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Far-right politics in Israel

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Far-right politics in Israel

Far-right politics in Israel encompasses ideologies such asultranationalism,Jewish supremacy, Jewishfascism,Jewish fundamentalism,anti-Arabism,[1] and ideological movements such asneo-Zionism andKahanism.[2] In the 2020s, the term "far-right" has been mainly used to describe advocates of policies such as the expansion ofIsraeli settlements in theWest Bank, opposition toPalestinian statehood, and imposition of Israeli sovereignty over theGaza Strip, the West Bank, andEast Jerusalem.

Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948)

See also:Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine

Revisionist Zionism

Main article:Revisionist Zionism
History of Revisionist Zionism: The British includedTransjordan within the borders of the BritishMandate for Palestine, at the same time excluding it from Jewish settlement.

Revisionist Zionism's ideological and cultural roots were influenced byItalian fascism.Ze'ev Jabotinsky, the founder ofRevisionist Zionism, believed that Britain could no longer be trusted to advanceZionism, and thatFascist Italy, as a growing political challenger to Britain, was therefore an ally.[3][4]

Betar (founded 1925)

Main articles:Betar andZe'ev Jabotinsky
Ze'ev Jabotinsky, the founder and first leader of Betar, shown here inJewish Legion uniform.

Ze'ev Jabotinsky was a secular Zionist and an extremist nationalist.[5][better source needed] He was exiled from the British Mandate for supporting armed struggle against the British.[5]

In 1923,Jabotinsky established theRevisionist Zionist youth movementBetar at a meeting inRiga, Latvia.[6] 2 years later in 1925, theRevisionist "Hatzohar" Party was established,[7][8] as a movement that existed separate from the main Zionist movement, theWorld Zionist Organization.[9] The term "revisionist" referred to a revision of theWorld Zionist Organization's policies at the time. TheIrgun, aRevisionist Zionist paramilitary organization, established byAvraham Tehomi in 1931, opposedBritish rule over Palestine, and was engaged in acts of terrorism against British officers and Arabs, in an attempt to expel them from the land and achieveJewish sovereignty.[10][11][12][13] The Irgun joined forces withBetar andHatzohar in 1937.[14]

Revisionist Maximalism

See also:Revisionist Maximalism
Abba Ahimeir, the founder of Revisionist Maximalism.

Revisionist Maximalism was a short-lived right-wing militant political ideology that was a part of theBrit HaBirionim faction of theZionist Revisionist Movement created byAbba Ahimeir.[citation needed] Ahimeir was born in Russia in 1897 and migrated to Palestine at the age of fifteen. In 1928 Ahimeir joined Jabotinsky's Revisionist movement and became one of the movement's important activists.[15][verification needed]

In 1930, Brit HaBirionim under Ahimeir's leadership publicly declared their desire to form afascist state.[16] The Revisionist Maximalist movement borrowed principles fromtotalitarianism andfascism and it also drew inspiration fromJózef Piłsudski'sPoland andBenito Mussolini's Italy.[17] Revisionist Maximalists strongly supported theItalian fascist regime ofBenito Mussolini and wanted the creation of aJewish state based on fascist principles.[18]

The goal of the Maximalists was to "extract Revisionism from its liberal entrapment", because they wantedZe'ev Jabotinsky's status to be elevated to the status of a dictator,[19] and desired toforcably assimilate the population of Palestine into Hebrew society.[15] The Maximalists believed that authoritarianism and national solidarity was necessary to have the public collaborate with the government, and to create total unity in Palestine.[15]

Irgun (1931–1949)

See also:Irgun,Ze'ev Jabotinsky, andMenachem Begin
This section is an excerpt fromIrgun.[edit]
Irgun emblem. The map shows bothMandatory Palestine and theEmirate of Transjordan, which the Irgun claimed in its entirety for a future Jewish state. The acronym "Etzel" is written above the map, and "raq kach" ("only thus") is written below.

TheIrgun (Hebrew:ארגון), officially the National Military Organization in the Land of Israel,[a] often abbreviated as Etzel or IZL (אצ״ל), was aZionistparamilitary organization that operated inMandatory Palestine between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of the older and largerJewish paramilitary organizationHaganah.[20]

The Irgun policy was based on what was then calledRevisionist Zionism founded byZe'ev Jabotinsky.[21] Two of the most infamous operations for which the Irgun were known; thebombing of the British administrative headquarters for Mandatory Palestine in Jerusalem on 22 July 1946 and theDeir Yassin massacre that killed at least 107 Palestinian Arab villagers, including women and children, carried out withLehi on 9 April 1948.

The organization committed acts ofterrorism againstPalestinian Arabs, as well as against the British authorities, who were regarded as illegal occupiers.[22][23][24][25][26] In particular the Irgun was described as a terrorist organization by theUnited Nations, British, and United States governments; in media such asThe New York Times newspaper;[27][28] as well as by theAnglo-American Committee of Inquiry,[29][30] the 1946Zionist Congress[31] and theJewish Agency.[32]Hannah Arendt andAlbert Einstein, in a letter toThe New York Times in 1948, compared Irgun and its successorHerut party to "Nazi and Fascist parties" and described it as a "terrorist, right wing, chauvinist organization".[33]

Following theestablishment of the State of Israel during the1948 Palestine war, the Irgun began to be absorbed into the newly createdIsrael Defense Forces. Conflict between the Irgun and the IDF escalated into the 1948Altalena affair, and the Irgun formally disbanded on January 12, 1949. The Irgun was a political predecessor to Israel'sright-wingHerut (or "Freedom") party, which led to today'sLikud party.[34] Likud has led or been part of mostIsraeli governments since 1977.

