Falmouth
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|---|---|
| Town andcivil parish | |
 Falmouth viewed from the estuary | |
  Falmouth Location withinCornwall | |
 Interactive map of Falmouth | |
| Population | 24,032 (Parish, 2021)[1] 24,070 (Built up area, 2021)[2] |
| OS grid reference | SW810325 |
| Civil parish |
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| Unitary authority | |
| Ceremonial county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | FALMOUTH |
| Postcode district | TR11 |
| Dialling code | 01326 |
| Police | Devon and Cornwall |
| Fire | Cornwall |
| Ambulance | South Western |
| UK Parliament | |
| Website | falmouth.co.uk |
| 50°09′N5°04′W / 50.15°N 5.07°W /50.15; -5.07 | |
Falmouth (/ˈfælməθ/FAL-məth;Cornish (SWF):Aberfala[3]) is atown,civil parish andport on theRiver Fal on the south coast ofCornwall, England, United Kingdom.[4]
Falmouth was founded in 1613 by the Killigrew family on a site near the existingPendennis Castle. It developed as a port on theCarrick Roads harbour, overshadowing the earlier town ofPenryn. In the 19th century after the arrival of the railways,tourism became important to its economy. In modern times, both industries maintain a presence in Falmouth and the town is also home to theNational Maritime Museum Cornwall, a campus ofFalmouth University andFalmouth Art Gallery. At the2021 census the parish had a population of 24,032.
The name Falmouth is ofEnglish origin, a reference to the town's situation on themouth of theRiver Fal. TheCornish language name,Aberfala orAberfal, is of identical meaning.
In 1540,Henry VIII builtPendennis Castle in Falmouth to defendCarrick Roads. The main town of the district was then atPenryn. A late-16th century map shows 'Arweneck' manor house with some ordinary dwellings at 'Smithick, alias Pennycomequick' near today's Market Strand.[5][6] Pennycomequick is an Anglicisation of the CelticPen-y-cwm-cuic 'head of the creek';[7] there is still aPennycomequick district inPlymouth.
In the late 16th century, under threat from the Spanish Armada, the defences at Pendennis were strengthened by the building of angled ramparts. During theCivil War, Pendennis Castle was the second to last fort to surrender to the Parliamentary Army.[8]Sir John Killigrew created the town of Falmouth shortly after 1613.[9]
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After the Civil War, SirPeter Killigrew received royal patronage when he gave land for the building of theChurch of King Charles the Martyr, dedicated toCharles I, "the Martyr".[10]
The seal of Falmouth was blazoned as "An eagle displayed with two heads and on each wing with a tower" (based on the arms of Killigrew). The arms of the borough of Falmouth were "Arg[ent]. a double-headed eagle displayed Sa[ble]. each wing charged with a tower Or. in base issuant from the water barry wavy a rock also Sa. thereon surmounting the tail of the eagle a staff also proper flying therefrom a pennant Gu[les]".[11]
Being the nearest large harbour to the entrance of the English Channel, two Royal Navy squadrons were permanently stationed here. In the 1790s one was under the command ofSir Edward Pellew (later Viscount Exmouth) and the other under the command ofSir John Borlase Warren. Each squadron consisted of five frigates, with either 32 or 44 guns. Pellew's flagship wasHMSIndefatigable and Warren'sHMSRévolutionnaire. At the time of theFrench Revolutionary Wars, battle ships and small vessels were continually arriving with war prizes taken from the French ships and prisoners of war. NearPenryn, atTregellick andRoscrow, were two large camps for the French prisoners.[12]
TheOld Town Hall in the High Street was completed in 1710.[13] The corporation moved to a new town hall on The Moor, now thePalacio Lounge, in 1866.[14]
The FalmouthPacket Service operated out of Falmouth for over 160 years between 1689 and 1851. Its purpose was to carry mail to and from Britain's growingempire. At the end of the 18th century, there were thirty to forty, small, full rigged, three-masted ships. The crews were hand picked and both officers and men often made large fortunes from the private contraband trade they took part in, while under the protection of being a Government ship, free fromcustoms andexcise searches and therefore payment of duty.[12] Captain John Bullock worked in the Packet Service and builtPenmere Manor in 1825.
