Fatali Khan Khoyski | |
|---|---|
Fətəli xan Xoyski | |
 Khoyski in 1906 | |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) | |
| In office 26 December 1918 – 14 March 1919 | |
| President | Alimardan Topchubashov (Chairman ofAzerbaijani Parliament) |
| Preceded by | Alimardan Topchubashev |
| Succeeded by | Mammad Yusif Jafarov |
| In office 24 December 1919 – 1 April 1920 | |
| President | Mammad Yusif Jafarov (Chairman ofAzerbaijani Parliament) (acting) |
| Preceded by | Mammad Yusif Jafarov |
| Succeeded by | office eliminated |
| Minister of Internal Affairs of ADR | |
| In office 28 May 1918 – 17 June 1918 | |
| Preceded by | office created |
| Succeeded by | Behbud Khan Javanshir |
| Minister of Defense of ADR | |
| In office 18 November 1918 – 25 December 1918 | |
| Preceded by | office re-established |
| Succeeded by | Samad bey Mehmandarov |
| Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic | |
| In office 28 May 1918 – 14 April 1919 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Nasib bey Yusifbeyli |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 7 December [O.S. 25 November] 1875 |
| Died | 19 June 1920(1920-06-19) (aged 44) Tiflis (present-dayTbilisi),Democratic Republic of Georgia |
| Manner of death | Assassination bygunshot |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Battles/wars | |
Fatali Khan Iskandar Khan oghlu Khoyski[1][a] (Azerbaijani:فتحعلی خان اسکندر خان اوغلی خویسکی,Fətəli xan İsgəndər xan oğlu Xoyski; 7 December [O.S. 25 November] 1875 – 19 June 1920) was an Azerbaijani attorney, a member of the SecondState Duma of the Russian Empire,Minister of Internal Affairs,Minister of Defense and, later the firstPrime Minister of the independentAzerbaijan Democratic Republic.[8]
Fatali Khan Iskandar Khan oghlu Khoyski was born on 7 December [O.S. 25 November] 1875 in Nukha (present-dayShaki) to the noble family ofIskandar Khan Khoyski, acolonel in the Russian Army.[9][10] His great grandfather Jafar Qoli, theKhan of Khoy was defeated by the IranianFath-Ali Shah and with his 20,000 army retreated toEchmiadzin. In the1804-1813 Russo-Persian war, Jafar Qoli Khan sided withRussian Empire and was therefore rewarded by tsarAlexander I by being appointed the Khan ofShaki Khanate and his rank was raised tolieutenant colonel.[11] It is stated that the original surname of the Khoyski family was Dunbuli Batmankylinch. The surname “Khoyski” began to be used afterGeneral Tsitsianov presented Jafar Qoli Khan to EmperorAlexander I ofRussia with the title “Khan Khoyski.”[12]
He began his early education at the Ganja Classical Gymnasium and, after ten years of study, graduated in 1893. At the gymnasium, he learned Russian, Greek, Latin, French, and German.[12] Fatali Khan studied at the Law Faculty of theMoscow University, from which he graduated in 1901. After graduation, Khoyski worked as a court lawyer in Ganja,Sukhumi,Batumi,Kutaisi. Once he was appointed Assistant Prosecutor ofYekaterinodar county court, he began to be involved in socio-political activities.
Khoyski was elected a deputy to theSecond Duma of Russian Empire fromElizavetpol Governorate. While delivering a speech before the Duma on 2 February 1907, he criticized the Russiancolonization policies inAzerbaijan and theCaucasus. Although he was formally registered withConstitutional Democratic Party (known as theKadets), he also joined the Muslim fraction in Duma.[11] On 27 March, soon after the1917 February revolution in Russia, Khoyski became a member of the Temporary Executive Committee of Muslim National Councils (MNCs). He also took part in organizing and participating in the Baku Congress of the Muslims of theCaucasus. In the same year, he was elected chairman of the Baku City Duma, representing the Muslim bloc with over 10,000 votes. The Baku City Duma under Khoyski’s leadership was regarded as the main rival of the Baku Soviet, which had seized power through violent clashes.[1]
During the firstMusavat summit on 26–31 October 1917, Khoyski spoke in favor of autonomy for Azerbaijan. In December 1917, he was elected a member of the newly createdTranscaucasian Sejm and subsequently appointed the Minister of Justice of an independentTranscaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.
On 28 May 1918, the republic dissolved and an independentAzerbaijan Democratic Republic was proclaimed. It was the first state ever in theMuslim world to function and be based on principles ofrepublic government.[citation needed] Fatali Khan was put in charge of formingthe first cabinet of the republic.