The White Paper of 1939

Main article:White Paper of 1939

The White Paper's publication also intensified the conflict between the Zionist militias and the British Army; a Jewish general strike was called, attacks were launched against Arabs and British police, telephone services and power lines were sabotaged, and violent speeches of protest were held for several months.[35] A week after the publication of theWhite Paper of 1939, theIrgun planted an explosive device in the Rex cinema in Jerusalem, injuring 18 people, including 13 Arabs and 3 British police officers. On that same day, 25Irgun members attacked the Arab villageBiyar 'Adas, forced their way into 2 houses, and shot 5 Arab civilians to death.[36]

Lehi (founded 1940)

Main article:Lehi (militant group)
The hand represents the Lehisalute, with only two raised fingers on the right hand to represent the "If I forget thee / O Jerusalem...may my right hand forget its skill" (Ps. 137:5) pledge. The acronym "Lehi" is written below the hand.[37]

TheLehi, also known as theStern Gang, was aRevisionist Zionist militant group, founded byAvraham Stern inMandatory Palestine in 1940. The group split from theIrgun, and sought a similar alliance withFascist Italy.[14]Lehi also believed thatNazi Germany was less of an enemy of the Jews than Britain was, and attempted to form an alliance with the Nazis, proposing a Jewish state based on "nationalist and totalitarian principles, and linked to the German Reich by an alliance".[38][39][verification needed]Avraham Stern, then commander of the Lehi, objected to theWhite Paper of 1939, British plans to restrictJewish immigration andJewish land purchase in Palestine, and proposed the creation of a binational Jewish-Arab Palestine. calling for an armed struggle against the British instead.[40][41]

History in Israel

1948-1967

Far right activity in the early years of the State of Israel was partly inspired by the legacy of the British mandate. In 1948, Irgun and Lehi refused to disband and challenged the authority of the Israeli government underDavid Ben-Gurion. In 1951, a failed attempt to blow up the Knesset was made by an extreme Jewish organization that advocated Halakha-based state.

After the 1967 Six-Day War

See also:Six-Day War,Revisionist Zionism (main page), andRevisionist Zionism (above)

In the aftermath of the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel captured theGolan Heights, theWest Bank, theSinai Peninsula, and theEgyptian-occupied Gaza Strip.[42] This victory resulted in the revival of "territorial maximalism", with aspirations to annex and settle these new territories.[43] leading some Israeli political leaders to argue for the redefinition of the country's borders in accordance with the vision ofGreater Israel.[44] TheMovement for Greater Israel, which emerged about a month after theSix-Day War ended, advocated for the control over all of the territories captured during the war, including theSinai Peninsula,West Bank, andGolan Heights. The members of the movement demanded immediate imposition of Israeli sovereignty over the territories. The supporters of the movement were united by a territorial maximalist ideology.[44] During the summer of 1967, far-right nationalists began to establish settlements in the occupied West Bank to establish a Jewish presence on the land.[45]Menachem Begin's agreement to return theSinai Peninsula to Egypt, as well as his initiation of theAutonomy Plan, caused parts of the political right to radicalise and adopt far-right political ideologies.[46]

Kach party (1971–1994)

See also:Kach (political party) andKahanism
Flag ofKach, a former ultranationalist political party in Israel

TheKach party, founded byMeir Kahane in 1971, was a far-rightOrthodox Jewish,Religious Zionist political party in Israel. The party's ideology, known asKahanism, advocated the transfer of the Arab population from Israel, and the creation of aJewish theocratic state, in which only Jews have voting rights.[47] Kach additionally argued that Israel should annex the 1967Israeli-occupied territories because of their religious significance.[48][49] The party's motto, "Rak Kach"lit. 'Only thus', was derived from the motto of theIrgun, a Zionist militant organization active in the 1940s.[48][50] In the1973 Israeli legislative election, Kach won 0.81% of the total votes, falling short to pass the electoral threshold, which was 1% at the time. In the nextelections in 1977, Kach failed once again to win enough votes for parliamentary presence.[51] Kach earned a single seat in theKnesset in the1984 Israeli legislative election.[52][53]

Shortly afterMeir Kahane was sworn in as a member of the Knesset, he made his first media-oriented provocation by announcing his plan to open an emigration office in the Arab village ofUmm al-Fahm. He stated that his plan was to offer residents of the village financial incentives to leave their homes and the country.[54] The town declared a general strike shortly after, and roughly 30,000 people, including liberal Jews, arrived at Umm-al-Fahm to prevent Kahane from entering the town. TheIsrael Police initially decided to accompany Kahane with 1000 police officers as he marched, but later decided to cancel Kahane's march altogether, in concern of negative consequences.[55]

Kach activists frequently enteredArab localities in Israel, distributing propaganda leaflets in demonstrations, provocatively raising the Israeli flag, making Arabs sign theIsraeli Declaration of Independence, threatening them against moving to majority-Jewish towns, and convincing Arabs to leave the country.[56] Some ofMeir Kahane's legislative initiatives were mostly related to the "Arab problem" in Israel, intending to separate Jews and Arabs in public swimming pools, banning romantic relations between Jews and Arabs, and revoking the citizenship ofArabs in Israel.[57] In his book, "They Must Go", Kahane wrote: "There is only one path for us to take: the immediate transfer of Arabs fromEretz Yisrael. For Arabs and Jews inEretz Yisrael there is only one answer: separation, Jews in their land, Arabs in theirs. Separation. Only separation."[58]

One bill which he proposed required the imposition of amandatory death penalty on any non-Jew who either harmed or attempted to harm a Jew, as well as the automatic deportation of the perpetrator's family and the perpetrator's neighbors from Israel and theWest Bank.[59]The Supreme of Israel struck down his initiatives, on the grounds that there was no precedent and provision for them in theBasic Laws of Israel.[60] To limit the potential influence of anti-democratic parties such as Kach, theKnesset, in 1985, proposed a new amendment to exclude parties that negate the democratic character of Israel.[60] Kach was later barred from the 1988 elections, and its appeal was denied by the Supreme Court.[60] 1994, followingBaruch Goldstein's massacre of 29 Palestinians at theCave of the Patriarchs, Israel designatedKach, for which Goldstein previously stood as a Knesset Candidate,[61] as a terror organization.[62][63]

The Oslo Accords and the 1995 assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

See also:Oslo Accords andAssassination of Yitzhak Rabin
Rabin delivering his speech at the 4 November 1995 rally, shortly before his assassination

