 Fanny Blankers-Koen in 1949 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Born | Francine Elsje Koen 26 April 1918 Lage Vuursche, Netherlands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 25 January 2004 (aged 85) Hoofddorp, Netherlands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weight | 63 kg (139 lb) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sport | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sport | Track and field | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Event(s) | 100 m,200 m,80 m hurdles,4 × 100 m relay | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Club | Sagitta, Amsterdam; ADA, Amsterdam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Medal record
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Francina Elsje "Fanny"Blankers-Koen (pronounced[frɑnˈsinaːˈʔɛlɕəˈfɑniˈblɑŋkərsˈkun]ⓘ; néeKoen, 26 April 1918 – 25 January 2004) was a Dutchtrack and field athlete, best known for winning four gold medals at the1948 Summer Olympics in London. She competed there as a 30-year-old mother of two, earning her the nickname "the Flying Housewife", and was the most successful athlete at the event.[1]
Having started competing in athletics in 1935, she took part in the1936 Summer Olympics a year later. Although international competition was stopped by World War II, Blankers-Koen set several world records during that period, in events as diverse as thelong jump, thehigh jump, andsprint andhurdling events.
Apart from her four Olympic titles, she won fiveEuropean titles and 58 Dutch championships, and set or tied 12 world records – the last, in thepentathlon, in 1951 aged 33. She retired from athletics in 1955, after which she became captain of the Dutch female track and field team. In 1999, she was voted "Female Athlete of the Century" by theInternational Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). Her Olympic victories are credited with helping to eliminate the belief that age and motherhood were barriers to success in women's sport.[1]
Fanny Koen was born on 26 April 1918 inLage Vuursche (nearBaarn) to Arnoldus and Helena Koen. Her father was a government official who competed in theshot put anddiscus.[2] She had five brothers.[2] As a teenager, she enjoyedtennis, swimming,gymnastics,ice skating,fencing andrunning. Standing 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in), she was a natural athlete. It soon became clear she had a talent for sports, but she could not decide which sport to pick. A swimming coach advised her to concentrate on running because there were already several top swimmers in the Netherlands at that time (such asRie Mastenbroek), and she would have a better chance to qualify for the Olympics in a track event.[citation needed]
Her first appearance in the sport was in 1935, aged 17.[3] Her first competition was a disappointment, but in her third race, she set a national record in the 800 m. Fanny Koen soon made the Dutch team, although as a sprinter, not a middle-distance runner. At that time, 800 m was generally considered too physically demanding for female contestants and had been removed from the Olympic programme after 1928.[1][2] The following year, her coach and future husband,Jan Blankers, a former Olympictriple-jumper who had participated in the1928 Olympics, encouraged her to enter the trials for the1936 Olympics in Berlin.[3] At eighteen years old, she was selected to compete in thehigh jump and the 4 × 100 mrelay.[citation needed]
At the Berlin Olympics, the high jump and the 4 × 100 m relay competitions were held on the same day. In the high jump, she took fifth place (shared with two other jumpers), while the Dutch relay team came in fifth in the final (the sixth team in the final, Germany, was disqualified).[4] She also obtained theautograph of American athleteJesse Owens; it became her most treasured possession.[2][5]
Slowly, Koen rose to the top. In 1938, she ran her first world record (11.0 seconds in the 100 yards), and she also won her first international medals. At the European Championships in Vienna, she won the bronze in both the 100 and 200 m,[6] which were both won byStanisława Walasiewicz. Many observers, and Koen herself, expected her to do well at the upcomingOlympics, which were due to be held in Helsinki in July 1940.[citation needed]
However, the outbreak of World War II put a stop to the preparations. The Olympics were formally cancelled on 2 May 1940, a week beforethe Netherlands was invaded.[citation needed]
Just prior to the invasion, Koen had become engaged, and on 29 August 1940, she married Jan Blankers (who was fifteen years her senior), thereupon changing her name to Blankers-Koen. Blankers was then a sports journalist and the coach of the Dutch women's athletics team, even though he originally thought women should not compete in sports – not an unusual opinion at the time. However, his attitude toward female athletes changed after he fell in love with Koen.[7]
