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Family tree of early and legendary Thai monarchs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sukhothai-related dynasties

[edit]
Patumsuriyawong[a] lineage[2]: 11 
From Chawa (ชวา,Luang Prabang) orNam Ou basin.[3]Suriya Racha
(สุริยราชา)[2]: 11 
King ofPichit Prakan		Sirisutha Ratchathewi
(สิริสุธาราชเทวี)[2]: 11 
Si Nao Nam Thum [th][b]
Ruler of Saraluang–Song Khwae[3]
King ofSukhothai–Chaliang
r. 1157/58–1181/82		Suriya Thewi
(สุริยาเทวี)[2]: 11 		Chantha Racha[b]
(จันทราชา)[2]: 11 
Former K. ofPhichit Prakan
King ofSukhothai–Chaliang
r. 1208–1238[5]		Nang Nak
(นางนาค)[2]: 12–13 
Sukhon Thewi [km]
(สุขรมหาเทวี)
Princess ofYaśodharapura		Pha Mueang
Ruler of Mueang Rat[c]
Late 12th–mid 13th centuries		Sueang [th][7]: 19 Phra Ruang I[2]: 24–28 
(Si Inthrathit)[5]
K. ofSukhothai–Sawankhalok
1188–1270
r. 1238–1270		RebuildSawankhalok[2]: 17 /Phra Ruang Dynasty establishment
Khamhaeng Phra Ram [th]
Ruler of Saraluang–Song Khwae[d]		First king ofSi Nao Nam Thum dynasty [th]Some scholars speculate he's from upperNan River Valley[3]
Si Sattha [th]
Ruler of Saraluang–Song Khwae[d]
1315–?		Ban Mueang
King ofSukhothai–Sawankhalok
?–1271
r. 1270–1271		Ram Khamhaeng
King ofSukhothai–
Sawankhalok[2]: 24–28 
1237/47–1298
r. 1279–1298		Si Chanthra
(ศรีจันทรา)[2]: 17 		Unknown
(Commoner fromDonwun)[2]: 18 
Unknown
(Princess)		Unknown
(Princess)		Ngua Nam Thum
King ofSukhothai
?–1347/48
r. 1323/24–1347/48		Loe Thai
King ofSukhothai[2]: 29 
r. 1298–1323		May Hnin Thwe-Da
(สุวรรณเทวี)[2]: 17 
~1250s–?		Wareru
K. ofHanthawaddy
1253–1307
r. 1287–1307
After the reign of Ram Khamhaeng, the seat of Sawankhalok was vacant for 50 years[2]: 29 Hkun Law
K. ofHanthawaddy
r.1307–1311		Hnin U Yaing
c. 1260s–1319
Sumontha Thewi
(สุมณฑาเทวี)[2]: 29 		Lithai
Ex-ruler ofSawankhalok[2]: 29  (r.1340–1362/63)[7]: 31 
King ofSukhothai
r. 1347–1368		Continue to theWareru Dynasty
Khottrabong(โคตรบอง)
Ruler ofSawankhalok[2]: 32, 35 
r. 1368–1429		Appointed ruler (Independent)After the reign of Lithai, Sukhothai became a vassal ofAyutthaya
Saeng Hang(แสงหัง)
Ruler ofSawankhalok[2]: 35 
r. 1429–?		Usurper (Independent)Continue to thePhra Ruang Dynasty