The far-right in Israel opposed theOslo Accords, with Prime MinisterYitzhak Rabin beingassassinated in 1995 by a right-wing Israeli extremist for signing them.[64]Yigal Amir, Rabin's assassin, had opposedRabin's peace process, particularly the signing of theOslo Accords, because he felt that an Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank would deny Jews their "biblical heritage which they had reclaimed by establishing settlements".[45] Rabin was also criticized by right-wing conservatives andLikud leaders who perceived the peace process as an attempt to forfeit theoccupied territories and a surrender to Israel's enemies.[65][66] After the murder, it was revealed thatAvishai Raviv, a well-known right-wing extremist at the time, was aShin Bet agent and informant.[67] Prior to Rabin's murder, Raviv was filmed with a poster of Israeli prime ministerYitzhak Rabin in anSS uniform.[68][69][70] His mission was to monitor the activities of right-wing extremists, and he allegedly knew ofYigal Amir's plans to assassinate Rabin.[71]

2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza

Main article:Israeli disengagement from Gaza
Protest against the evacuation of the Israeli settlementKfar Darom

The Israeli disengagement from Gaza, headed byAriel Sharon, included the removal of allJewish settlements in the Gaza Strip as well as severalWest Bank settlements, and resulted in protests and riots from Jewish settlers.[72][73][74] Posters covering the streets stated that "Ariel Sharon had no right to give up parts of theLand of Israel". The settlers managed to secure the support ofOvadia Yosef, then-leader ofShas party, who instructedShas members of the Knesset to vote against the disengagement plan.[75][76] Three settlersburned themselves alive in protest of the disengagement.[77][78][79] By September 12, 2005, the eviction of all settlers from theGaza Strip and demolition of their houses was completed,[80][81] bringing Israel's 38 years of military rule over theGaza Strip to a halt.

Political parties in 21st century

Moledet (1988–2013)

See also:Moledet andAbu Ali Mustafa

Moledet (Hebrew:מולדת,lit. 'Homeland') was a minor party established byRehavam Ze'evi in 1988.[82] Prior to the1999 elections, the party joined theNational Union alliance alongsideHerut – The National Movement andTkuma. The alliance joined thegovernment formed byAriel Sharon on 7 March 2001 after he won theelection for Prime Minister, and Ze'evi was appointed Minister of Tourism. However, Ze'evi was assassinated by thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) on 17 October 2001. Prior to the2006 elections, the National Union formed an alliance with theNational Religious Party.[83] In the lead up to the2013 elections, Tkuma merged with the Jewish Home.[84]

Religious Zionist Party (1998–2023)

See also:Bezalel Smotrich
This section is an excerpt fromReligious Zionist Party.[edit]

TheReligious Zionist Party (Hebrew:הציונות הדתית,romanized: HaTzionut HaDatit,lit. 'The Religious Zionism'), known as Tkuma (Hebrew:תקומה,lit. 'Revival')[85] until 2021 and officially known as National Union–Tkuma (Hebrew:האיחוד הלאומי-תקומה,HaIchud HaLeumi–Tkuma),[86] was a far-right,[87][88]ultra-nationalist,[88]Jewish supremacist,[88] andreligious Zionist[87][88]political party inIsrael.[89] In all the elections since its founding in 1998, the party had joined other factions and competed as part of a united list. In 2023, the Religious Zionist Party andThe Jewish Home agreed to merge to becomeNational Religious Party–Religious Zionism.[90]

Otzma Yehudit (founded 2012)

See also:Otzma Yehudit andItamar Ben Gvir
red-orange six-pointed star with navy blue text in Herew: עוצמה יהודית "Otzma Yehudit"
Otzma Yehudit Party logo

Otzma Yehudit was founded in 2012 byMichael Ben-Ari, a former member of Kach. In the2021 Israeli legislative election,Itamar Ben-Gvir, a follower ofKach, was elected to the Knesset as a representative of theOtzma Yehudit party.[91] Since 2022, Ben-Gvir has served as a Minister of National Security, and the party presently holds six seats in theKnesset.Lehava, one of the largest far-right organizations in Israel, advocates for the segregation and oppression of Palestinians. It has also been involved in acts of violence against Palestinians, LGBT individuals, and Christians. Both the United States and the United Kingdom have imposed sanctions on Lehava.[92][93]

Noam (founded 2019)

See also:Noam (political party),Rabbi Zvi Thau, andPinkwashing (LGBT)

Noam is a far-rightOrthodox Jewish,Religious Zionist political party in Israel, established in July 2019 by a conservative faction in the Religious Zionist community inspired byRabbiZvi Thau and hisHar HamorYeshiva. The party's main goal is to advance policies against LGBT rights, and against what its backers call "the destruction of the family".[94]Avi Maoz, the party's leader, was elected to theKnesset in2021, and is the party's sole representative.[95][96]

2020s

2022 Likud-led coalition

Main article:Thirty-seventh government of Israel

The 37th Cabinet of Israel, formed on December 29, 2022, following theKnesset election on November 1, 2022, has been described as the most right-wing government in Israeli history,[97][98][99][100] as well as Israel's most religious government.[101][102] The coalition government consists of seven parties—Likud,United Torah Judaism,Shas,Religious Zionist Party,Otzma Yehudit, andNew Hope—and is led byBenjamin Netanyahu.[103]

Criticism

Several journalists andhuman rights groups such asB'Tselem,Amnesty International, andHuman Rights Watch claim that the ideology advocated by the Israeli far-right arefascist andracist towardsPalestinians,Arab citizens of Israel and immigrants. They see it as a danger to democracy, and claim that it uses violence and encourages violation of human rights.[104][105][106][107] President of the United StatesJoe Biden saidBenjamin Netanyahu's government contained "some of the most extreme" members he had ever seen.[108]

In 2023, theLikud-led coalition was described in authoritarian terms byHaaretz, such as "Fascist", "a dictatorship", and "Stalinist" (for similarities to Stalinism's authoritarian aspects).[109]

Far-right Israeli politicians and the Al Aqsa Mosque

TheAl-Aqsa Mosque compound and surrounding area ofJerusalem.

