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TheBuddha was born into a noble family inLumbini in 563 BCE as per historical events and 624 BCE according to Buddhist tradition. He was called Siddhartha Gautama in his childhood. His father was kingŚuddhodana, leader of theShakya clan in what was the growing state ofKosala, and his mother was queenMaya. According to Buddhist legends, the baby exhibited the marks of a great man. A prophecy indicated that, if the child stayed at home, he was destined to become a world ruler. If the child left home, however, he would become a universal spiritual leader. To make sure the boy would be a great king and world ruler, his father isolated him in his palace and he was raised by his mother's younger sister,Mahapajapati Gotami, after his mother died just seven days after childbirth.
Separated from the world, he later marriedYaśodharā (Yaśodharā was the daughter of KingSuppabuddha andAmita), and together they had one child: a son namedRāhula. Both Yashodhara and Rāhula later became disciples of Buddha.
Much of the information on Suddhodana comes fromBuddhist legend and scripture. He is believed to be a leader of the Shakya clan, who lived within the state of Kosala, on the northern border ofHistory of Lumbini, Nepal. Although inBuddhist literature he is said to be a hereditary monarch, he is now believed to have been an elected head of a tribal confederacy. Suddhodana's father was King Sinahana mother was Queen Kachchana. Suddhodana married two Princesses from koliya kingdom. He was the only king who had more than one queen of his clan. Queen Maya was the eldest daughter of Koliya king Anjana and Prajapati Gotami was the youngest daughter. Siddhartha, who later became Buddha, was the only son born to Queen Maya. Prajapati Gotami had a daughter Sundari Nanda and a son Nanda with Suddhodana. According to Theravada texts Sundari Nanda was the eldest among his three children. While Siddhartha was the second born and Nanda was the youngest of the family.
Suddhodana was said to be greatly troubled by the departure of his son and is reported in Buddhist scriptures to have sent 10,000 messengers to plead with Gautama to return. After the Buddha preached thedharma to the messengers, they were all ordained into thesangha. Later, a friend of Suddhodana named Kaludayi invited the Buddha to return, at the request of Suddhodana. The Buddha also preached the dharma to him and Kaludayi was later ordained as a monk.
After this request from his fatherGautama Buddha returned to his father's kingdom where he preached dharma to him. Gautama later returned again to his father's kingdom to see his father's death. Suddhodana became anarahant.[1]
Maya was the mother of the Buddha and was from theKoliyan clan. Maya was born inDevadaha. She was married to her cousin King Suddhodana, who ruled in the kingdom ofKapilavastu.
In Buddhist texts, a white elephant was said to have entered her side during a dream. When she awoke she found that she was pregnant. As it was traditional to give birth in the homeland of the father,Queen Maya journeyed to Devadaha. However, she was forced to give birth en route, in theLumbini grove. It is said that theDevas presided over the birth and that two streams, one cool and one hot, flowed down from the heavens.
Maya died seven days after the birth of her son, whom she had namedSiddhartha or "he who achieves his aim." She is said, in Buddhist scriptures, to have been reborn inTusita, where her son later visited her, paid respects and taught thedharma to her.[2]
PrincessYaśodharā was the wife of Siddhartha who later becameGautama Buddha. She was the daughter ofKoliya kingSuppabuddha and Queen Amitha.
Siddhartha and Yaśodharā were first cousins. Yaśodharā's father was the brother of QueenMaya andMahapajapati Gotami while her mother Amitha was the sister of KingSuddhodana.Yaśodharā was married to Siddhartha at the age of sixteen and both of them shared respect and rapport with each other but it is also said they both didn't have much desires toward marital life. It took long time Yaśodharā to conceive a child, a boy named Rahula born on the day Siddhartha left the palace.Thereafter, since the departure of Siddhartha, Yaśodharā entered monastic life in the palace, wearing yellow colored robes and fasting just as Siddhartha did.On the day Siddhartha returnedKapilavastu as Gautama Buddha to see his relatives, Yaśodharā met him after many years.King Suddodana described to the Buddha how Yaśodharā had spent her life without Siddhartha. Buddha at that moment told the jathaka of "Sanda kinduruda " (Story of early life of Yaśodharā ) and how she devoted to him with great respect in previous lives.