Phitsanulok–Chai Nat–Singburi

[edit]
FromMueang Chiang Saen [th][8]
Sai Nam Phueng
(สายน้ำผึ้ง)[2]: 35–36 
Ruler ofSawankhalok
r. 1106–1111
Later King ofLavo's Ayodhya
r. 1111–1165		Dara Ratchathewi
(ดาราราชเทวี)[2]: 36 
Siri Pracha Ratchathewi
(ศิริประชาราชเทวี)[2]: 37 		Suthamma Racha
(สุธรรมราชา/ศรีธรรมไตรปิฏก)
Ruler ofPhitsanulok[2]: 36–37 
r. ?–1115
Later king ofLavo's Lavapura
r. 1115–1181		Pathumsuriyawong lineage
(Re)foundedPhitsanulokUnknown
(Pathum- suriyawong lineage)[2]: 37 
Inthawadi Thewi
(อินทวดีเทวี)[2]: 38 		Phitsanu Racha
(พิษณุราชา)[2]: 37–38 
Ruler ofPhitsanulok		Sirikanya Ratchathewi
(ศิริกัญญาราชเทวี)[2]: 38 		Phichai Racha
(พิชัยราชา)[2]: 38 
Ruler of Phichai Buri[e]		Founder of Phichai Buri[e]
Founder ofPhichitSuchawadi Thewi
(สุชาวดีเทวี)[2]: 39 		Si Sing
(ศรีสิงห์)[2]: 38–39 
Ruler of Phichai Buri[e]		Suwanna Bappata
(สุวรรณบัพพตา)[2]: 39 
Chetthakuman
(เชษฐกุมาร)		Chantha Thewi
(จันทาเทวี)[2]: 40 		Surintharacha
(สุรินทราชา)[2]: 40–42 
Ruler ofChai Nat		Suriyawongsa
(สุริยวงศา)[2]: 42 
Ruler ofChai Nat		Pathumwadi
(ปทุมวดี)[2]: 42 		Anurat(อนุราช)
Ex-ruler ofChai Nat
Ruler ofSing Buri		In Sucha Thewi
(อินสุชาเทวี)[2]: 44 
Founder ofChai NatIntharacha
(อินทราชา)[2]: 44–45 
Ruler ofSing Buri		RebuildSingburi and enthroned as a new ruler[2]: 43 
Ramesuan
(ราเมศวร)[2]: 45 
Ruler ofSing Buri
Borommaracha
(บรมราชา)[2]: 45 
Ruler ofSing Buri
Maha Chakkrawat
(มหาจักรวรรดิ)[2]: 45 
Ruler ofSing Buri
Phothisan
(โพธิสาร)[2]: 45 
Ruler ofSing Buri

Early Lavo (Uthong) dynasty

[edit]

1st theory: Lavo's Singburi lineage

[edit]
Unknown origin[2]: 45 
Ekracha[2]: 45 
(เอกราชา)
Ruler ofSing Buri		Boromtilok
(บรมติโลก)[2]: 45 
Ruler ofSing Buri
Siri Phupa Racha
(ศิริภูปราชา)[2]: 45 
Ruler ofSing Buri
Mani Mala[2]: 46 
(มณีมาลา)		Intharacha[2]: 46 
Ex-ruler ofSing Buri
Ruler ofPhetchaburi		Uthong
Ruler ofSing Buri
Phummawadi Thewi[2]: 47 
(ภุมมาวดีเทวี)		Uthong[f][2]: 47 
Ex-ruler ofPhetchaburi
1stAyutthaya's king		RebuildPhetchaburi
and enthroned as
a new ruler.[2]: 46 
Continue to the
Lavo (Uthong) dynasty
ofAyutthaya

2nd theory: Phetchaburi – Lavo's Ayodhya lineage

[edit]
  King ofSuphannabhum
  King ofAyutthaya
  King ofLavo'sLopburi (as a frontier city ofSukhothai)
Singhanavati dynasty[9]: 46–84 
Phangkharat [th]
King ofSinghanavati
Thukkhita [th]
King ofSinghanavati		Phrom
Ruler of Wiang
Chai Prakan
Kaeo-supha
(แก้วสุภา)		Chaiyasiri
Ruler of Wiang Chai
Prakan and Nacontai		Origin remains uncleared, possibly from theAngkor,Mun River Valley,Lavo,South India, or south of theKra Isthmus.FromWiang Phang Kham
ofSinghanavati[10]		Kraison Rat
(ไกรศรราช)
Soi La/U Thong I[11]
(พระยาสร้อยหล้า/อู่ทอง)		Chaisiri orChaiyasiri?
(ชัยศิริ)
Ruler ofPhetchaburi		Pprappanom Tteleiseri[11]
Ruler ofPhetchaburi
r.1188–?		1stTritrueng [th] King
King of Phraek Si Racha
(Name unidentified)
U Thong II
(พระเจ้าอู่ทอง)		Phanom Wang[12]
Ruler ofNakhon Si Thammarat		Sadiang Thong
Princes ofTritrueng [th][12]		2ndTritrueng [th] King
King of Phraek Si Racha
Later Lavo King[13]
U Thong III
(พระยาอู่ทอง)		Sontra
Ruler ofNa Tranom		Kuman
Ruler ofTathong [th]		Sri Maharacha[14]
Ruler ofSa U Lao[15]
Later K. of Thep Nakhon Chaisiri		Son Sai
(สนไส้/จันทรเทวีศรีรัตนฉายา)[13]
Unknown[16]
Princes of U Thong		Ramracha (Uthong?)
1st king ofAyutthaya
Ramesuan
2nd king ofAyutthaya
Lavo dynasty
ofAyutthaya
Daughter ofLoe Thai
(Sukhothai Kingdom)		Pho Ngua[17]
3rd king ofAyutthaya
Ex-ruler of Suphannabhum		Unknown
Princess
Suphannabhum dynasty
ofAyutthaya