TheAl-Aqsa mosque compound[b] (which Israelis refer to as the "Temple Mount") is the third holiest site in Islam and a Palestinian national symbol.[110]

In 2023 and 2024, National Security MinisterItamar Ben-Gvir initiated at least four marches to theAl-Aqsa compound inEast Jerusalem, each of up to a thousandultra nationalistIsraeli settlers.[110] During the visits, Ben Gvir stated that his he intends to convey a political message.The Palestinian Authority's spokesman,Nabil Abu Rudeineh, described his visits as "blatant attacks" on the Al-Aqsa Mosque, while Jordan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs described them as "a provocative step that is condemned, and a dangerous and unacceptable escalation".[111]

February 2023 Huwara rampage

See also:Huwara rampage,Israeli settler violence, andTargeted mob violence against civilians § Huwara
a burnt car in Hawara
Map of the surrounding area, showingNablus andBalata Camp nearby, and severalIsraeli settlements.

On 26 February 2023, in retaliation for theshooting of two Israeli settlers earlier the same day by an unidentified attacker,[112][113] hundreds ofIsraeli settlers went on aviolent late-night rampage inHuwara and other Palestinian villages in theIsraeli-occupied West Bank, leaving one civilian dead and 100 other Palestinians injured, four critically, and the town ablaze.[113][114] It was the worst attack stemming fromIsraeli settler violence in the northern West Bank in decades.[115][116][117]

Israeli soldiers were in the area while the rampage by the settlers unfolded and did not intervene.[114] The rampage was called apogrom by an Israeli commander in charge of the area.[118]

Israeli and Palestinian officials issued a joint declaration inAqaba,Jordan to counter the recent round of Israeli–Palestinian violence.[115][116][119]

Smotrich's call for Huwara to be "wiped out"

In the rampage's aftermath, Israeli Finance MinisterBezalel Smotrich, a far-right politician partly in charge of the administration of the West Bank,[120] called for Huwara to be "wiped out" by the Israeli army.[121][122] Condemnations from the United States, European Union, and Arab countries led to Smotrich retracting his comments and claiming they were said in the heat of the moment.[118][123]

Gaza war

See also:7 October attacks,Gaza war,Gaza genocide,South Africa's genocide case against Israel, andPalestinian genocide accusation § From Israeli officials

Statements from far-right ministers

See also:List of statements by Israeli officials cited as genocidal andPalestinian genocide accusation § From Israeli officials

Israel's far-right ministers have made controversial comments during theGaza war.

  • Agriculture MinisterAvi Dichter (Likud) told IsraeliChannel 12 in November 2023 that the war would be "Gaza'sNakba", using the Arabic word for "catastrophe" that many use to describe the1948 displacement of roughly 700,000 Palestinians.[124][125]
  • Heritage MinisterAmihai Eliyahu (Otzma Yehudit) said in an interview in November 2023 that dropping a nuclear bomb on theGaza Strip was "one of the possibilities".[126][127]
  • Finance MinisterBezalel Smotrich (National Religious Party–Religious Zionism) said in a November 2023 letter that Palestinians should be excluded from "security zones" in the occupied West Bank even to "harvest olives". He has also called for the creation of "sterile security zones" around settlements in the West Bank to "prevent Arabs from entering".[128][129]
  • Minister for the Advancement of WomenMay Golan (Likud) said in a speech in February 2024 "I am personally proud of the ruins of Gaza, and that every baby, even 80 years from now, will tell their grandchildren what the Jews did."[130]

General strategy and courses of action

The far-right in Israel have used a variety of ways over the years to achieve their political goals. These include far-right parties such asKach,Otzma Yehudit, andEretz Yisrael Shelanu being represented in theKnesset, Israel's parliament.[131]

Establishment of unauthorizedIsraeli outposts in theWest Bank is also common among far-right extremist groups, such as theHilltop Youth.[132][133][134]

Jewish extremist terrorism was carried out by extremists within Judaism, including the assassination of Palestinian mayors by theJewish Underground group, theCave of the Patriarchs massacre, the murder of the boyMohammed Abu Khdeir, and theDuma arson attack.[135][136] Further, "price tag attacks" have been committed in theoccupied West Bank byextremist Israeli settler youths againstPalestinian Arabs, and to a lesser extent against left-wing Israelis,Israeli Arabs,Christians, andIsraeli security forces.[137][138]

Finally, political violence committed by far-right extremists, such as the murder ofEmil Grunzweig, the attempted assassination ofZeev Sternhell, and theAssassination of Yitzhak Rabin.[139][140]

Notable political figures

See also

Notes

  1. ^Hebrew:הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל,romanized: HaIrgun HaTzvaʾi Ha-Leumi b-Eretz Israel
  2. ^ There are two buildings in theAl-Aqsa compound, the large prayer hall that is formally referred to in English as "Al-Aqsa mosque" and the ornate central building known in English as the "Dome of the Rock", but colloquially both are referred to as "Al-Aqsa Mosque" or simply "Al-Aqsa". Muslims believe the site is the location where theprophet Mohammed (the founder ofIslam) ascended to heaven in the7th century AD. Israelis refer to the location as theTemple Mount, because it is thought to be the location of thesecond temple, which wasdestroyed by the Romans in the1st century AD.