After five years when Gautama Buddha gave permission of women entering to sangha she too became abhikkhuni and attainedarhat.
Rāhula (Pāli and Sanskrit) was the only son of Siddhārtha Gautama, and his wife and princess Yaśodharā. He is mentioned in numerous Buddhist texts, from theearly period onward.[3] Accounts about Rāhula indicate a mutual impact between Prince Siddhārtha's life and those of his family members.[4] According to thePāli tradition, Rāhula is born on the day of Prince Siddhārta'srenunciation, and is therefore namedRāhula, meaning a fetter on the path toenlightenment.[5][6] According to theMūlasarvāstivāda tradition, and numerous otherlater sources, however, Rāhula is onlyconceived on the day of Prince Siddhārtha, and is born six years later, when Prince Siddhārtha becomes enlightened as theBuddha.[7] This long gestation period is explained by badkarma from previous lives of both Yaśodharā and of Rāhula himself, although morenaturalistic reasons are also given.[8] As a result of the late birth, Yaśodharā needs to prove that Rāhula is really Prince Siddhārtha's son, which she eventually does successfully by anact of truth.[9] HistorianWolfgang Schumann [de] has argued that Prince Siddhārtha conceived Rāhula and waited for his birth, to be able to leave the palace with the king and queen's permission,[10] but OrientalistNoël Péri considered it more likely that Rāhula was born after Prince Siddhārtha left his palace.[11]
Between seven[6] and fifteen[12] years after Rāhula is born, the Buddha returns to Kapilavastu, where Yaśodharā has Rāhula ask the Buddha for the throne of the Śākya clan. The Buddha responds by having Rāhulaordain as the first Buddhistnovice monk.[5] He teaches the young novice abouttruth, self-reflection,[6] andnot-self,[13] eventually leading to Rāhula's enlightenment.[14][15] Although early accounts state that Rāhula dies before the Buddha does,[5] later tradition has it that Rāhula is one of the disciples that outlives the Buddha, guarding theBuddha's Dispensation until the rising of thenext Buddha.[16] Rāhula is known in Buddhist texts for his eagerness for learning,[17] and was honored by novice monks andnuns throughout Buddhist history.[18] His accounts have led to a perspective in Buddhism of seeing children as hindrances to the spiritual life on the one hand, and as people with potential for enlightenment on the other hand.[19]
Maha Pajapati Gotami (Sanskrit:Mahāprajāpatī Gotamī) was the youngest daughter of King Añjana and Queen Sulakkhana. She was married to King Suddhodana with her elder sister Mahamaya (or Mayadevi). When her sister died after the birth ofSiddartha Gautama, she took Siddartha into her care. She also had a daughter and a son respectively,Sundari Nanda andNanda with King Suddodhana.
After the death of King Suddhodana, Maha Prajapati journeyed to find the Buddha. When she found him, she petitioned the Buddha, through Ananda, to allow women to enter theSangha asbhikkhuni. After many refusals due to their safety sake, the Buddha finally agreed to allow women to enter the Sangha. Later Maha Pajapati became Arhat.[20]
Sundari Nanda was the half sister of Buddha. She was the daughter of kingSuddhodana andMaha Pajapati Gotami. She was considered to known as Rupa Nanda and Janapada Kalyani, because of her beauty. She later became abhikkhuni and became anarhat. Also Buddha honored her as foremost among female disciples excellent injhana.[21]
Nanda was the half-brother of the Buddha; the son of King Suddhodana and Maha Prajapati Gautami. Nanda persevered and became anArahant.[22]
Ānanda was the primary attendant of the Buddha and one of histen principal disciples.[23] Among the Buddha's many disciples, Ānanda stood out for having the best memory.[24] Most of thetexts of the early BuddhistSutta-Piṭaka (Pāli;Sanskrit:Sūtra-Piṭaka) are attributed to his recollection of the Buddha's teachings during theFirst Buddhist Council.[25] For that reason, he is known as the "Treasurer of the Dhamma", withDhamma (Sanskrit:Dharma) referring to the Buddha's teaching.[26] InEarly Buddhist Texts, Ānanda is the first cousin of the Buddha.[25] Although the texts do not agree on most things about Ānanda's early life, they do agree that Ānanda is ordained as a monk and thatPuṇṇa Mantāniputta (Sanskrit:Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra) becomes his teacher.[27] Twenty years in the Buddha's ministry, Ānanda becomes the attendant of the Buddha, when the Buddha selects him for this job.[28] Ānanda performs his duties with great devotion and care, and acts as an intermediary between the Buddha and the laypeople, as well as theSaṅgha (monastic community).[29][30] He accompanies the Buddha for the rest of his life, acting not only as an assistant, but also a secretary and a mouthpiece.[31]
