laying the foundations for the corporate restructuring and successive climbs that would follow later in the decade.[21]
After returning to the professional pyramid in 2012–13, Fatih Karagümrük modernised its legal and sporting structure. On 20 June 2012 the club registered a new corporate entity and emblem with theTurkish Football Federation (TFF); the football branch of the association was transferred to “Fatih Karagümrük Sportif Faaliyetler Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.” to cover professional operations.[22]
In 2013–14 the team finished fourth in theirThird League group and advanced through the play-offs. Karagümrük defeatedBergama Belediyespor in the semi-finals and overcame1920 Maraşspor in the final to claim the play-off championship and promotion to theSecond League.[23]
During the mid-2010s, businessman Cengiz Günaydın assumed ownership and financed work on facilities and stadium matters; however, continuing financial strain led him to signal that the club was for sale.[24] On 26 June 2018 former sporting directorSüleyman Hurma purchased a controlling stake (reported as 71%) and was elected club president, initiating a more professional governance model.[25]
The 2018–19 season began withYusuf Şimşek as head coach, but he resigned after six league matches.Cüneyt Dumlupınar took charge and the team finished second in their group to reach the play-offs.[26] Karagümrük then eliminatedŞanlıurfaspor in the quarter-finals andManisa FK in the semi-finals, before defeatingSakaryaspor in the final to secure promotion to theFirst League.[27][28]
The 2019–20 campaign opened with rapid coaching changes: after Cüneyt Dumlupınar’s brief spell, captainErkan Zengin acted as interim before veteranGiray Bulak was appointed in late November; results remained poor and Bulak departed in December.[29] In January 2020, chairman Süleyman Hurma turned to club greatŞenol Can. Karagümrük surged to the promotion play-offs in theFirst League and defeatedAkhisar Belediyespor in the semi-finals andAdana Demirspor on penalties in the final to return to the top flight after 36 years.[30]
Back in theSüper Lig in 2020–21, Karagümrük finished eighth with 60 points, an impressive return for a newly promoted side under Şenol Can.[31] The following season saw a mid-year transition: young Italian coachFrancesco Farioli arrived during 2021–22, steering the team to mid-table safety and a possession-heavy style that drew notice in Turkey.[32]
In June 2022 the club hiredAndrea Pirlo, who guided Karagümrük to a top-half finish (7th) in 2022–23, the best league placing of the modern era for the side.[33][34] After Pirlo’s departure that summer, the club began 2023–24 withAlparslan Erdem and then appointedShota Arveladze in October; results remained volatile and Karagümrük were relegated on the final day despite a 3–1 win atBeşiktaş.[35][36]
On 10 March 2024, the club announcedTolunay Kafkas as head coach following Arveladze’s resignation.[37][38] Relegated to the First League for 2024–25, Karagümrük regrouped and won the promotion play-off final on 29 May 2025, defeatingBandırmaspor 3–1 after extra time to secure an immediate return to the Süper Lig for 2025–26.[39][40]
Through this period the club continued to stage most home fixtures at theAtatürk Olympic Stadium, with occasional moves prompted by stadium availability and licensing requirements, as historicVefa Stadium did not consistently meet top-tier criteria.[41]
Karagümrük’s traditional home ground isVefa Stadium (often calledKaragümrük Stadı), located in theKaragümrük quarter ofFatih, within the historic peninsula ofIstanbul. The compact municipal venue has been used by the club for most of its history and has also hosted other Istanbul teams at various times. Its current listed capacity is around 4,500, with standard top-division pitch dimensions of 105×68 m.[42]
The ground has undergone periodic upgrades led by the municipality to keep it suitable for professional football (floodlighting, seating, and safety improvements). Recent works have focused on renewing spectator areas and the playing surface to align with federation criteria for national competitions.[43][44]