References

  1. ^Sprinzak, Ehud (1993).The Israeli Radical Right: History, Culture, and Politics (1st ed.).Routledge. pp. 2,22–23.ISBN 9780429034404.
  2. ^Ghazi-Bouillon, Asima A. (2009).Understanding the Middle East peace process: Israeli academia and the struggle for identity. Routledge studies on the Arab-Israeli conflict. London: Routledge. p. 156.ISBN 978-0-415-77597-7.
  3. ^Kaplan, Eran (2005).The Jewish radical right: Revisionist Zionism and its ideological legacy. Studies on Israel. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 21,149–150, 156.ISBN 978-0-299-20380-1.
  4. ^Brenner, Lenni (1983)."Zionism-Revisionism: The Years of Fascism and Terror".Journal of Palestine Studies.13 (1):66–92.doi:10.2307/2536926.JSTOR 2536926.
  5. ^ab"Part One: What the Netanyahu Family Did to Palestine".Spotify.
  6. ^Puchalski, P. (2018)."Review: Jabotinsky's Children: Polish Jews and the Rise of Right-Wing Zionism".The Polish Review.63 (3). University of Illinois Press:88–91.doi:10.5406/polishreview.63.3.0088.JSTOR 10.5406/polishreview.63.3.0088.
  7. ^Revisionist Zionists,YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
  8. ^Ze'ev (Vladimir) JabotinskyJewish Virtual Library.
  9. ^Tzahor, Zeev (1988)."The Struggle between the Revisionist Party and the Labor Movement: 1929–1933".Modern Judaism.8 (1):15–25.doi:10.1093/mj/8.1.15.ISSN 0276-1114.JSTOR 1396118.
  10. ^Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur,Religious fundamentalism and political extremism,Routledge, p. 101, 2004.
  11. ^J. Bowyer Bell, Moshe Arens,Terror out of Zion,p. 39, 1996 edition
  12. ^(in Hebrew)Y. 'Amrami, A. Melitz,דברי הימים למלחמת השחרור ("History of the War of Independence"), Shelach Press, 1951. (a sympathetic account of events, mostly related to Irgun andLehi).
  13. ^Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (1993).Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Device for Justice. Albany, N.Y.:SUNY Press. p. 204.
  14. ^abSofer, Sasson; Shefer-Vanson, Dorothea (1998).Zionism and the foundations of Israeli diplomacy. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–254.ISBN 978-0-521-63012-2.
  15. ^abcTamir, Dan (2014)."From a Fascist's Notebook to the Principles of Rebirth: The Desire for Social Integration in Hebrew Fascism, 1928–1942".The Historical Journal.57 (4):1062–1063.doi:10.1017/S0018246X14000053.ISSN 0018-246X.JSTOR 24531975.
  16. ^Larsen, p377.
  17. ^Shlaim, Avi (1996). Shindle, Colin; Shamir, Yitzhak; Arens, Moshe; Begin, Ze‘ev B.; Netanyahu, Benjamin (eds.)."The Likud in Power: The Historiography of Revisionist Zionism".Israel Studies.1 (2): 279.doi:10.2979/ISR.1996.1.2.278.ISSN 1084-9513.JSTOR 30245501.
  18. ^Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.).Fascism Outside of Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.ISBN 0-88033-988-8. pp. 364–365.
  19. ^Naor, Arye (2006)."Review of The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right".Israel Studies.11 (3): 176.doi:10.1353/is.2006.0029.ISSN 1084-9513.JSTOR 30245655.
  20. ^Jacob Shavit,Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement 1925–1948 p. 97 Routledge 1988ISBN 978-0-7146-3325-1
  21. ^Howard Sachar:A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, pp. 265–266
  22. ^"Irgun Zvai Leumi | Jewish right-wing underground movement".Encyclopædia Britannica. RetrievedJanuary 2, 2016.
  23. ^Dr. Yvonne Schmidt (May 2008).Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories. GRIN Verlag. p. 254.ISBN 978-3-638-94450-2. No 33 of 5708-1948 – 23 September 1948
  24. ^Bell, J. Bowyer (1979).Terror out of Zion : Irgun Zvai Leumi, LEHI, and the Palestine underground, 1929-1949. Dublin: Academy Press.ISBN 978-0-906187-11-1.
  25. ^Whittaker, David (2012).The Terrorism Reader (4th ed.). Routledge. p. 29.ISBN 978-0415687317.
  26. ^Kushner, Harvey W. (2002).Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 181.ISBN 145226550X.
  27. ^Pope Brewer, Sam.Irgun Bomb Kills 11 Arabs, 2 Britons.New York Times. December 30, 1947.
  28. ^Irgun's Hand Seen in Alps Rail Blast.New York Times. August 16, 1947.
  29. ^W. Khalidi, 1971, 'From Haven to Conquest', p. 598
  30. ^Terry, Janice (2008).Encyclopedia of world history Vol 5 pg 20. Infobase Publishing.
  31. ^"Jewish Terrorism and Jewish Resistance".The Jewish Plan for Palestine—Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. pp. 20–26.
  32. ^"Major Political Developments".The Jewish Plan for Palestine—Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. p. 32.
  33. ^Rowe, David E.; Schulmann, Robert J., eds. (2007).Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb. Princeton University Press. p. 350.ISBN 978-0-691-12094-2.
  34. ^Eisenstadt, S.N. (1985).The Transformation of Israeli Society. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 173–174.ISBN 0-297-78423-4.One of the main developments in the initial period of the State was the growth of the Herut party.... It developed from the older Revisionist groups, the 'terrorist' groups of the Irgun Zvai Leumi and members of the Revisionist party ... in 1965 Herut founded, together with the great part of the Liberals, a parliamentary bloc ... in 1973, with the addition of other small groups, it became transformed into Likud
  35. ^Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Jewish Problems in Palestine and Europe; United Nations, eds. (1991).A Survey of Palestine. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 54.ISBN 978-0-88728-211-9.
  36. ^"Eighteen Injured by Bombs in Jerusalem Cinema House. 3 Britons, 13 Arabs, 2 Jews in Hospital. Jewish Cinemas Ordered Closed Indefinitely".⁨The Palestine Post. May 30, 1939. p. 1. RetrievedApril 17, 2024 – via The National Library of Israel.