Prime Minister Khoyski had the distinct honor to send radiogram to the main political centers of the world on the proclamation of an independent Azerbaijan republic on 30 May 1918.[13] When the government moved to its temporary residence in the city of Ganja the government encountered serious challenges. Azerbaijani statehood came under fire. On 17 June, Fatali Khan announced the resignation of the government at the closed session of the National Council but he was assigned to form the government again. In addition to the post of prime minister, he was the post of justice minister in the second government.[13]
Khoyski served as theChairman of Cabinet of Ministers andMinister of Internal Affairs. On 17 June 1918, the second government was formed by Khoyski led byNasib Yusifbeyli. He played a significant role in making an alliance with the Turkish government, defeating and removing theCentrocaspian Dictatorship from power inBaku as well as establishing diplomatic ties with other countries. On 22 December, he was elected as a foreign minister of the newly formed government. Khoyski protected Azerbaijan's statehood in this post. Furthermore, he defended the independence of Azerbaijan by achieving the recognition of the independence of Azerbaijan at theParis Peace Conference.[13] He is also credited for establishing theAzerbaijan State University. During Khoyski’s second government, the state’s official language was established as Turkish, efforts were made to nationalize education, and the first steps were taken toward the formation of a national army.[12] During the period of the third government formed by Khoyski, he served as Chairman of theNational Council andMinister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan. During his term in office, he succeeded in removing the city names Yelisavetpol and restoring the historic name ofGanja and renaming theuezd of Karyagino toJabrayil, establishing amulti-party system, the printing ofAzerbaijani postage stamps andAzerbaijani currency Manat, founding schools and colleges teaching inAzerbaijani. In March 1919, the third government dissolved.
In January 1920, when the Allied Powersde facto recognized Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Council of Allied Powers,[14]Georgy Chicherin, theSoviet Commissar for Foreign Affairs repeatedly mailed Khoyski asking him to open a new front to confrontAnton Denikin and hisWhite movement to which Fatali Khan gave negative responses saying ADR would not meddle into internal affairs of Russia. In his fourth last correspondence, Chicherin notified Khoyski about the upcoming invasion of the11th Red Army of Azerbaijan. Khoyski moved his family toTbilisi before the Bolshevik Red Army invaded Baku on 28 April 1920.
Fatali Khan Khoyski wasassassinated in Tiflis (present-dayTbilisi), near the centralErivansky Square on 19 June 1920 byAram Yerganian[15] as part ofOperation Nemesis organised by theArmenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF).[16] The ARF accused Khoyski in having played a major role in theSeptember 1918 massacre of Armenians in Baku.[17] His burial ceremony was arranged by the Persian consulate in Tiflis.[18] Khoyski was buried in Tiflis by Azerbaijani Turks living there, next toMirza Fatali Akhundzade, who had contributed to the development of Azerbaijani theatre, and his grave remains in Tiflis to this day.[12]
He was married in 1901 to an ethnic Russian woman, Eugenia Vasilevna, who upon converting to Islam, took the name Jeyran Khanum. They had three children, all of whom were born in Ganja:[12]
His elder brotherHuseyngulu khan was deputy governor ofGanja Governorate between 1918 and 1920. Younger brotherRustam Khan Khoyski served asMinister of Social Security of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.
On these democratic conditions, the first republic was established in the life of the Turkish nations. Fatali-Khan Khoysky (...) became the first head of the young republic, equipped with an unusual authority.
Within this grouping, Fatali Khan Khoisky emerged as a leading figure. Born in 1875 of a noble family that had been the khans of Khoy, in Iran, Khoisky graduated from the Moscow Faculty of Law in 1901 and subsequently worked as a lawyer and judge.
The final collapse of the Central Powers resulted in 17 November 1918 in the return to Baku of British forces, this time under Major-General Thompson, who established de facto working relations with the local Mussavat government headed by Fath Ali Khan Khoisky.
After the liquidation of the Baku Commune, the Azeri government headed by the Musawat leader Fath Ali Khan Khoysky moved from Gandja to Baku.
Although the Azeris possessed the best prospects with a regionally dominant Ottoman state, Azerbaijan's 'Act of Independence' was, like those of the other two Transcaucasian republics, strikingly subdued in its tone. Indeed, the soon-to-be prime minister of the republic, Fathali Khan Khoisky, was himself ambivalent about independence.
During Operation "Nemesis", former Prime Ministers of Azerbaijan Fathali Khan Khoysky and Nasibbek Yusifbekov (...) were killed.
| Leadership |  | |
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| Conflicts | ||
| Military | ||
| Government | ||
| Territories | ||
| Other | ||
| Azerbaijan Democratic Republic | |
|---|---|
| Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic | |
| Republic of Azerbaijan | |
* Denotes acting | |
| Azerbaijan Democratic Republic | |
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| Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic | |
| Republic of Azerbaijan | |
*There was no MFA body between 1921–1944 | |
| Azerbaijan Democratic Republic | |
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| Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic | |
| Republic of Azerbaijan | |
*Denotesacting ministers **List is incomplete due to lack of sources | |
| International | |
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| National | |
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