3rd theory: Si Satchanalai – Lavo's Ayodhya lineage

[edit]
  King of Suphannabhum
  King of Phetchaburi
  King ofLavo's Ayodhya–Phetchaburi
  King ofAyutthaya–Suphannabhum
  King ofLavo'sLopburi
  King ofLavo's Ayodhya (formerly "Mueang Nong Son" or "Mueang Wat Derm")
  King ofAyutthaya
  King ofNakhon Si Thammarat
  King ofLavo's Ayodhya–Lopburi
  King ofLavo's Ayodhya–Suphannabhum
  King ofAyutthaya–Phetchaburi
Timeline and family tree of Thai monarchs in the lowerChao Phraya Valley from the 10th century to the formation of theAyutthaya Kingdom
InventedChula SakaratKakapat/Sakkorndam
(กากะพัตร/สักกรดำ)[18]: 25 
King of Takkasila
(Ayodhyapura?)
r. 566–638
Ramaraj
(รามราช)
King of Ramburi[19]
(Ayodhyapura?)
r. 648?–?		Camadevi
(จามเทวี)[19]
Queen ofHaripuñjaya
r. 622–629		Kalavarnadishraj
(กาฬวรรณดิศราช)[18]: 25 
King of Takkasila (Ayodhyapura?)
r. 638–648
King ofLavo
r. 648–700		Founder ofLavo
Continue to the Camadevi dynasty ofHaripuñjayaSeveral generationsContinue to the Lavo dynasty ofLavo KingdomFall ofAyodhyapura
From Mueang Bang Than (บางทาน),Kamphaeng Phet[18]: 30 Uchitajakraphad
(อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ)
r. ?–927/928
Later King ofHaripuñjaya		Continue to the Lavo dynasty ofHaripuñjayaKong
กง[18]: 55–59 
r. 807[20]–867[21]
Maha Phutthasakorn
(พระมหาพุทธสาคร)
Founder of Mueang Wat Derm
r. 934–964[18]: 30 [g]		Tambralinga conquered ofLavo in 927/928, Lavo' king Uchitajakraphad fled toHaripuñjayaPhan
พาน/พาลราช
r. 867[21]–916[22]: 530 
Also King ofHaripuñjaya
(r. 913–916)[22]: 530 
Kottabong
โคตรตะบอง
Ruler of Mueang Wat Derm
r. 964–983[18]: 30–31 		Sujita
(สุชิตราช/ชีวกะ/วรราช)
King ofTambralinga
(r. ?–1003?)
King ofLavo
(r. 927/928)		Lavo led by Sujita seized Suphannabhum, Chadachota and Thamikaraj fled toTak andHaripuñjaya.[22]: 191 Unknown[22]: 191 
Potentially, Phansa
(พระพรรษา)[18]: 59 
r. 913–1003?
or 916–1006?		Several generations
Usurper
Sinthapomarinthra Kraek
(สินทพอมรินทร แกรก)[22]: 65 
Ruler of Mueang Wat Derm
r. 983–1042 (59 yrs)[18]: 33 		Devastation ofLavo due to the 1002–1010 Angkorian Civil WarsKampoch
(กัมโพช)