  37. ^"סמל לח״י". Archived fromthe original on May 18, 2020. RetrievedSeptember 12, 2019.
  38. ^Leslie Stein,The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel, Greenwood Publishing Group 2003 pp. 237–238.
  39. ^Stein, Leslie (2003).The hope fulfilled : the rise of modern Israel. Westport, Conn. USA: Praeger. Archived fromthe original on September 17, 2013. RetrievedMay 22, 2024.Donor: Boston Public Library
  40. ^Medoff, Rafael; Waxman, Chaim I. (2013).Historical dictionary of Zionism.Taylor & Francis. p. 183.ISBN 9781135966492.
  41. ^Colin Shindler (1995).The Land beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist dream. I.B. Tauris. p. 22.ISBN 978-1-86064-774-1.
  42. ^"Milestones: 1961–1968".Office of the Historian.Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. RetrievedNovember 30, 2018.Between June 5 and June 10, Israel defeated Egypt, Jordan, and Syria and occupied the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights
  43. ^Sprinzak, Ehud (1991).The Ascendance of Israel's Radical Right. Oxford University Press. p. 35.ISBN 978-0-19-505086-8.
  44. ^abPedahzur, Ami (2012).The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right.Oxford University Press. p. 36.ISBN 978-0-19-974470-1.
  45. ^abSmith, Charles D.Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict A History with Documents,ISBN 0-312-43736-6, pp. 458
  46. ^Sprinzak, Ehud (1989)."The Emergence of the Israeli Radical Right".Comparative Politics.21 (2):172–173.doi:10.2307/422043.ISSN 0010-4159.JSTOR 422043.
  47. ^Martin, Gus; Kushner, Harvey W., eds. (2011).The Sage encyclopedia of terrorism (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications. p. 321.ISBN 978-1-4129-8016-6.
  48. ^abMedoff, Rafael; Chaim, I. Waxman (2000).Historical Dictionary of Zionism.Taylor & Francis. p. 100.ISBN 9781135966423.
  49. ^Meir Kahane (1987).Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews. Lyle Stuart. p. 270.ISBN 978-0818404382.The Jew is forbidden to give up any part of the Land of Israel, which has been liberated. The land belongs to the G-d of Israel, and the Jew, given it by G-d, has no right to give away any part of it. All the areas liberated in 1967 will be annexed and made part of the State of Israel. Jewish settlement in every part of the land, including cities that today are sadlyJudenrein, will be unlimited.
  50. ^Čejka, Marek; Roman, Kořan (October 16, 2015).Rabbis of Our Time: Authorities of Judaism in the Religious and Political Ferment of Modern Times.Taylor & Francis. p. 89.ISBN 9781317605447.
  51. ^Weinberg, Leonard; Pedahzur, Ami (2003).Political parties and terrorist groups.Routledge. p. 100.ISBN 978-0-415-26871-4.
  52. ^Peled, Yoav (June 1992)."Ethnic Democracy and the Legal Construction of Citizenship: Arab Citizens of the Jewish State".American Political Science Review.86 (2): 438.doi:10.2307/1964231.ISSN 0003-0554.JSTOR 1964231.
  53. ^"Parliamentary Groups in the Knesset". August 15, 2014. Archived fromthe original on August 15, 2014. RetrievedMarch 23, 2024.
  54. ^Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (2002)."The Offense to Sensibilities Argument as Grounds for Limiting Free Expression: The Israeli Experience".International Journal of Politics and Ethics.2: 13.SSRN 304568 – viaSocial Science Research Network.
  55. ^Amara, Muhammad Hasan (2018).Arabic in Israel: language, identity and conflict. Routledge studies in language and identity. Abingdon, Oxon, New York:Taylor & Francis. pp. 124, 126.ISBN 978-1-138-06355-6.
  56. ^Smooha, Sammy (1992).Arabs and Jews in Israel. 2: Change and continuity in mutual intolerance.Westview Press. p. 248.ISBN 978-0-8133-0756-5.
  57. ^Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (1994).The Boundaries of Liberty and Tolerance: The Struggle Against Kahanism in Israel. University Press of Florida.ISBN 978-0-8130-1258-2.
  58. ^Kahane, Meir (1981).They Must Go. Grosset & Dunlap. p. 7.ISBN 978-0-448-12026-3.
  59. ^Pedahzur, Ami (2002).The Israeli response to Jewish extremism and violence. Manchester University Press.JSTOR j.ctt155j609.
  60. ^abcSeltzer, Nicholas A.; Wilson, Steven Lloyd, eds. (2023).Handbook on democracy and security. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 8.ISBN 978-1-83910-020-8.
  61. ^"בחירות 1984".Israel Democracy Institute (in Hebrew). RetrievedMay 17, 2024.
  62. ^Shah, Syed Adrian Ali (2005)."Religious Terrorism in Other Faiths".Strategic Studies.25 (2): 135.ISSN 1029-0990.JSTOR 45242597.
  63. ^Lewis, Neil (October 18, 2006)."Appeals Court Upholds Terrorist Label for a Jewish Group".The New York Times.
  64. ^Rabin, Leah (1997).Rabin: His Life, Our Legacy. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 7, 11–12.ISBN 0-399-14217-7.
  65. ^Newton, Michael (2014)."Rabin, Yitzhak".Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 450.ISBN 978-1-61-069285-4.
  66. ^Tucker, Ernest (2016).The Middle East in Modern World History. Routledge. pp. 331–32.ISBN 978-1-31-550823-8.
  67. ^Ephron, Dan (2015).Killing a king: the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the remaking of Israel (1st ed.). New York London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 137.ISBN 978-0-393-24209-6.
  68. ^Barnea, Avner (January 2, 2017)."The Assassination of a Prime Minister–The Intelligence Failure that Failed to Prevent the Murder of Yitzhak Rabin".The International Journal of Intelligence, Security, and Public Affairs.19 (1): 37.doi:10.1080/23800992.2017.1289763.ISSN 2380-0992.
  69. ^Hellinger, Moshe; Hershkowitz, Isaac; Susser, Bernard (2018).Religious Zionism and the settlement project: ideology, politics, and civil disobedience. Albany:SUNY Press. p. 105.ISBN 978-1-4384-6839-6.