Scholars are skeptical about the historicity of many events in Ānanda's life, especially the First Council, and consensus about this has yet to be established.[32][33] A traditional account can be drawn from early texts,commentaries, andpost-canonical chronicles. Ānanda has an important role in establishing the order ofbhikkhunis, when he requests the Buddha on behalf of the latter's foster-motherMahāpajāpati Gotamī (Sanskrit:Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī) to allow her to be ordained.[34] Ānanda also accompanies the Buddha in the last year of his life, and therefore is witness to many tenets and principles that the Buddha conveys and establishes before his death, including the well-known principle that the Buddhist community should take his teaching and discipline as their refuge, and that the Buddha will not appoint a new leader.[35][36] The final period of the Buddha's life also shows that Ānanda is still very much attached to the Buddha's person, and he witnesses the Buddha's passing with great sorrow.[37]
Shortly after the Buddha's death, the First Council is convened, and Ānanda manages to attainenlightenment just before the council starts, which is a requirement.[38] He has a historical role during the council as the living memory of the Buddha, reciting many of the Buddha's discourses and checking them for accuracy.[39] During the same council, however, he is chastised byMahākassapa (Sanskrit:Mahākāśyapa) and the rest of the Saṅgha for allowing women to be ordained and failing to understand or respect the Buddha at several crucial moments.[40] Ānanda continues to teach until the end of his life, passing on his spiritual heritage to his pupilsSāṇavāsī (Sanskrit:Śāṇakavāsī) and Majjhantika (Sanskrit:Madhyāntika),[41] among others, who later assume a leading role in theSecond[42] andThird Councils.[43] Ānanda dies in 463 BCE, andstūpas (monuments) are erected at the river where he dies.[44]
Ānanda is one of the most loved figures in Buddhism. Ānanda is known for his memory, erudition and compassion, and is often praised by the Buddha for these matters.[26][45] He functions as afoil to the Buddha, however, in that he still has worldly attachments and is not yet enlightened, as opposed to the Buddha.[46] In theSanskrit textual traditions, Ānanda is widely considered the patriarch of the Dhamma, who stands in a spiritual lineage, receiving the teaching from Mahākassapa and passing them on to his own pupils.[47] Ānanda has been honored bybhikkhunis since early medieval times for his merits in establishing the nun's order.[48] In recent times, the composerRichard Wagner wrote a draft for alibretto about Ānanda, which was made into the operaWagner Dream byJonathan Harvey in 2007.[49]
Devadatta was the Paternal second cousin (or, in some accounts, paternal second cousin) of the Buddha he was small brother of Anand. He was ordained into thesangha along with his brothers and friends and their barber,Upāli, when the Buddha preached to the Shakyas in Kapilavastu.
For a time, Devadatta was highly respected among the sangha.Sariputta is said to have sung the praises of Devadatta inRajagaha. After some time, Devadatta developedsiddhis and his intention is said to have been corrupted. After gaining these siddhis, Devadatta attempted to murder the Buddha on several occasions, commonly thought to be motivated by jealousy of the Buddha's power. He is reported to have rolled a boulder toward the Buddha, injured his foot, and to have incited an elephant to charge at the Buddha and his disciples but was subdued by the Buddha.
Devadatta then attempted to split the sangha into two, with one faction led by himself and the other by the Buddha. However, this attempt failed as all of his converts returned to the Buddha's sangha.
Devadatta was reputedly remorseful toward the Buddha at later stage of his life. He is reported to have walked to the monastery where the Buddha was staying to seek for forgiveness but, as a result of bad deeds, he was swallowed up into the earth and reborn inAvici before he could ask for forgiveness.[50][51]
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Rhys Davids, Thomas William (1911). "Ānanda". InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 913..svg)
