Afan wiki is awiki created byfans of apopular culture topic. Fan wikis, which are a part offandoms, cover television shows, film franchises, video games, comics, sports, and other topics. The primary purpose of a fan wiki is to document its topic area throughcollaborative editing. Fan wikis document their subjects at varying levels of detail. They also serve narrative and creative functions. Some present analysis,fan theories andfiction, and video gamestrategy guides andwalkthroughs, while others only document officialcanon.Media andcultural studies scholars have studied fan wikis as forms ofparticipatory culture that enable fans to build community.
Fan wikis were first published in the early-to-mid-2000s, some as a result of fans collaborating onWikipedia and then forming their own separate wikis. Many fan wikis are hosted onFandom, a for-profitwiki hosting service. Since the mid-2010s, some fan wiki communities have left Fandom over disagreements about advertising, outdated software, and corporate control.
A fan wiki is awiki[a] that is created byfans, primarily to document an object ofpopular culture. Fan wikis cover television shows, film franchises, video games, comic books, sports, and other topics.[1] They are a part offandoms, which aresubcultures dedicated to a common popular culture interest. The digital humanities scholarJason Mittell stated in 2013 that fan wikis were "[o]ne of the most popular and widespread uses of wikis".[2]
Fan wikis usually operate according to internal policies. Editors reach decisions through discussion andconsensus decision-making. Some wikis are more hierarchical, while others operate more collectively. They usually appoint a small group of editors to serve assystem operators (sysops) or administrators, who have additional powers to enforce rules.[3] Many fan wikis have rules that require editors to provide citations to reliable sources to verify their claims. For example, onThe Tudors fan wiki, editors tended to rely upon scholarly nonfiction and traditional media sources in discussions.[4]
Fan wikis document and analyze their topic areas at different levels of detail. They are also spaces where editors can collaborate on creative works, including generatingfan fiction and fan theory. Fans use fan wikis to interact with people with similar interests and assert cultural ownership over their wikis' subjects.[5]
A fan wiki's basic purpose is to document its topic area.[6] Fan wikis generally cover their objects of study in depth; editors create extensive film character biographies, describe video game plots in detail, and present trivia about television episode productions.[7] Wikipedia editors, by contrast, disfavor describing fictional elements at a high level of detail, referring to such material using the derogatory termfancruft. Mittell provides an example of fan wikis' level of detail: in 2010, the article for the minor characterDaultay Dofine onWookieepedia, aStar Wars franchise wiki, was about 3,500 words long and had been awarded featured status by the community for its high quality of writing. By contrast, the Dofine page on Wikipedia redirected readers to a list of minorStar Wars characters that did not have a description of the character.[8]
Fan wikis also document their topics at different levels of detail.[8] Some, such as the Battlestar Galactica Wiki, only cover thetelevision show's officialcanon,[9] while others, likeLostpedia, allow editors to analyzethe show's themes and plot, summarizefan fiction andparodies, and speculate about the show.[10] Fan wikis, such as theStar Trek wikiMemory Alpha, are often more comprehensive than official materials.[11] Many video game wikis document game mechanics and includewalkthroughs andstrategy guides.[12]
Fan wikis serve a narrative and creative function. Editors create their own narrative of a franchise, known as afanon, based on their own interpretation of the wiki's subject.[13] When editorshyperlink between and categorize articles, or update navigation lists, they creatively interpret the subject by connecting different topics and themes.[14] Mittell compared editors' use of those tools on fan wikis to scholars writing reference texts about and annotated editions of "classical literature andmythology". In both cases, the creators analyze their subject and create "alternative narratives", which readers consult to fill gaps in their knowledge.[15] Editors may also create or rely upon visual representations of their subject. In a case study of Lostpedia, the narrative scholar Laura Daniel Buchholz stated that editors organized their perception of the show based on the geography of the island and the creation of competing fan maps.[16] Likewise, theinformation science scholar Olle Sköld compared the editors of theDark Souls wiki to ecologists who explored, analyzed, and documented the landscape ofDark Souls II.[17]
On some fan wikis, fans present their own theories based on speculation and original research. On wikis like Lostpedia and the American television seriesSupernatural wiki, there are dedicated pages for analysis of concepts, themes, and plot elements.[18]Heroes Wiki, a wiki for theAmerican television series, likewise featured spoilers and fan theories about future episodes and plot developments.[19] Others, like the Battlestar Galactica Wiki and theDoctor Who franchise wiki, prohibit fan fiction or fan theories.[20]
Fan wikis serve a communal role. They allow editors with similar interests to share in their enthusiasm and knowledge of a franchise. Mittell and themedia andcultural studies scholar Henry Jones have analyzed fan wikis asparatexts, which are a set of works that accompany and interact with atext.[21] As part of fan wiki communities, editors work collaboratively to create a shared work.[22] Some editors develop expertise in their wiki's policies and assist in tasks such as determining consensus, while others become familiar with evaluating the reliability of sources.[23]
Fan wikis sometimes collaborate with their subjects. For example, theStar Trek Beyond writersSimon Pegg andDoug Jung consulted Memory Alpha and its administrators during the film's production, andLucasfilm'sStar Wars database manager contributed to Wookieepedia.[24] Lostpedia became a part of the show'scanon when its administrators worked with the runners of an officialalternate reality game called theLost Experience tohide clues on the wiki.[25]
Fan wikis were first published in the early 2000s. Many fan wikis formed out of Wikipedia over disputes among editors about the level of detail that should be provided in articles.[26] These included fans of the television showBattlestar Galactica[27] and theStar Wars franchise, who foundedWookieepedia after facing complaints about the "overabundance of minutiae related toStar Wars appearing on Wikipedia".[26]
In 2004, the Wikipedia co-founderJimmy Wales and the former Wikipedia board chair Angela Beesley foundedFandom under the name WikiCities, a for-profitwiki hosting service that hosted regional wikis for cities. In 2006, the company attracted venture capital funding and changed its name to Wikia.[28] Wikia then began to assimilate independent fan wikis, such asMemory Alpha (aStar Trek fan wiki) andWowpedia (aWorld of Warcraft fan wiki).[29] In the late 2010s—after Fandom andGamepedia were acquired and consolidated by theprivate equity firmTPG Inc.—several wikis began to leave the service, including theRuneScape,Zelda, andMinecraft wikis. Those wiki communities cited Fandom's advertising methods, issues with security and outdated software, and corporate control as reasons for migrating.[30]