  70. ^Ex-Undercover Agent Charged as a Link in Rabin Killing,The New York Times, April 26, 1999
  71. ^Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (2006).The scope of tolerance: studies on the costs of free expression and freedom of the press. New York:Routledge. p. 137.ISBN 978-0-415-35758-6.
  72. ^Kumaraswamy, P. R. (2015).Historical Dictionary of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Historical dictionaries of war, revolution, and civil unrest (2nd ed.).Rowman & Littlefield. p. 47.ISBN 978-1-4422-5169-4.4 August: Security forces prevent thousands of Israeli protesters from marching into Gaza settlements
  73. ^"Thousands protest Israel's Gaza withdrawal". NBC News. June 27, 2005. RetrievedApril 5, 2024.
  74. ^Lis, Jonathan (January 25, 2010)."Israel to expunge criminal records of 400 Gaza pullout opponents".Haaretz. RetrievedApril 5, 2024.
  75. ^Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2009).The Israeli-Palestinian conflict: a people's war. London; New York: Routledge. p. 89.ISBN 978-0-415-41044-1.OCLC 166379384.
  76. ^Reichner, Elyashiv (2010).Katom ha-maʼavaḳ: Gush Ḳaṭif be-maʻarakhah. Tel-Aviv: Yediʻot aḥaronot : Sifre ḥemed. p. 64.ISBN 978-965-545-165-8.OCLC 651600751.
  77. ^"מת גבר ששרף עצמו בגלל הפינוי" [Man who set himself on fire in protest of the disengagement – pronounced dead].Makor Rishon. RetrievedApril 13, 2024.
  78. ^Hasson, Nir (August 18, 2005)."מפגינת ימין הציתה עצמה; מצבה קשה".הארץ (in Hebrew). RetrievedApril 13, 2024.
  79. ^וייס, אפרת (September 6, 2005)."מת מפצעיו הצעיר שהצית עצמו בגלל ההתנתקות".Ynet (in Hebrew). RetrievedFebruary 16, 2024.
  80. ^Rynhold, Jonathan; Waxman, Dov (2008)."Ideological Change and Israel's Disengagement from Gaza".Political Science Quarterly.123 (1): 11.doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2008.tb00615.x.ISSN 0032-3195.JSTOR 20202970.
  81. ^"Demolition of Gaza Homes Completed".Ynetnews. September 1, 2005. RetrievedMay 5, 2007.
  82. ^Moledet Israeli Democracy Institute
  83. ^Meranda, Amnon (November 3, 2015)."Right-wing parties unite". Ynetnews. RetrievedNovember 3, 2008.
  84. ^"Moledet Strengthens Unity in Religious Camp". Arutz Sheva. November 8, 2012. RetrievedDecember 4, 2012.
  85. ^"Tkuma (Revival: The First 50 Years) 22 Chapters".Amazon.com.
  86. ^"הציונות הדתית בראשות בצלאל סמוטריץ'".Central Election Committee for the Knesset.
  87. ^abOren, Neta; Waxman, Do (2022–2023). "King Bibi" and Israeli Illiberalism: Assessing Democratic Backsliding in Israel during the Second Netanyahu Era (2009–2021)".The Middle East Journal.76 (3).Washington, D.C.:Middle East Institute:303–326.doi:10.3751/76.3.11.ISSN 1940-3461.LCCN 48002240.OCLC 1607025.S2CID 256106816.... a political backlash that helped a militantly anti-Arab, far-right Religious Zionist Party to become the third-largest faction ...
  88. ^abcdRosenberg, David E. (October 30, 2022)."What Makes Israel's Far Right Different".Foreign Policy.Washington, D.C.:Graham Holdings Company.ISSN 0015-7228.Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. RetrievedMay 9, 2023.
  89. ^Hoffman, Gil (January 7, 2021)."'Post' poll shows mergers capable of bringing down Netanyahu".The Jerusalem Post. RetrievedJanuary 21, 2021.
  90. ^"Religious Zionism and Jewish Home parties merge".Israel National News. August 3, 2023. RetrievedSeptember 22, 2023.
  91. ^"Itamar Ben-Gvir: Israeli far-right leader set to join new coalition".BBC News. November 25, 2022. RetrievedMarch 23, 2024.
  92. ^"UK sanctions extremist groups and individuals for settler violence in the West Bank".GOV.UK. RetrievedMay 3, 2024.
  93. ^"US sanctions Lehava leader, fundraisers for violent settlers".The Jerusalem Post. April 19, 2024. RetrievedMay 3, 2024.
  94. ^Sharon, Jeremy (July 17, 2019)."Anti-LGBT Noam Party set to run in September election".The Jerusalem Post. RetrievedNovember 8, 2022.
  95. ^"אודות אבי מעוז".Noam (in Hebrew). RetrievedJanuary 5, 2023.
  96. ^"חברי הכנסת ה-25 לפי סיעות" (in Hebrew).Knesset. RetrievedJanuary 5, 2023.
  97. ^*Kershner, Isabel; Kingsley, Patrick (November 1, 2022)."Israel Election: Exit Polls Show Netanyahu With Edge in Israel's Election".The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331.Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. RetrievedNovember 6, 2022.
  98. ^*"Israel Swears in New Parliament, Most Right-Wing in History".U.S. News & World Report.Associated Press (AP). 2022.Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. RetrievedMarch 11, 2023.Israel has sworn in its most religious and right-wing parliament
  99. ^Carrie Keller-Lynn (December 21, 2022).""I've done it": Netanyahu announces his 6th government, Israel's most hardline ever".The Times of Israel.Archived from the original on January 14, 2023. RetrievedDecember 21, 2022.
  100. ^Picheta, Rob; Gold, Hadas; Tal, Amir (December 29, 2022)."Benjamin Netanyahu sworn in as leader of Israel's likely most right-wing government ever". CNN.Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. RetrievedDecember 29, 2022.
  101. ^*Maltz, Judy (November 3, 2022)."Will Israel Become a Theocracy? Religious Parties Are Election's Biggest Winners".Haaretz.Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. RetrievedNovember 6, 2022.
  102. ^Gross, Judah Ari (November 4, 2022)."Israel poised to have its most religious government; experts say no theocracy yet".The Times of Israel.Archived from the original on November 6, 2022. RetrievedNovember 6, 2022.
  103. ^"Elections and Parties".en.idi.org.il. RetrievedMarch 23, 2024.