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In 1805 news of Britain's victory and Admiral Nelson's death atTrafalgar reached Falmouth from the schoonerPickle and was taken to London bypost chaise. On 2 October 1836HMS Beagle anchored at Falmouth at the end of hernoted survey voyage around the world.[15] That evening,Charles Darwin left the ship and took theMail coach to his family home atThe Mount, Shrewsbury.[16] The ship stayed a few days and CaptainRobert FitzRoy visited the Fox family at nearbyPenjerrick Gardens. Darwin's shipmate Sulivan later made his home in the nearby waterside village ofFlushing, then home to many naval officers.[citation needed]
In 1839 Falmouth was the scene of agold dust robbery when £47,600 worth of gold dust from Brazil was stolen on arrival at the port.[17]
TheFalmouth Docks were developed from 1858,[18] and theRoyal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) openedFalmouth Lifeboat Station nearby in 1867. The present building dates from 1993 and also housesHM Coastguard.[19] The RNLI operates twolifeboats from Falmouth:Richard Cox Scott, a 17-metre (56 ft)Severn-class all-weather boat,[20] and B-916Robina Nixon Chard, anAtlantic 85 inshore lifeboat.
Near the town centre is Kimberley Park, named after the Earl of Kimberley who leased the park's land to the borough of Falmouth. Today the park has exotic and ornate plants and trees.[22]
Falmouth was connected to Plymouth and the rest of the United Kingdom by electric telegraph on 30 August 1857.[23] The telegraph office was adjoining the Custom House and Globe Hotel. In 1869 the telegraph office moved to the new Falmouth Post Office on Church Street.[24]
A telephone trunk line to Falmouth was opened in January 1899. It was noted in Lake's Falmouth Packet and Cornwall Advertiser of 14 January 1899 that "the tariff for conversations carried on over any distance is too high to suggest the use of the telephone for anything except urgent business".[25] The exchange was over the Post Office on The Moor.
TheCornwall Railway reached Falmouth on 24 August 1863. The railway brought new prosperity to Falmouth, as it made it easy for tourists to reach the town. It also allowed the swift transport of the goods recently disembarked from the ships in the port. The town now has three railway stations.Falmouth Docks railway station is the original terminus and is close to Pendennis Castle and Castle beach.Falmouth Town railway station was opened on 7 December 1970 and is convenient for theNational Maritime Museum Cornwall, the waterfront, Gyllyngvase beach and town centre.
Penmere railway station opened on 1 July 1925 towards the north of Falmouth and within easy walking distance of the top of The Moor. All three stations are served by regular trains fromTruro on theMaritime Line. Penmere Station was renovated in the late 1990s, using the original sign and materials.
The town saw a totaleclipse of the Sun at 11:11 a.m. on 11 August 1999.This eclipse lasted just over two minutes at Falmouth, the longest duration in the United Kingdom.[26]
DuringWorld War II, 31 people were killed in Falmouth byGermanbombing. An anti-submarine net was laid from Pendennis to St Mawes, to prevent enemyU-boats entering the harbour.
It was the launching point for theSt Nazaire Raid in 1942. Between 1943 and 1944, Falmouth was a base for American troops preparing for theD-Day invasions.[27] Many of the troops involved embarked from Falmouth harbour and the surrounding rivers and creeks. There are commemorative plaques at Turnaware Point, Falmouth Watersports marina,Tolverne andTrebah gardens.[28] TheUnited States Navy had a large base in Falmouth harbour as well.