When Blankers-Koen gave birth to her first child, Jan Junior, in 1942,[8] Dutch media automatically assumed her career would be over.[7] Top female athletes who were married were rare at the time, and it was considered inconceivable that a mother would be an athlete. Blankers-Koen resumed training only weeks after their son's birth.[9]
During the war, domestic competition in sports continued in the German-occupied Netherlands, and Blankers-Koen set six new world records between 1942 and 1944.[1] The first came in 1942, when she improved the world mark in the 80 mhurdles. The following year, she did even better. First, she improved the high jump record by an unequalled 5 cm from 1.66 m to 1.71 m in a specially arranged competition in Amsterdam on 30 May.[10] Then, she tied the100 m world record, but this was never recognised officially, as she competed against men when setting the record. She closed out the season with a new world record in thelong jump, 6.25 m on 19 September 1943. The latter record would stand until 1954.[11]
Circumstances were not easy, and it became harder to get enough food, especially for an athlete in training. Despite this, Blankers-Koen managed to break the 100 yd (91 m) world record in May 1944. At the same meet, she ran with the relay team that broke the 4 × 110 yd (100 m) world record. The German press was excited, as the previous record had been set by an English team. Months later, she helped break the 4 × 200 m record, which was held by Germany. In an act of defiance, the women wore outfits with national symbols while setting the record.[12]
The winter of 1944–45, known as theHongerwinter (hunger winter), was severe, and there was a serious lack of food, especially in the big cities. She gave birth to a daughter, Fanneke, in 1945 and in contrast to her previous post-birth activities, took seven months off from sport and only undertook limited training.[1]
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The first major international event after the war was the1946 European Championships, held in Oslo, Norway. The championships were a slight disappointment. In the 100 m semi-finals, held during the high jump final, she fell and failed to qualify for the final. Competing with bruises from the fall, she ended the high jump competition in fourth. The second day was more successful, as she won the 80 m hurdles event, and led the Dutch relay team to victory in the 4 × 100 m.[citation needed]
As the leading female athlete in the Netherlands – in 1947 she won national titles in six women's events – Blankers-Koen was assured of a place on the Dutch team for thefirst post-war Olympics, held in London. After her experience in Oslo, she decided not to take part in all events, but limit herself to four: she dropped the high jump and long jump to concentrate on the 100 m, the 200 m, the 80 m hurdles, and the 4 × 100 m relay (competition rules also prevented an athlete from competing in more than three individual track and field events[2]).
Although she displayed her form two months before the Games by beating her own 80 m hurdles world record – one of the six world records that she held at that time[3] – some journalists questioned her, suggesting 30 years was too old for a woman to be an athlete. The British athletics team's manager,Jack Crump, opined that she was "too old to make the grade".[5] Many in the Netherlands were concerned for the welfare of the family, saying that she should stay at home to look after her children, not compete in athletics events.[5][13]
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Her first competition was the 100 m, and she qualified easily for the semi-finals, in which she set the fastest time. The final (2 August) was held on a muddy track and in rainy conditions. Blankers-Koen sped to the finish line in 11.9, easily beating her opponentsDorothy Manley andShirley Strickland, who took second and third.[citation needed]
Fanny Blankers-Koen thereby became the first Dutch athlete to win an Olympic title in athletics, but she was more concerned with her next event, the 80 m hurdles. Her chief opponent wasMaureen Gardner, also coached by Blankers-Koen's husband[4] and who had equalled Blankers-Koen's world record prior to the Games, and would be running for her home crowd. Both athletes made the final, in which Blankers-Koen got off to a bad start (she would later claim she thought there had been a false start).[7]