Following promotion to theSüper Lig in 2020, Karagümrük moved first-team home fixtures to theAtatürk Olympic Stadium to comply with broadcast, capacity and safety requirements that exceeded the limits of Vefa Stadium at the time. The club announced the Olympic Stadium as its home for the 2020–21 campaign, occasionally using other compliant venues as scheduling and maintenance required.[45][46]
In subsequent seasons the club continued to stage top-flight matches at compliant large venues while coordinating with local authorities on phased improvements atVefa Stadium, with the long-term aim of returning more fixtures to their historic ground when federation standards and scheduling permit.[47]
Karagümrük’s traditional colours are red and black. According to club and contemporary press accounts, the palette was chosen in the 1920s in homage to the neighbourhood’s historical fire-brigade (tulumbacılar) whose crews wore red shirts and black shorts in the Karagümrük quarter.[48][49] The team are commonly referred to by the colour-based nicknameKara Kırmızı (Black-Red).[50]
Karagümrük’s home strip traditionally features vertically striped black-and-red shirts with black shorts and socks; alternate kits have varied between white, red or black change colours depending on competition requirements.[51]
The club crest has evolved from early word-mark shields used byKaragümrük İdman Yurdu in local newspapers to the modern circular badge. Early examples in the Istanbul press show red-black emblems bearing the club name around the 1930s and 1940s.[52]
Today’s crest is a roundel carrying the inscriptionFatih Karagümrük Spor Kulübü 1926, with a red inner field and stylised white laurel branches—an identity that was refined in the 2010s as the club modernised its visual standards while retaining the historic colour scheme.[53][54]
Fatih Karagümrük draw a neighbourhood-based following from theKaragümrük quarter ofFatih on Istanbul’s historic peninsula. Media coverage routinely describes the club as a “semt takımı” with strong local identity aroundVefa Stadium and its surrounding streets, where matchday displays feature red-and-black colours, drums and banners.[55]
Promotion moments have been marked by large public gatherings in the district. During the 2020 play-off final, supporters watched on a giant screen inside Vefa Stadium and held celebrations after the decisive penalty shoot-out; similar scenes were recorded again in 2025 when the club secured another promotion via the play-off final, with thousands celebrating at Karagümrük Stadı and in nearby squares.[56][57]
Organised groups operate through local associations and cultural centres, reflecting the club’s community orientation. The Fatih Karagümrük Supporters’ Association has hosted public meetings with municipal and club leaders on stadium and facilities matters, underscoring fans’ role in decision-making around the matchday experience.[58]
Following promotion to theSüper Lig in 2020, home fixtures were staged at theAtatürk Olympic Stadium and, at times, other compliant venues, which altered travel and ticketing routines for supporters compared with Vefa Stadium. Club and press statements during this period highlighted the move’s impact on fans and the continued push for a modernised local ground.[59][60]
Supporter culture around the club has been documented in photo features and local reporting, including balcony-view traditions overlooking Vefa’s stands and street-level choreographies in the district, reinforcing the team’s image as a community-rooted side.[61]
Karagümrük contest several neighbourhood and city derbies rooted in proximity around theGolden Horn and the historic peninsula. Meetings withKasımpaşa are commonly styled the“Haliç derbisi”(Golden Horn derby) in Turkish sports media, reflecting the clubs’ locations on opposite banks of the inlet and a long competitive history across divisions and the cup.[62][63] Recent top-flight and cup ties have sustained the rivalry’s profile, including Karagümrük’s 3–2 league win in April 2022 and earlier cup meetings atVefa Stadium.[64][65]
Karagümrük’s matches withEyüpspor form an inner-city derby betweenFatih andEyüpsultan districts. The clubs met frequently in the second and third tiers during the 2010s and resumed top-flight meetings afterEyüpspor’s promotion; fixtures have occasionally been security-sensitive.[66][67][68]
Derbies withİstanbulspor are regularly framed as“İstanbul derbisi” by national broadcasters, reflecting the clubs’ shared city footprint and frequent league meetings in recent seasons.[69][70]