r. 927/928–?		Lavo led by Kampoch attackedHaripuñjaya in 930/931 but failed.[23]920s–1050s LowerChao Phraya Valley's political turmoil
Narai ofLavo claimed the throne and moved the Lavo seat to "Mueang Wat Derm" then renamed the city "Ayodhya"Angkorin king,Suryavarman I, destroyedLavo's Lavapura in 1002.Sri Lakshmi Pativarman
(ศรีลักษมีปติวรมัน)
r. 1006–1052?
(Appointed bySuryavarman I)		Suphannabhum[24] andHaripuñjaya[22]: 532  seizedLavo in 1052Rambandit
(รามบัณฑิตย์)[18]: 59–60 
r. 40 yrs		Internal political turmoil
Pagan dynastyUnknown origin
Haripuñjaya?		Thamikaraj[22]: 191 
(อาทิตตะราช/อาทิตยธรรมิกราช)
King ofHaripuñjaya		Aong In
(องค์อินทร์)[18]: 60 
r. 1128?–1163?
Anawrahta
King ofPagan
r.1044-1077		Agga Mahethi
(แก้วประพาฬ)[25]
1015-1080		Singhanavati dynasty[9]: 46–84 Patima
Sudhaduangchan
(ปฏิมาสุดาดวงจันทร์)[26]		Chadachota
(จันทรโชติ)[25]
r.1052-1069		1058Pagan invasion ofLavo and lowerChao Phraya basin[26]
Saw Lu
King ofPagan
r. 1077-1084		Pangkharaj [th]
King ofSinghanavati
r. 915–?		1087Pagan invasion ofLavo and lowerChao Phraya basin[26]Lavo's capital was shifted toAyodhayaNarai[26]
(นารายณ์)
r.1082–1087
(No heir)		Supojarat
(สุพจราช)[18]: 17–19 
King ofSi Satchanalai
Several generationsDhukkhita [th]
King ofSinghanavati		Kaewsupha
(แก้วสุภา)
Princess of Wiang Chai Narai		Sridham Tripiṭaka (Phrom)
ศรีธรรมไตรปิฏก[18]: 17–19 
King ofChiang Saen		Pathumdevi
(ปทุมเทวี)[18]: 17–19 		Unknown
King ofSi Satchanalai
Katae
(กาแต)
r. 1163–1203		Fall ofSinghanavatiChaiyasiri
Ruler of Wiang Chai
Prakan and Nacontai
r. 1089–1107		1087–1089Ayodhya's civil wars[27]Chatisakorn
(ชาติสาคร)[18]: 21 
Ruler ofChiang Rai[18]: 24 
Chaisiri
(ชัยศิริ)[11]
Ruler ofPhetchaburi
r. 1188–1214		Soi La/U Thong I[11]
(พระยาสร้อยหล้า/อู่ทอง)
r. 1203–1205		Luang[28]
(พระเจ้าหลวง)
r. 1089–1111		Kraisornrat
(ไกรศรราช)[18]: 21 
r. 1106–1115?
Also King ofSi Satchanalai		Suladevi
(สุลเทวี)[18]: 23 
Princess ofSi Satchanalai
Phra Ratchadevi
(พระราชเทวี)[29]/
Dara Ratchathewi
(ดาราราชเทวี)[2]: 36 		Sai Nam Peung
(สายน้ำผึ้ง)[29]
r. 1111–1165		Unknown
(Mon)
No male heir[18]: 64 Dhammikaraja
(ธรรมิกราชา)[30]
r. 1165–1205		Siri Pracha Ratchathewi
(ศิริประชาราชเทวี)[2]: 37 		Sri Thammasokkarat
(ศรีธรรมโศกราช)
r. 1115?–1181
