False colors andpseudo colors respectively refers to a group ofcolorrendering methods used to display images in colors which were recorded in thevisible or non-visible parts of theelectromagnetic spectrum. Afalse-color image is an image that depicts an object incolors that differ from those aphotograph (atrue-color image) would show. In this image, colors have been assigned to three differentwavelengths that human eyes cannot normally see.
In addition, variants offalse colors such aspseudocolors,density slicing, andchoropleths are used forinformation visualization of either data gathered by a singlegrayscale channel or data not depicting parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g. elevation in relief maps or tissue types inmagnetic resonance imaging).
The concept behindtrue color can help in understanding false color. An image is called atrue-color image when it offers a naturalcolor rendition, or when it comes close to it. This means that the colors of an object in an imageappear to a human observer the same way as if this same observer were to directly view the object: A green tree appears green in the image, a red apple red, a blue sky blue, and so on.[1]
Absolute true-color rendering is impossible.[3] There are three major sources of color error (metameric failure):
The result of a metameric failure would be for example an image of a green tree which shows a different shade of green than the tree itself, a different shade of red for a red apple, a different shade of blue for the blue sky, and so on.Color management (e.g. withICC profiles) can be used to mitigate this problem within the physical constraints.
Approximate true-color images gathered by spacecraft are an example where images have a certain amount of metameric failure, as the spectral bands of a spacecraft's camera are chosen to gather information on the physical properties of the object under investigation, and are not chosen to capture true-color images.[3]
In contrast to a true-color image, afalse-color image sacrifices natural color rendition in order to ease thedetection of features that are not readily discernible otherwise – for example the use of near infrared for the detection of vegetation in satellite images.[1] While a false-color image can be created using solely the visual spectrum (e.g. to accentuate color differences), typically some or all data used is fromelectromagnetic radiation (EM) outside thevisual spectrum (e.g.infrared,ultraviolet orX-ray). The choice of spectral bands is governed by the physical properties of the object under investigation.
As the human eye uses three spectral bands (seetrichromacy for details), three spectral bands are commonly combined into a false-color image. At least two spectral bands are needed for a false-color encoding,[4] and it is possible to combine more bands into the three visual RGB bands – with the eye's ability to discern three channels being the limiting factor.[5] In contrast, a "color" image made from one spectral band, or an image made from data consisting of non-EM data (e.g. elevation, temperature, tissue type) is apseudocolor image (see below).
For true color, theRGB channels (red "R", green "G" and blue "B") from the camera are mapped to the corresponding RGB channels of the image, yielding a "RGB→RGB" mapping. For false color this relationship is changed. The simplest false-color encoding is to take an RGB image in the visible spectrum, but map it differently, e.g. "GBR→RGB". For traditional false-color satellite images ofEarth a "NRG→RGB" mapping is used, with "N" being the near-infrared spectral band (and the blue spectral band being unused) – this yields the typical "vegetation in red" false-color images.[1][6]
False color is used (among others) for satellite and space images: Examples areremote sensing satellites (e.g.Landsat, see example above),space telescopes (e.g. theHubble Space Telescope) orspace probes (e.g.Cassini-Huygens). Some spacecraft, withrovers (e.g. theMars Science LaboratoryCuriosity) being the most prominent examples, have the ability to capture approximate true-color images as well.[3]Weather satellites produce, in contrast to the spacecraft mentioned previously,grayscale images from the visible or infrared spectrum.
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False color has a range of scientific applications. Spacecraft often employ false-color methods to help understand the composition of structures in the universe such as nebula and galaxies.[7] The frequency of light emitted by different ions in space are assigned contrasting colors, allowing the chemical composition of complex structures to be better separated and visualised. The image of the Eagle Nebula above is a typical example of this; the Hydrogen and Oxygen ions have been assigned green and blue respectively. The large amounts of green and blue in the image show that there is a large amount of Hydrogen and Oxygen in the nebula.
On 26 October 2004, the NASA/ESA Cassini-Huygens spacecraft captured a false-color image of Titan, Saturn's largest moon.[8] The image was captured in Ultraviolet and Infrared wavelengths, both invisible to the human eye.[9] In order to provide a visual representation, false color techniques were used. The infrared data was mapped to red and green colors, and ultraviolet mapped to blue.[10]
Apseudocolor image (sometimes styledpseudo-color orpseudo color) is derived from a grayscale image by mapping eachintensity value to a color according to a table or function.[11] Pseudo color is typically used when a single channel of data is available (e.g. temperature, elevation, soil composition, tissue type, and so on), in contrast to false color which is commonly used to display three channels of data.[4]
Pseudocoloring can make some details more visible, as theperceived difference incolor space is bigger than between successive gray levels alone. On the other hand, the color mapping function should be chosen to make sure thelightness of the color is still monotonic, or the uneven change would make it hard to interpret levels, for both normal and colorblind viewers. One offender is the commonly used "rainbow" palette, with a back-and-forth change in lightness. (See alsoChoropleth map § Color progression.)[12]
A typical example for the use of pseudo color isthermography (thermal imaging), whereinfrared cameras feature only one spectral band and show their grayscale images in pseudo color.
Another familiar example of pseudo color is the encoding ofelevation usinghypsometric tints in physicalrelief maps, where negative values (belowsea level) are usually represented by shades of blue, and positive values by greens and browns.
Depending on the table or function used and the choice of data sources, pseudocoloring may increase the information contents of the original image, for example adding geographic information, combining information obtained from infrared or ultra-violet light, or other sources likeMRI scans.[13]
A further application of pseudocoloring is to store the results of image elaboration; that is, changing the colors in order to ease understanding an image.[14]
Density slicing, a variation of pseudo color, divides an image into a few colored bands and is (among others) used in the analysis ofremote sensing images.[15] For density slicing the range of grayscale levels is divided into intervals, with each interval assigned to one of a few discrete colors – this is in contrast to pseudo color, which uses a continuous color scale.[16] For example, in a grayscalethermal image the temperature values in the image can be split into bands of 2 °C, and each band represented by one color – as a result the temperature of one spot in the thermograph can be easier acquired by the user, because the discernible differences between the discrete colors are greater than those of images with continuous grayscale or continuous pseudo color.
Achoropleth is animage ormap in which areas are colored or patterned proportionally to thecategory orvalue of one or morevariables being represented. The variables are mapped to a few colors; each area contributes one data point and receives one color from these selected colors. Basically, it is density slicing applied to a pseudocolor overlay. A choropleth map of ageographic area is thus an extreme form of false color.
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While artistic rendition lends to subjective expression of color,Andy Warhol (1928–1987) has become a culturally significant figure of themodern art movement by creating false-color paintings withscreen printing techniques. Some of Warhol's most recognizable prints include a replication ofMarilyn Monroe, her image based on afilm frame from the movieNiagara. The subject was asex symbol andfilm noir starlet whose death in 1962 influenced the artist. A series of prints were made with endearment but expose her persona as an illusion through hisassembly line style of art production which are non-erotic and slightly grotesque.[17] Using various ink color palettes, Warhol immersed himself in a process of repetition that serves to compare personas and everyday objects to the qualities ofmass production andconsumerism.[18] The colors of ink were selected through experimentation ofaesthetics and do not correlate to false-color rendering of theelectromagnetic spectrum employed inremote sensing image processing. For years the artist continuedscreen printing false-color images of Marilyn Monroe, perhaps his most referenced work beingTurquoise Marilyn[19] which was bought in May 2007 by a private collector for 80 million US dollars.[20]
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