She picked up the pace quickly, but was unable to shake off Gardner, who kept close until the finish line, and the two finished almost simultaneously. When the British national anthem was played, the crowd inWembley Stadium cheered, and Blankers-Koen briefly thought she had been beaten. However, the anthem was played in honour of the British royal family, which entered the stadium at that time. Examination of the finish photo clearly showed that not Gardner, but Blankers-Koen had won, although both received the same time (11.2 seconds).[citation needed]
In spite of her successes, Blankers-Koen nearly failed to start in the semi-finals of the 200 m, held the day after the hurdles final. Shortly before the semi-final, she broke down because of homesickness.[14] After a long talk with her husband, she decided to run anyway, and qualified for the final with great ease. The final, on 6 August, was again held in the pouring rain, but Blankers-Koen completed the inaugural Olympic 200 m for women in 24.4, seven-tenths of a second ahead of runner-upAudrey Williamson – still the largest margin of victory in an Olympic 200 m final.Audrey Patterson placed in third, thereby becoming the first African American woman to win an Olympic medal.[citation needed]
The 4 × 100 m final was held on the final day of the track and field competitions. The Dutch team, consisting ofXenia Stad-de Jong,Netti Witziers-Timmer,Gerda van der Kade-Koudijs and Blankers-Koen, qualified for the final, but just before the final, Blankers-Koen was missing. She had gone out to shop for a raincoat, and arrived just in time for the race. As the last runner, she took over the baton in third place, some five meters behind the Australian and Canadian runners. In spite of a careful and slow exchange, she caught up with the leaders, crossing the line a tenth of a second before the Australian woman. In hindsight, the Dutch team should have been disqualified because the third runner crossed the line on the inside.[15]
Fanny Blankers-Koen won four of the nine women's events at the 1948 Olympics,[14] competing in eleven heats and finals in eight days.[4] She was the first woman to win four Olympic gold medals, and achieved the feat in a single Olympics.[13] Dubbed "the flying housewife",[3] "the flying Dutchmam",[1] and "amazing Fanny" by the international press, she was welcomed back home in Amsterdam by an immense crowd.[5] After a ride through the city, pulled by four white horses, she received a lot of praise and gifts. From the city of Amsterdam, she received a new bicycle:[5] "to go through life at a slower pace" and "so she need not run so much".[2]Queen Juliana made her a knight of theOrder of Orange Nassau.[2]
Now known all over the world, Blankers-Koen received many offers for endorsements, advertisements, publicity stunts, and the like. Because of the strictamateurism rules in force at the time, she had to turn most offers down. However, a fortnight after the 1948 Olympics, she entertained 35,000 spectators by equalling her 100 m world record of 10.8 seconds onLansdowne Road's "heavy grass track".[16]
Also, in 1949, she travelled abroad to promote women's athletics, flying to Australia and the United States.[17][18]
Blankers-Koen had been chosen the 1948Helms Athletic Foundation World Trophy Winner for Europe, and in 1949 she travelled to Los Angeles to compete in the Los Angeles Coliseum Relays.[19][20]
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In 1950, a controversial episode involving one of Blankers-Koen's competitors occurred. A year earlier, a new Dutch sprint talent,Foekje Dillema had made her breakthrough. In 1950, she broke the national record in the 200 m, and some journalists already dubbed her as the "new Fanny". That year, Dillema was the first subject of the International Association of Athletics Federations's mandatory sex verification policy and was subjected to a "sex test", the details of which were never revealed.[21] As a result, she was expelled by the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation from athletics for the rest of her life and the 200 m record she took from Blankers-Koen was erased.[21] Dillema, who never spoke publicly on the subject, died in December 2007.[7]
After the death of Dillema, a forensic test on body cells obtained from her clothing found that there was a Y-chromosome in Dillema's DNA, which indicated she was possibly agenetic mosaic or atrue hermaphrodite. Most of the other women on the team at the time suspect it was an attempt by Blankers and Blankers-Koen to eliminate an opponent, although this has never been confirmed.[7]
The same year, Blankers-Koen almost repeated her Olympic performance at theEuropean Championships in Brussels. She won the titles in the 100 m, 200 m and 80 m hurdles, all with large margins of victory (four-tenths of a second or more), but narrowly missed out on a fourth win in the relay, which was won by the British team.[citation needed]