TheSS Flying Enterprise, a cargo vessel that had sailed fromHamburg on 21 December 1951, ran into a storm on the Western Approaches to the English Channel. A crack appeared on her deck and the cargo shifted. A number of vessels went to her aid including the tugTurmoil which was stationed in Falmouth, but they found it initially impossible to take theFlying Enterprise in tow. The ship was finally taken in tow on 5 January 1952 by theTurmoil when she was some 300 nautical miles (560 km) from Falmouth. It took several days to reach port. On 10 January the tow line parted when the ship was still 41 nautical miles (76 km) from Falmouth. Two other tugs joined the battle to save the ship and cargo, but theFlying Enterprise finally sank later that day. Captain Carlsen and the tug's mate Kenneth Dancy, the only crew members still on board, were picked up byTurmoil and taken to Falmouth to a hero's welcome.
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There are two tiers of local government covering Falmouth, atparish (town) andunitary authority level: Falmouth Town Council andCornwall Council. The town council has its offices at the Old Post Office on The Moor, and meets at the adjoiningMunicipal Building (built 1896), which also houses the town's library and an art gallery.[31][32]
For elections to Cornwall Council, there are fourelectoral divisions with Falmouth in their names:Falmouth Arwenack,Falmouth Boslowick,Falmouth Penwerris,Falmouth Smithick, andFalmouth Tescobeads and Budock (the latter also covers the parish ofBudock). Each division elects one councillor.[33][34]
Falmouth historically formed part of theancient parish ofBudock in theKerrier Hundred of Cornwall.[35] The town was incorporated as aborough by acharter fromCharles II dated 5 October 1661.[36][37] Three years later, in 1664, a new parish of Falmouth was also created from part of Budock. The borough only covered the core of the nascent town, comprising 31 acres (13 hectares) of land around High Street, Market Street and Church Street, whereas the parish also covered surrounding rural areas ceded from Budock.[35][38] The borough was reformed to become amunicipal borough in 1836 under theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835, which standardised how most boroughs operated across the country.[39]
The urban area increasingly grew beyond the borough boundaries, and in 1864 the part of Falmouth parish outside the borough was made alocal government district administered by an elected local board. After 1864 there was therefore a borough council responsible for the central part of the town and a separate local board responsible for the suburbs.[40] Parish responsibilities under thepoor laws were also administered separately for the borough and the remainder of Falmouth parish outside the borough. As such these two areas became separatecivil parishes called Falmouth Borough and Falmouth in 1866, when the legal definition of 'parish' was changed to be the areas used for administering the poor laws.[35]
By 1892, it was estimated that the borough only contained a third of the population of the urban area. The borough was therefore extended in 1892 to take in Falmouth parish (the local board of which was abolished) plus parts of Budock parish, including Pendennis Castle south of the town and the area around Greenbank Quay north of the town.[41][38] Civil parish boundaries were not automatically changed by the borough's extension in 1892. The parishes within the borough were subsequently united into a single parish of Falmouth matching the borough in 1920.[42] The borough was enlarged again in 1934, taking in further areas west of the town.[43]
The borough of Falmouth was abolished in 1974 under theLocal Government Act 1972, when the area became part of theCarrick district.[44][45] Asuccessor parish called Falmouth was created at the same time, covering the area of the abolished borough.[46] As part of the 1974 reforms, parish councils were given the right to declare their parishes to be a town, allowing them to take the title of town council and giving the title ofmayor to the council's chairperson.[47] The new parish council for Falmouth exercised this right, taking the name Falmouth Town Council.[32]
Carrick district was abolished in 2009. Cornwall County Council then took on district-level functions, making it a unitary authority, and was renamed Cornwall Council.[48][49]
While Falmouth's maritime activity has much declined from its heyday, the docks are still a major contributor to the town's economy. It is the largest port in Cornwall. Falmouth remains a cargo port and the bunkering of vessels and the transfer of cargoes also keep the port's facilities busy. The port is popular with cruise ship operators.[citation needed]
Further up the sheltered reaches of the Fal there are often several ships laid up, awaiting sailing orders and/or new owners/charterers.
