Farther Pomerania Pomorze Tylne | |
|---|---|
 Farther Pomerania in 1800 (in yellow) | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Historical region | Pomerania |
| Largest city | Koszalin |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Highways |     |
Farther Pomerania,Hinder Pomerania,Rear Pomerania orEastern Pomerania (Polish:Pomorze Tylne;German:Hinterpommern, Ostpommern), is a subregion of the historic region ofPomerania in north-westernPoland, mostly within theWest Pomeranian Voivodeship, while its easternmost parts are within thePomeranian Voivodeship.
It is the part of Pomerania which comprised the eastern part of theDuchy and laterProvince of Pomerania. It stretched roughly from theOder River in the West toPomerelia in the East. ThePolish termPomorze Zachodnie ("Western Pomerania") is colloquially used in contemporary Poland as a synonym for the West Pomeranian Voivodship whose borders do not match the historical ones; in Polish historical usage, it applied to all areas west ofPomerelia (i.e. to the entire narrowPomerania).
Farther Pomerania emerged as a subdivision of theDuchy of Pomerania inthe partition of 1532, then known asPomerania-Stettin (Szczecin) and already including the historical regionsPrincipality of Cammin (Kamień),County of Naugard (Nowogard),Land of Słupsk-Sławno, and with ties to theLębork and Bytów Land. After theBrandenburg-Swedish partition of Pomerania, Farther Pomerania became theBrandenburg-PrussianProvince of Pomerania (1653–1815). After the reorganization of thePrussianProvince of Pomerania in 1815, Farther Pomerania was administered asRegierungsbezirkKöslin (Koszalin). In 1938, northern part of the dissolvedGrenzmark Posen-West Prussia was merged in.
After Germany’s defeat inWorld War II the region was returned to the Polish state as a result of the border decisions confirmed at thePotsdam Conference (July–August 1945). The implementation of the Potsdam decisions led to the transfer of the former German administration and to large demographic changes: German civilians left or were removed from the territories east of the Oder–Neisse line, while new Polish civil authorities, municipal services and legal institutions were established in their place.[1][2]
The postwar period was dominated by reconstruction and the organisation of public life under Polish administration. Debris clearance, restoration of roads and public buildings, reopening of schools and cultural institutions, and the reestablishment of local government bodies were carried out amid shortages of housing and resources. Polish state authorities and local administrations also launched programmes to integrate the recovered territories into the national economy and to re-establish land and property registration under Polish law.[3]
Many of the new inhabitants came from central Poland and from the eastern borderlands that had been incorporated into the Soviet Union. These population movements were part of the broader transfers and resettlements taking place across Central andEastern Europe between 1944 and 1947.[4]
Administratively, the late 20th century saw several reforms. Before the 1999 reform, the area corresponding largely to historic Farther Pomerania was administered as theSzczecin Voivodeship and its subsequent divisions, such asKoszalin Voivodeship andSłupsk Voivodeship. Under the 1998 reform (effective 1 January 1999) these units were reorganised: the former Szczecin and Koszalin territories were largely incorporated into the newly createdWest Pomeranian Voivodeship, while much of the former Słupsk Voivodeship became part of thePomeranian Voivodeship.[5][6]
The GermanprefixHinter- (cf.hinterland) denotes a location more distant from the speaker, and is the equivalent of "Hinder"/"Rear"/"Farther" in English andPosterior/Ulterior/Trans- in Latin (with the correspondingantonyms in German, English and Latin beingVor-, "Fore"/"Front"/"Hither" andAnterior/Citerior/Cis-, respectively).
The toponymPomerania comes fromSlavicpo more, which meansLand at the Sea.[7]Initially, Farther Pomerania referred to the areas beyond (i.e. lying east of)Pomerania-Wolgast, and the name eventually became adopted for areas east of Szczecin by the 16th century. When the 1648Peace of Westphalia and theTreaty of Stettin (1653) divided theDuchy of Pomerania into its Western,Swedish and EasternBrandenburgian parts,Farther Pomerania was used for the latter - in opposition toSwedishHither Pomerania (Vorpommern) includingStettin (Szczecin),Wollin (Wolin) and a strip of land east of the Oder River, ultimately limited to include two suburbs of Szczecin, namely the towns ofGollnow (Goleniów) andDamm/Alt-Damm/Altdamm (Dąbie). To the East, Farther Pomerania stretches to the border with Pomerelia, considered by the Polish historiography to be located on the riverŁeba.
In the post-1945 era, Farther Pomerania was affected by thePolish-German border shift. Before, it happened to be the Eastern part of German Pomerania (Pommern, consisting of Hither and Farther Pomerania), yet thereafter it became the Western part of Polish Pomerania (Pomorze, consisting of Pomerania and Pomerelia). As PolishPomorze has also been in use for Pomerelia, while Hither and Farther Pomerania are jointly referred to asWest Pomerania (Pomorze Zachodnie) in Poland, located predominantly in today'sWest Pomeranian Voivodeship, including Szczecin andWolin. However, this term is not being adopted by the Germans, as only Hither Pomerania is considered to be Western Pomerania, soFarther Pomerania is still in use.
There are four cities in Farther Pomerania, namely:
Towns of Farther Pomerania include:
In addition, the following towns are located in the historicalLębork and Bytów Land, thus being treated as part ofPomerelia/Gdańsk Pomerania by the Polish historiography, and as part of Farther Pomerania by the German historiography:
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Main regional museums are the Museum of Central Pomerania (Muzeum Pomorza Środkowego) inSłupsk, the Archaeological and Historical Museum (Muzeum Archeologiczno-Historyczne) inStargard, the Koszalin Museum (Muzeum w Koszalinie) and theDarłowo Museum (Muzeum w Darłowie).[21][22] The Museum of Central Pomerania in Słupsk is located at theDucal Castle and holds the world's biggest collection of paintings byStanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz.[23]
Perhaps more unusual museums include theMuseum of Polish Arms (Muzeum Oręża Polskiego) inKołobrzeg, which contains a collection of militaria related to the military of Poland from the Early Middle Ages to the present, and the Amber Museum (Muzeum Bursztynu) inJarosławiec.
Basketball is a particularly popular sport in Farther Pomerania, with several notable teams, i.e.Czarni Słupsk,Spójnia Stargard,AZS Koszalin andSKK Kotwica Kołobrzeg.
 Upper Saxon Circle (1512–1806) of the Holy Roman Empire | ||
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Circles est. 1500:Bavarian,Swabian,Upper Rhenish,Lower Rhenish–Westphalian,Franconian,(Lower) Saxon Circles est. 1512:Austrian,Burgundian,Upper Saxon,Electoral Rhenish · Unencircled territories See also:Ernestine duchies | ||
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