Historic neighbourhood rivalries date back to the Istanbul leagues, with numerous fixtures againstBeykoz andVefa recorded from the late 1950s onward and continuing in later professional tiers. Archival match records and federation data document repeated pairings, including league meetings in 1959 and 1962 versus Beykoz and professional-era encounters into the 2000s, as well as long-standing ground-sharing dynamics around Vefa Stadı.[71][72][73]
| Season | League table | Turkish Cup | Top scorer | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| League | Pos | P | W | D | L | GF | GA | Pts | Player | Goals | ||
| 1959 | Süper Lig | 5th | 14 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 17 | 17 | 16 | – | Aydın Yelken | 5 |
| 1959–60 | 8th | 38 | 15 | 10 | 13 | 50 | 45 | 55 | Kadri Aytaç | 13 | ||
| 1960–61 | 9th | 38 | 12 | 11 | 15 | 48 | 48 | 47 | Tuncay Becedek | 10 | ||
| 1961–62 | 15th | 38 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 38 | 45 | 42 | Tarık Kutver | 11 | ||
| 1962–63 | 10th | 20 | 4 | 4 | 12 | 20 | 32 | 20 | QF | Ali Soydan | 6 | |
| 1963–64 | 1. Lig | 9th | 24 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 30 | 29 | 28 | R3 | Sudi Dizer | 4 |
| 1964–65 | 13th | 30 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 37 | 52 | 33 | R2 | Yılmaz | 5 | |
| 1965–66 | 7th | 20 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 19 | 24 | 23 | Doğan Boruk | 4 | ||
| 1966–67 | 8th | 32 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 36 | 37 | 43 | Yılmaz Öztürk | 8 | ||
| 1967–68 | 16th | 38 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 27 | 39 | 43 | – | İbrahim Ekmekçi | 8 | |
| 1968–69 | 18th | 34 | 3 | 11 | 20 | 16 | 62 | 20 | 3 | |||
| 1969–70 | 3. Lig | 12th | 40 | 13 | 11 | 16 | 37 | 45 | 50 | N/A | N/A | |
| 1970–71 | 8th | 28 | 11 | 7 | 10 | 33 | 31 | 40 | ||||
| 1971–72 | 9th | 28 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 31 | 30 | 36 | ||||
| 1972–73 | 9th | 24 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 16 | 25 | 27 | ||||
| 1973–74 | 17th | 42 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 32 | 38 | 50 | ||||
| 1974–75 | 11th | 34 | 14 | 3 | 17 | 21 | 29 | 45 | ||||
| 1975–76 | 11th | 30 | 7 | 9 | 14 | 21 | 39 | 30 | R1 | |||
| 1976–77 | 7th | 20 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 22 | 20 | 27 | ||||
| 1977–78 | 7th | 24 | 9 | 5 | 10 | 27 | 21 | 32 | R2 | |||
| 1978–79 | 4th | 22 | 9 | 5 | 8 | 27 | 21 | 32 | ||||
| 1979–80 | 2nd | 36 | 15 | 13 | 8 | 44 | 26 | 58 | R3 | |||
| 1980–81 | 1. Lig | 14th | 34 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 22 | 36 | 38 | R2 | ||
| 1981–82 | 7th | 28 | 9 | 11 | 8 | 20 | 19 | 38 | R4 | |||
| 1982–83 | 1st | 30 | 18 | 10 | 2 | 43 | 16 | 64 | R3 | |||
| 1983–84 | Süper Lig | 18th | 34 | 8 | 10 | 16 | 34 | 49 | 34 | L16 | Ömer Kaner | 9 |
| 1984–85 | 1. Lig | 6th | 32 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 34 | 31 | 47 | R2 | Nihat Nalbantic | 7 |
| 1985–86 | 34 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 34 | 29 | 46 | R1 | Abdullah Avcı | 17 | ||
| 1986–87 | 9th | 34 | 9 | 14 | 11 | 30 | 38 | 41 | – | Talip Yeter | 6 | |
| 1987–88 | 16th | 32 | 9 | 8 | 15 | 29 | 40 | 35 | – | N/ | N/A | |
| 1988–89 | 3. Lig | 1st | 30 | 20 | 4 | 6 | 59 | 23 | 64 | – | ||
| 1989–90 | 1. Lig | 9th | 32 | 12 | 7 | 13 | 35 | 35 | 43 | – | Selçuk Bıyıklı | 8 |
| 1990–91 | 6th | 34 | 12 | 9 | 13 | 42 | 38 | 45 | R2 | Sadun Narlıtepe | 11 | |
| 1991–92 | 17th | 34 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 30 | 61 | 31 | R1 | 6 | ||
| 1992–93 | 3. Lig | 2nd | 30 | 15 | 6 | 9 | 48 | 29 | 51 | R2 | Meriç Güven | 8 |
| 1993–94 | 3rd | 24 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 33 | 19 | 40 | R1 | N/A | N/A | |
| 1994–95 | 10th | 26 | 9 | 4 | 13 | 23 | 33 | 31 | – | Nadim Akgün | 4 | |
| 1995–96 | 11th | 26 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 25 | 29 | 30 | – | Bariş Apa | 4 | |
| 1996–97 | 17th | 32 | 3 | 7 | 22 | 24 | 59 | 16 | – | N/A | N/A | |
| 1997–98 | During these seasons, the club competed in the Istanbul Amateur Leagues. | |||||||||||
| 1998–99 | ||||||||||||
| 1999–00 | ||||||||||||
| 2000–01 | 3. Lig | 5th | 32 | 16 | 4 | 12 | 50 | 38 | 52 | – | N/A | N/A |
| 2001–02 | 1st | 36 | 21 | 9 | 6 | 49 | 27 | 72 | – | |||