  104. ^Guyer, Jonathan (January 20, 2023)."Israel's new right-wing government is even more extreme than protests would have you think".Vox. RetrievedMarch 22, 2024.
  105. ^Shakir, Omar (April 27, 2021)."A Threshold Crossed".Human Rights Watch.
  106. ^"Who is Israel's far-right, pro-settler Security Minister Ben-Gvir?". Al Jazeera. RetrievedMarch 22, 2024.
  107. ^Nechin, Etan (January 9, 2024)."The far right infiltration of Israel's media is blinding the public to the truth about Gaza".The Guardian.ISSN 0261-3077. RetrievedMarch 22, 2024.
  108. ^Gritten, David (July 10, 2023)."Biden criticises 'most extreme' ministers in Israeli government". BBC News. RetrievedMarch 23, 2024.
  109. ^Klein, Yossi (January 12, 2023)."Netanyahu's Stalinist purge threatens Israeli democracy".Haaretz.
  110. ^abNajjar, Farah; Harb, Ali (July 27, 2023)."Israeli far-right minister leads incursion of Al-Aqsa compound". Al Jazeera. RetrievedMay 17, 2024.
  111. ^Toi Staff; Magid, Jacob (May 22, 2023)."US flogs Ben Gvir for 'provocative, inflammatory' tour on tense Temple Mount".The Times of Israel.
  112. ^Gritten, David (February 27, 2023)."Settlers rampage in West Bank villages after Israelis killed". BBC News. RetrievedFebruary 27, 2022.
  113. ^abKingsley, Patrick; Kershner, Isabel (February 27, 2023)."Revenge Attacks After Killing of Israeli Settlers Leave West Bank in Turmoil".The New York Times. RetrievedMarch 5, 2023.
  114. ^abBreiner, Josh (February 28, 2023)."The Chaos in Hawara Didn't End on the Night of the Riots, nor Did the Israeli Army's Incompetence".Haaretz. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2023.
  115. ^abMcKernan, Bethan (February 27, 2023)."Israeli settlers rampage after Palestinian gunman kills two".The Guardian. RetrievedFebruary 27, 2023.
  116. ^abMohammed, Majdi; Ben Zion, Ilan (February 27, 2023)."Israel beefs up troops after unprecedented settler rampage". Associated Press. RetrievedFebruary 27, 2023.
  117. ^Bateman, Tom (February 27, 2023)."Hawara: 'What happened was horrific and barbaric'". BBC News. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2023.
  118. ^abScharf, Isaac; Bentov, Ami (March 2, 2023)."Israeli campaign raises funds for torched Palestinian town".Associated Press News. RetrievedOctober 14, 2023.
  119. ^McKernan, Bethan (February 26, 2023)."Israeli and Palestinian officials express 'readiness' to work to stop violence".The Guardian. RetrievedFebruary 27, 2023.
  120. ^Rubin, Shira (February 28, 2023)."Emboldened by Israel's far right, Jewish settlers fan the flames of chaos".The Washington Post. RetrievedMarch 5, 2023.
  121. ^Maanit, Chen; Samuels, Ben (March 1, 2023)."Palestinian 'Village of Hawara Needs to Be Wiped Out': Israel's Far-right Finance Minister Justifies 'Disproportionate' Response to Terrorism".Haaretz. RetrievedMarch 1, 2023.
  122. ^Magid, Jacob (March 2, 2023)."US prods Netanyahu to condemn Smotrich 'incitement' after call to wipe out Huwara".The Times of Israel. RetrievedMarch 5, 2023.
  123. ^Magid, Jacob (March 3, 2023)."Smotrich's DC visit still on amid uproar, but US officials not planning to meet him".The Times of Israel. RetrievedMarch 6, 2023.
  124. ^Tov, Michael Hauser (November 12, 2023)."'We're rolling out Nakba 2023,' Israeli minister says on northern Gaza Strip evacuation".Haaretz. RetrievedMarch 23, 2024.
  125. ^Da Silva, Chantal (November 14, 2023)."Israel right-wing ministers' comments add fuel to Palestinian fears". NBC News. RetrievedMarch 23, 2024.
  126. ^Lederer, Edith M. (November 14, 2023)."China, Iran, Arab nations condemn Israeli minister's statement about dropping a nuclear bomb on Gaza". Associated Press. RetrievedMarch 23, 2024.
  127. ^Staff Reporter."Extremist Israeli minister renews call to hit Gaza with 'nuclear bomb'".TRT World. RetrievedMarch 23, 2024.
  128. ^"Far-right minister Smotrich calls for 'sterile zones' free of Palestinians near settlements".Middle East Eye. RetrievedMarch 23, 2024.
  129. ^Burke, Jason; Taha, Sufian (November 30, 2023)."'No work and no olives': harvest rots as West Bank farmers cut off from trees".The Guardian.ISSN 0261-3077. RetrievedMarch 23, 2024.
  130. ^Bhat, Sadiq."'Proud of ruins of Gaza': Israeli minister rejoices at Palestine's distress".TRT World. RetrievedMarch 23, 2024.
  131. ^Weinblum, Sharon (January 30, 2015).Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse. Routledge.ISBN 978-1-317-58450-6.
  132. ^Pietromarchi, Virginia; Haddad, Mohammed."How Israeli settlers are expanding illegal outposts amid Gaza war". Al Jazeera. RetrievedMarch 22, 2024.
  133. ^Magid, Jacob (July 23, 2017)."Work starts on new outpost outside Halamish after deadly terror attack".The Times of Israel.Archived from the original on July 23, 2017. RetrievedJuly 23, 2017.
  134. ^"Hilltop Youth push to settle West Bank". August 18, 2009. RetrievedMarch 31, 2024.
  135. ^Pedahzur, Ami (2009).Jewish terrorism in Israel. New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN 978-0-231-15446-8 – via Internet Archive.
  136. ^Burgess, Mark (May 20, 2004)."Explaining Religious Terrorism Part 1".studies.agentura.ru. RetrievedMarch 22, 2024.
  137. ^Gavlak, Dale (May 13, 2014)."'Price Tag' Israeli Extremists Target Christians".Christianity Today. RetrievedMarch 15, 2019.
  138. ^Yifa Yaakov,'Arab Israeli complains of Galilee price tag attack,'The Times of Israel 21 April 2014,
  139. ^Hasson, Nir (February 10, 2013)."Daughter of slain peace activist Grunzweig: Israel imposes terror on its citizens".Haaretz. RetrievedMarch 22, 2024.
  140. ^Rabin, Lea (1997).Rabin : our life, his legacy. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.ISBN 978-0-399-14217-8 – via Internet Archive.
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