Narupatidnavarman
(LaterIndravarman II)
r. 1181?–1218
(Appointed byJayavarman VII)		Pprappanom
Tteleiseri[31]: 166–7 
(พนมทะเลศรี)
Ruler ofPhetchaburi
r. 1214–?		Unknown[18]: 63–4 [16]
Princess of U Thong		Uthong II[26]
Ex-ruler of Thep Nakhon Chaisiri
Ex-king ofUthong
r. 1205–1253		Thonglanrach
(ท้องลันราช)[18]: 60–61 
Ruler of Sukandhakiree
(Phetchaburi)[31]: 167 
(สุคันธคีรี)
r. ?–1289
FromWiang Phang Kham[10]Ai (อ้าย)[26]
Ruler ofMueang Nakhon
(Ligor?)		Yi (ยี่)[26]
Ruler ofTanintharyi		Sam (สาม)[26]
Ruler ofPhetchaburi
r. early 1300s		Probably fled toNakhon Si Thammarat due to the political pressure from theAngkor
1stTritrueng [th] King
King of Phraek Si Racha
(Name unidentified)		Revival ofLigor byPhetchaburiPatthasucharat
(พัตตาสุจราช)[18]: 65–66 
King ofSi Satchanalai		Chaithat
(ชัยทัต)[26]		Unknown
Princess[26]		Chaisena (ชัยเสน)[26]
Ayodhya:
r. 1253–1289
Sukandhakiree:
r. 1289–?
Sadieng Thong
Princes ofTritrueng [th][12]		Phanomwang[12]
Ruler ofNakhon Si Thammarat
r. 1342–?		Boromtrilok
(บรมไตรโลก)[18]: 65–66 		Dhammatrilokthi
(ธรรมไตรโลกฒิ)[26]
King ofSi Satchanalai		Suwanracha
(สุวรรณราชา)[26]
r. 1289–1301		Potentially "Gan-mu-ding" in the Chinese record in 1295
2ndTritrueng [th] King
Ex-king of Phraek Si Racha
r. 1283–1319[13]		Sontra
Ruler ofNa Tranom		U Thong III
(พระเจ้าอู่ทอง)
r. ?–1335?		Thammaraja
(ธรรมราชา)[26]
r. 1301–1310		Kalaya Devi
(กัลยาเทวี)[26]
Kuman
Ruler ofTathong [th]		U Thong IV
(พระยาอู่ทอง)
r. 1335?–1351		Boromracha
(บรมราชา)[26]
r. 1310–1344		Sunantha Devi
(สุนันทาเทวี)[26]
Son Sai
(สนไส้/จันทรเทวีศรีรัตนฉายา)[13]		Sri Maharacha[14]
Ex-ruler ofSa U Lao[15]
King ofNakhon Si Thammarat		Unknown[16]
Princess of U Thong		Ramathibodi I (Uthong V)
King of Ayodhya
(r. 1344–1351)
1st king ofAyutthaya
r. 1351–1369
Sukhothai dynastySri Thammasokaraj
dynasty ofNakhon
Si Thammarat		Ramesuan
2nd king ofAyutthaya
1st: r. 1369–1370
2nd: 1388–1395
Lavo dynasty
ofAyutthaya
Maha Thammaracha II
King ofSukhothai
r. 1368–1399		Daughter ofLoe Thai
(Sukhothai Kingdom)		Pha Ngua[17]
3rd king ofAyutthaya
Ex-ruler of Suphannabhum
r. 1370–1388		Unknown
Princess
Phra Ruang dynasty ofSukhothaiSuphannabhum
dynasty ofAyutthaya