| 2002–03 | 2. Lig | 12th | 34 | 10 | 9 | 15 | 34 | 49 | 39 | – | ||
| 2003–04 | 1st | 32 | 18 | 9 | 5 | 60 | 37 | 63 | – | |||
| 2004–05 | 1. Lig | 18th | 34 | 6 | 5 | 23 | 31 | 77 | 23 | R2 | ||
| 2005–06 | 2. Lig | 7th | 36 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 40 | 36 | 47 | GS | Haydar Özdemir | 9 |
| 2006–07 | 7th | 32 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 42 | 49 | 40 | – | Erbil Aktepe | 7 | |
| 2007–08 | 10th | 32 | 4 | 4 | 24 | 18 | 59 | 16 | – | Harun Özkan | 4 | |
| 2008–09 | 3. Lig | 32 | 9 | 7 | 16 | 35 | 41 | 34 | – | Doğuş Güneş | 11 | |
| 2009–10 | That season, the club competed in the Istanbul Super Amateur League and emerged as champions. | |||||||||||
| 2010–11 | BAL | 5th | 22 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 40 | 34 | 36 | – | Yasin Markal | 19 |
| 2011–12 | 1st | 20 | 13 | 4 | 3 | 37 | 14 | 43 | – | Oğuzhan Türkmen | 11 | |
| 2012–13 | 3. Lig | 2nd | 34 | 19 | 6 | 9 | 59 | 35 | 63 | R1 | Caner Altın | 12 |
| 2013–14 | 4th | 34 | 15 | 12 | 7 | 45 | 24 | 57 | R2 | Recep Akkemik | 10 | |
| 2014–15 | 2. Lig | 6th | 36 | 14 | 15 | 7 | 41 | 34 | 57 | GS | Serdar Dursun | 13 |
| 2015–16 | 14th | 34 | 11 | 8 | 15 | 32 | 49 | 41 | R3 | 7 | ||
| 2016–17 | 12th | 34 | 11 | 9 | 14 | 39 | 42 | 42 | R3 | Mert Somay | 9 | |
| 2017–18 | 15th | 34 | 10 | 6 | 18 | 32 | 48 | 36 | R4 | Ufuk Akyol | 9 | |
| 2018–19 | 2nd | 34 | 21 | 5 | 8 | 55 | 34 | 68 | R5 | Erkan Zengin | 19 | |
| 2019–20 | 1. Lig | 5th | 37 | 12 | 12 | 8 | 58 | 43 | 56 | R5 | Innocent Emeghara | 7 |
| 2020–21 | Süper Lig | 8th | 40 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 64 | 52 | 60 | R4 | Alassane Ndao | 11 |
| 2021–22 | 38 | 16 | 9 | 13 | 47 | 52 | 57 | QF | Aleksandar Pesic | 14 | ||
| 2022–23 | 7th | 36 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 75 | 63 | 51 | L16 | Mbaye Diagne | 23 | |
| 2023–24 | 18th | 38 | 10 | 10 | 18 | 49 | 52 | 40 | SF | – | – | |
| 2024–25 | 1. Lig | 3rd | 38 | 19 | 9 | 10 | 55 | 36 | 66 | Wesley Moraes | 18 | |
| 2024–25 | Süper Lig | TBD | ||||||||||
| Position | Staff |
|---|---|
| Head Coach | TBA |
| Assistant Coach |  Atılay Canel |
| Assistant Coach | Erkan Çoban |
| Fitness Coach |  Pantelis Pantelopoulos |
| Position | Staff |
|---|---|
| Owner & President | Süleyman Hurma |
| Vice President | Serkan Hurma |
| Sporting Director | Murat Akın |
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
|
|
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
|
|
Fatih Karagümrük’s professional football activities are operated by the joint-stock companyFatih Karagümrük Sportif Faaliyetler Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. (the “A.Ş.” suffix indicating a Turkish JSC).[75]
In June 2018 businessmanSüleyman Hurma acquired a controlling stake in the club and was elected president, completing a share transfer reported at71% of the equity and promising new investment in infrastructure and the first team.[76][77] Prior to the sale, the club had been controlled by Cengiz Günaydın, who publicly stated that the shares were being offered due to continuing stadium and operating constraints.[78]
Since the change of control, Karagümrük’s budget has relied on central broadcasting revenue,Süper Lig distribution, commercial sponsorship and matchday income, with the board emphasising a sustainable player-trading model (experienced free agents and short contracts) to keep cash burn in check.[79] The club has periodically disclosed that it meets the TFF Kulüp Lisans (club licensing) criteria for financial and administrative compliance.[80]
Karagümrük have also pursued naming-rights and front-of-shirt deals as key revenue lines. In 2021–22 the team competed as“VavaCars Fatih Karagümrük” under a multi-season commercial agreement announced jointly by the parties.[81][82] Kit-supplier and sleeve partnerships (announced annually) have been another recurring source of commercial income.[83]
Matchday operations have alternated betweenVefa Stadium and when required by safety and capacity regulations, larger municipal venues (e.g.,Atatürk Olympic Stadium), a practice the board has linked to both licensing obligations and revenue optimisation.[84][85]
As of 2025, the majority shareholder remainsSüleyman Hurma, who chairs the board and oversees football operations alongside the club’s chief executive and sporting department.[86]