Falmouth is a popular holiday destination and it is now primarily a tourist resort. The five main beaches starting next to Pendennis Castle and moving along the coast towards the Helford river are Castle, Tunnel,Gyllyngvase,Swanpool andMaenporth beaches. TheNational Maritime Museum Cornwall opened in February 2003. The building was designed by the architect M. J. Long.[50]
TheFalmouth & Penryn Packet, first published in 1858, is still based in the town as the lead title in a series ofPacket Newspapers for central and westernCornwall.[51]
The West Briton newspaper, first published in 1810, is a weekly tabloid newspaper which has aFalmouth & Penryn edition reporting on the area.
Falmouth has many literary connections. The town was the birthplace of Toad, Mole and Rat:Kenneth Grahame's classicThe Wind in the Willows began as a series of letters sent to his son. The first two were written at the Greenbank Hotel whilst Grahame was a guest in May 1907. Reproductions of the letters are currently on display in the hotel.Poldark authorWinston Graham knew the town well and set his novelThe Forgotten Story (1945) in Falmouth.
The town has been the setting for several films and television programmes. British film starWill Hay was a familiar face in Falmouth in 1935 whilst filming his comedyWindbag the Sailor. The film had many scenes of the docks area. The docks area was featured in some scenes withJohn Mills for the 1948 filmScott of the Antarctic.Robert Newton,Bobby Driscoll and other cast members of the 1950 Walt Disney filmTreasure Island (some scenes were filmed along theRiver Fal) were visitors to the town.[52] Stars from the BBC TV serialThe Onedin Line stayed in the town during filming in the late 1970s. In 2011Paramount Pictures filmed parts of the filmWorld War Z starringBrad Pitt in Falmouth Docks and off the coast.[53]
Falmouth had the first "Polytechnic":Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society which went into administration briefly in 2010 but is now a feature of the town with frequent art exhibitions, stage performances and an art house cinema.
Falmouth is home to many theatre groups, including Falmouth Theatre Company, Falmouth Young Generation and Amity Theatre. Falmouth Theatre Company, also known as FTC, is the oldest local company with performances dating back to 1927.
TheFalmouth Art Gallery is a public gallery with a diverse 19th and 20th century art collection including many notable modern Cornish artists exhibited in four to five seasonal exhibitions a year, as well as a "family friendly and free" community and schools education programme.
Falmouth has its own community radio stationSource FM broadcasting on 96.1 FM and online.[54]
In 2016, Falmouth won the "Great British High Street 2016" award, in the 'Coastal Community' category.[55]
The Anglican parish churches are dedicated toKing Charles the Martyr and toAll Saints. A third church isSt Michael's Church, Penwerris. The Roman Catholic church of St Mary Immaculate is in Killigrew Street. It was designed byJ. A. Hansom and built in 1868; the tower and spire (1881) are by J. S. Hansom; the baptistery and porch were added in 1908 to the original designs. The style is a blend of Gothic and Burgundian Romanesque, creating a very French effect. Two of the stained glass windows are early works ofDom Charles Norris.[56] Falmouth Methodist Church is also in Killigrew Street; the street façade is "one of the grandest expressions of Methodism in Cornwall". The United Reformed Church (originally Bible Christian) is in Berkeley Vale. The former synagogue (1816) is one of the earliest surviving synagogue buildings in England; it was in use until 1879.[57]
Falmouth is famous for its harbour. Together withCarrick Roads, it forms the third deepest natural harbour in the world, and the deepest in Western Europe.[58] It has been the start or finish point of various round-the-world record-breaking voyages, such as those ofRobin Knox-Johnston and DameEllen MacArthur.
Falmouth is a terminus of theA39 road, connecting toBath, Somerset some 180 miles (290 km) distant although such a route has now been surpassed by theA303,A37 andA367. The A39 connects Falmouth with theA30 viaTruro. The A30 provides a fast link between Falmouth and theM5 motorway atExeter 98 miles (160 km) to the northeast.