At age 34, she took part in herthird Olympics, which were held in Helsinki.[13] Although she was in good physical condition, she was severely hampered by a skinboil. She qualified for the 100 m semi-finals, but forfeited a start to save herself for the hurdles race. She reached the final in that event, but after knocking over the second hurdle, she abandoned the race. It was her last major competition. On 7 August 1955, Fanny Blankers-Koen was victorious for the last time, winning the national title in theshot put, her 58th Dutch title.[citation needed]
After her athletic career, Blankers-Koen served as the team leader of the Dutch athletics team, from the1958 European Championships to the1968 Summer Olympics.[citation needed]
In 1977, Blankers-Koen's husband Jan died. Some years after his death, she moved back to her old hometown ofHoofddorp. In 1981, theFanny Blankers-Koen Games, an international athletics event, were established. They are still held annually inHengelo.[citation needed]
Blankers-Koen's last moment of glory came in 1999. At a gala in Monaco, organized by theInternational Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), she was declared the "Female Athlete of the Century".[3] She was very surprised to have won, audibly asking "You mean it is me who has won?"[2][4]
In the years prior to her death, Blankers-Koen suffered fromAlzheimer's disease and lived in a psychiatric nursing home. She was also deaf.[5] She died at age 85 in Hoofddorp on 25 January 2004.[citation needed]
A year before her death, the first biography of Blankers-Koen was published,Een koningin met mannenbenen (A Queen with Men's Legs) by journalistKees Kooman.[7] Through many interviews with relatives, friends and contemporary athletes, it paints a previously unknown picture of her. During her successful years, Dutch and international media portrayed her as the perfect mother (hence her nickname "the flying housewife"), who was modest about her own achievements.[22] Kooman's book portrays Blankers-Koen in a different light, as a woman who found it difficult to show affection and who was driven by a desire to win.[22] Blankers-Koen had previously written an autobiography in 1949 with help from her husband.[23]
Her personal record on the 100 m of 11.5 remained the Amsterdam club record ofPhanos for 62 years. It was finally broken in May 2010 byJamile Samuel.[24]
Blankers-Koen received the following recognition:[citation needed]
TheFanny Blankers-Koen Carrièreprijs was created byNOC*NSF to honour the achievements of Dutch sportspeople and was first given on 9 December 2005. For its inauguration, five people were awarded the prize. Since then, the award has been given to an individual annually.[25]
She was among the women included in the1001 Vrouwen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis, a dictionary of biography covering 1001 important Dutchwomen.[26] In a 2004 national poll, Blankers-Koen ranked 29th forDe Grootste Nederlander (The Greatest Netherlander); she was the third highest sportsperson (after footballersJohan Cruyff andMarco van Basten) and the seventh highest woman in the poll.[citation needed]
Two public statues of her have been erected in the Netherlands: the first was made byHan Rehm and placed inRotterdam in 1954 and the second, made byAntoinette Ruiter, was placed on 9 May 2007 inHengelo. Also in 2007, a text was installed on the fence of the sportspark atOlympiaplein in Amsterdam declaring "Hier trainde Fanny Blankers-Koen" ("Fanny Blankers-Koen trained here").[citation needed]
Several locations have been named in her honour, including Blankers-Koen Park inNewington, New South Wales, the location of theSydney 2000 Olympic Village, a fire station in Amsterdam (Fanny Blankers-Koenkazerne), a multisport stadium in Hengelo (Fanny Blankers-Koen Stadium), a sports park inAlmere (FBK-sportpark), and a sports hall inHoofddorp where she lived (Fanny Blankers-Koen hal).[citation needed]
Blankers-Koen was honoured with aGoogle Doodle on 26 April 2018, on her 100th birthday.[27]
| Event | Performance | Date | Location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 yd | 10.6 s | 5 July 1952 | Wassenaar | NR |
| 100 m | 11.5 s | 16 June 1948 | Amsterdam | WR 1948–1952 NR 1948–1969 |
| 200 m | 23.9 s | 22 September 1952 | Antwerp | NR 1952–1967 |
| 220 yd | 24.2 s | 29 June 1950 | Brescia | WR 1950–1954 |
| 800 m | 2.29.0 s | 22 September 1935 | Amsterdam | NR 1935–1953 |
| 80 m hurdles | 11.0 s | 20 June 1948 | Amsterdam | WR 1948–1952 NR 1948–1963 |
| Long jump | 6.25 m | 19 September 1943 | Leiden | WR 1943–1954 NR 1943–1960 |
| High jump | 1.71 m | 30 May 1943 | Amsterdam | WR 1943–1951 NR 1943–1966 |
| Pentathlon | 4692 pts | 15–16 September 1951 | Amsterdam | WR 1951–1953 NR 1951–1968 |
| Event | Performance | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 800 m | 2:29.0 | 22 September 1935 | Amsterdam |