Note

[edit]
  1. ^Possibly identified asSuryavarman II[1]
  2. ^abFounder ofSukhothai. However, another source, Legend of Kalawandith, says Sukhothai was founded in 500 by Phraya Pali Rat (พระยาพาลีราช).[4]: 29 
  3. ^ProbablyNacontai (นครไทย) in theSimon de la Loubère's record,Du royaume de Siam.[3][6]
  4. ^abPresent-dayPhitsanulok
  5. ^abcPossiblyPhetchaburi[2]: 38 
  6. ^During the reign of Uthong,Phetchaburi faced the spread of plague,[2]: 48–49  Uthong and the people evacuated to establish a new settlement in the present-Ayutthaya island, which continues to the formation of theAyutthaya Kingdom.[2]: 52–58 
  7. ^Calculated from the text given in the chronicle: "สิ้น 97 ปีสวรรคต ศักราชได้ 336 ปี พระยาโคดมได้ครองราชสมบัติอยู่ ณ วัดเดิม 30 ปี"[18]: 30  which is transcribed as "...at the age of 97, he passed away in the year 336 of theChula Sakarat. Phraya Kodom reigned in the Mueang Wat Derm for 30 years...".

References

[edit]
  1. ^Thepthani Administration (Chalerm), Phra. (1965).The Chronicles of the Thai Nation: The Origins of the Nation from Ancient Times. Compiled by Phra Boriya Thepthani, Governor of Pathum Thani, Lop Buri, Trat, and the Governor of Nonthaburi and Prachuap Khiri Khan Provinces (complete in 2 volumes). Bangkok: Office of S. Thammaphakdi. Page 133.
  2. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcPhraya Pariyattithamthada (1968).Ayutthaya Testimonies(PDF) (in Thai). Rung Rueang Tham. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 25 April 2023. Retrieved12 December 2024.
  3. ^abcdSrisak Vallipodom (19 July 2021)."กำเนิดสุโขทัย รัฐแรกเริ่มของชนชาติไทยในสยามประเทศ" [The origin of Sukhothai, the first state of the Thai people in Siam Pradesh].muangboranjournal.com (in Thai). Archived fromthe original on 14 December 2024. Retrieved14 December 2024.
  4. ^"ประชุมพงศาวดาร เล่ม 1"(PDF).Suksapanpanit [th] (in Thai). 1963. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 13 December 2024. Retrieved14 December 2024.
  5. ^ab"กำแพงเพชร : สมัยสุโขทัย" [Kamphaeng Phet: Sukhothai].Kamphaengphet Rajabhat University [th] (in Thai). 24 February 2020. Archived fromthe original on 13 December 2024.
  6. ^Kesabua Ubonsawan (2023)."นครไทย-บางยาง กับปริศนาที่ยังคงคลุมเครือ" [Nakhon Thai-Bang Yang and the mystery that remains unclear].suvarnabhumi.psu.ac.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 14 December 2024. Retrieved14 December 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  7. ^abมูลนิธิสมเด็จพระเทพรัตนราชสุดา (2011).นามานุกรมพระมหากษัตริย์ไทย(PDF). กรุงเทพฯ: มูลนิธิสมเด็จพระเทพรัตนราชสุดา. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 13 September 2017. Retrieved8 October 2017.
  8. ^"ประวัติพระพุทธชินราช" [History of Phra Buddha Chinnarat].aurora.co.th (in Thai). Archived fromthe original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved14 December 2024.
  9. ^abThepthani, Phra Borihan (1953).Thai National Chronicles: the history of the nation since ancient times (in Thai). S. Thammasamakkhi. p. 30. Archived fromthe original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved5 November 2023.
  10. ^abThepthani 1953, p. 48,84,85.
  11. ^abcdThepthani 1953, p. 46-48.
  12. ^abcdThepthani 1953, p. 48.
  13. ^abcdThepthani 1953, p. 49.
  14. ^abThepthani 1953, p. 50.
  15. ^abThepthani 1953, p. 53.
  16. ^abcThepthani 1953, p. 52.
  17. ^abThepthani 1953, p. 55.
  18. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwNorthern Chronicle
  19. ^ab"ใคร?เจ้าชายรามราช" [Who? Prince Ramaraj].Thai Rath (in Thai). 19 September 2010. Archived fromthe original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved19 December 2024.
  20. ^Thepthani 1953, p. 31, 67.
  21. ^abThepthani 1953, p. 67.
  22. ^abcdefg"Yonok Chronicle"(PDF) (in Thai). 1936. Retrieved16 December 2024.
  23. ^เพ็ญสุภา สุขคตะ (12 September 2019)."ปริศนาโบราณคดี : 'สงครามสามนคร' (จบ) : การปรากฏนามของพระเจ้ากัมโพชแห่งกรุงละโว้?" (in Thai).Matichon. Archived fromthe original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved25 December 2023.
  24. ^Thepthani 1953, p. 42.
  25. ^abThepthani 1953, p. 78.
  26. ^abcdefghijklmnopqสุจิตต์ วงษ์เทศ (21 April 2023)."พงศาวดารอโยธยาศรีรามเทพนคร ฉบับ มานิต วัลลิโภดม : อโยธยา เก่าแก่กว่าสุโขทัย ต้นกำเนิดอยุธยา ต้นแบบรัตนโกสินทร์".www.silpa-mag.com (in Thai). Archived fromthe original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved25 December 2023.
  27. ^Thepthani 1953, p. 101.
  28. ^Thepthani 1953, p. 102.
  29. ^abThepthani 1953, p. 103–4.
  30. ^Thepthani 1953, p. 105.
  31. ^abThepthani, Phra Borihan (1952)."Thai National Chronicles: the history of the nation since ancient times" (in Thai). Archived fromthe original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved16 December 2024.
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