| 4 × 100 m club team | 51.0 | 14 June 1936 | Rijswijk |
| 10 × 100 m club team | 2:12.6 | 14 June 1936 | Rijswijk |
| 4 × 100 m club team | 50.3 | 27 June 1936 | Amsterdam |
| Relay race (200–100–80–60 m) | 59.2 | 12 July 1936 | Haarlem |
| 4 × 100 m national team | 48.4 | 8 August 1936 | Berlin |
| 4 × 100 m club team | 50.1 | 6 September 1936 | Amsterdam |
| 80 m | 10.0 | 29 August 1937 | Doetinchem |
| 100 yd | 11.2 | 29 August 1937 | Doetinchem |
| Pentathlon | 335 pts | 12 September 1937 | Rotterdam |
| 100 yd | 11.0 | 19 June 1938 | Amsterdam |
| 60 m | 7.5 | 31 July 1938 | Amsterdam |
| Long jump | 5.80 m | 3 June 1939 | Mitcham, London |
| Long jump | 5.97 m | 30 July 1939 | Berlin |
| 100 m | 11.9 | 20 August 1939 | Amsterdam |
| 100 m | 11.7 | 26 July 1942 | Eindhoven |
| Long jump | 6.00 m | 26 July 1942 | Eindhoven |
| 80 m hurdles | 11.7 | 13 September 1942 | Leiden |
| 80 m hurdles | 11.3 | 20 September 1942 | Amsterdam |
| High jump | 1.71 m | 30 May 1943 | Amsterdam |
| 200 m | 24.5 | 27 June 1943 | Rotterdam |
| Long jump | 6.08 m | 4 July 1943 | Amsterdam |
| Pentathlon | 339 pts | 28–29 August 1943 | Amsterdam |
| Long jump | 6.25 m | 19 September 1943 | Leiden |
| 100 yd | 10.8 | 18 May 1944 | Amsterdam |
| 4 × 110 yd nat team | 48.8 | 18 May 1944 | Amsterdam |
| 4 × 200 m nat team | 1:41.0 | 27 August 1944 | Hilversum |
| 4 × 100 m national team | 47.8 | 25 August 1946 | Oslo |
| 200 m | 24.2 | 25 April 1948 | Lyon |
| 100 m | 11.5 † | 13 June 1948 | Amsterdam |
| 4 × 100 m national team | 47.7 | 13 June 1948 | Amsterdam |
| 80 m hurdles | 11.0 | 20 June 1948 | Amsterdam |
| 4 × 100 m national team | 47.5 | 25 July 1948 | Rijswijk |
| 4 × 100 m national team | 47.4 | 25 July 1948 | Rijswijk |
| 4 × 110 yd nat team | 47.4 | 25 July 1948 | Rijswijk |
| 100 yd | 10.8 | 27 August 1948 | Dublin |
| 4 × 200 m club team | 1.46.6 | 4 June 1950 | Amsterdam |
| 200 m | 24.1 | 22 July 1950 | Rotterdam |
| 4 × 100 m club team | 48.2 | 6 August 1950 | Amsterdam |
| 200 m | 24.0 | 27 August 1950 | Brussels |
| 4 × 100 m national team | 47.4 | 27 August 1950 | Brussels |
| Pentathlon | 4692 pts | 15–16 September 1951 | Amsterdam |
| 10 × 100 m club team | 2:04.1 | 1 July 1952 | Amsterdam |
| 100 yd | 10.6 | 5 July 1952 | The Hague |
| 200 m | 23.9 † | 23 September 1952 | Antwerp |
| 4 × 200 m club team | 1:41.2 | 26 July 1953 | Amsterdam |
Information from herWorld Athletics profile unless noted otherwise.[28]
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1936 | Olympic Games | Berlin, Germany | 6th | High jump | 1.55 m |
| 5th | 4 × 100 m | 48.8 h | |||
| 1938 | European Championships | Vienna, Austria | 3rd | 100 m | 12.0 h |
| 3rd | 200 m | 24.9 h | |||
| 1946 | European Championships | Oslo, Norway | – (sf) | 100 m | DNF |
| 4th | High jump | 1.57 m | |||
| 1st | 80 m hurdles | 11.8 h | |||
| 1st | 4 × 100 m | 47.8 h | |||
| 1948 | Olympic Games | London, United Kingdom | 1st | 100 m | 11.9 h |
| 1st | 80 m hurdles | 11.2 h | |||
| 1st | 200 m | 24.4 h | |||
| 1st | 4 × 100 m | 47.5 h | |||
| 1950 | European Championships | Brussels, Belgium | 1st | 100 m | 11.7 h |
| 1st | 80 m hurdles | 11.1 h | |||
| 1st | 200 m | 24.0 h | |||
| 2nd | 4 × 100 m | 47.4 h | |||
| 1952 | Olympic Games | Helsinki, Finland | – (sf) | 100 m | DNS |
| – (final) | 80 m hurdles | DNF |
| Event | Year(s) |
|---|---|
| 100 m | 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952 |
| 200 m | 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1952 |
| 80 m hurdles | 1940, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954 |
| High jump | 1936, 1937, 1939, 1940, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951 |
| Long jump | 1939, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951 |
| Shot put | 1947, 1955 |
| Pentathlon | 1937 |
| Records | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | 80 metres hurdles world record holder 20 September 1942 – 23 July 1952 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | High jump world record holder 30 May 1943 – 7 July 1951 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | 100 metres world record holder 5 September 1943 – 22 July 1952 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Long jump world record holder 19 September 1943 – 20 February 1954 | Succeeded by |
| Awards | ||
| Preceded by | Sauer Cup 1937 1940 1943 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Succeeded by | |
| Preceded by | Succeeded by Women's relay team | |
European Athletics Championships champions in women's100 metres | |
|---|---|
|
European Athletics Championships champions in women's200 metres | |
|---|---|
|
European Athletics Championships champions in women'ssprint hurdles | |
|---|---|
| 80 m hurdles(1938–66) |
|
| 100 m hurdles(since 1969) |
|
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