Most commercial bus services are provided byFirst Kernow who have an outstation in Falmouth. Other services are run by Office & Transport Services on behalf ofTransport for Cornwall.
Falmouth has three railway stations (described above) at the southern end of an11+3⁄4 miles (19 km) branch line (theMaritime Line) fromTruro. The train takes roughly 28 minutes inbound and 24 minutes outbound with stops atPerranwell,Penryn,Penmere,Falmouth Town andFalmouth Docks.
Falmouth has regular ferry routes connecting to St Mawes,[59] Flushing[60] and Trelissick, Malpas and Truro.[61]
There are fiveprimary schools in the town and onesecondary school, namelyFalmouth School.[62][63]
Falmouth University has a campus at the original town site, Woodlane, and another in theCombined Universities in Cornwall campus atTremough,Penryn, which it shares with theUniversity of Exeter. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses chiefly in the fields of Art, Design and Media. TheUniversity of Exeter, Cornwall Campus offers a range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses, often with a particular focus on the environment and sustainability, and also hosts the world-renownedCamborne School of Mines (formerly located nearby in Camborne), which specialises in the understanding and management of the Earth's natural processes, resources and the environment.[64]
In 2015, actor and comedianDawn French was installed as Falmouth University's chancellor.[65]
Falmouth Marine School, formerly Falmouth Technical College, specialises in traditional and modern boat-building, marine engineering, marine environmental science and marine leisure sport. The campus is part ofCornwall College.[66]
The town has a football team in theSouthern Football League Division One South,Falmouth Town A.F.C., who play at Bickland Park in the north-west of the town, and alsoFalmouth RFC, arugby union club who play at The Recreation Ground, a site at the top of The Moor.
Falmouth is also home to one of Cornwall's biggest cricket clubs, where four teams represent the town in theCornwall Cricket League, with the 1st team playing in the Cornwall Premier League. Falmouth CC play at the Trescobeas ground on Trescobeas Road.
With its proximity to sheltered and unsheltered waters, Falmouth has long been a popular boating and water sports location. It is, for example, a centre ofCornish pilot gig rowing, the home of Gyllyngvase Surf Life Saving Club (founded 2008)[67] and a popular location for sea swimming. Solo yachtsmanRobert Manry crossed theAtlantic fromFalmouth, Massachusetts (which is named after Falmouth) to Falmouth, Cornwall, from June–August 1965 in the thirteen-and-a-half-footTinkerbelle—this was the smallest boat to make the crossing at the time. The town was the location for the 1966, 1982 and 1998 and 2014Tall Ships' Race in which approximately ninetyTall Ships set sail forLisbon, Portugal. The town is also hosted the start of the 2021 race.[68]
Falmouth has been a major centre forCornish wrestling for centuries.[69][70][71] Tournaments were often badged as "the championship of the West of England".[72] Bouts were held at various venues around the town, includingPendennis Castle.[73] Alfred Ernest Trenoweth (1868–1942) from Falmouth was well known as light weight champion wrestler of Cornwall.[74] Another champion wrestler from Falmouth was Pellew, who was especially notable, since he only had one arm![75][76]
| Climate data for Falmouth (1916–1995 averages) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9 (48) | 9 (48) | 10 (50) | 12 (54) | 14 (57) | 17 (63) | 19 (66) | 19 (66) | 17 (63) | 14 (57) | 12 (54) | 10 (50) | 14 (56) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6 (43) | 5 (41) | 6 (43) | 7 (45) | 10 (50) | 12 (54) | 14 (57) | 14 (57) | 13 (55) | 11 (52) | 8 (46) | 7 (45) | 9 (49) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 109.3 (4.30) | 83.1 (3.27) | 78.3 (3.08) | 67.7 (2.67) | 62.6 (2.46) | 57.5 (2.26) | 61.5 (2.42) | 64.2 (2.53) | 73.3 (2.89) | 107.4 (4.23) | 113.7 (4.48) | 118.2 (4.65) | 996.8 (39.24) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 56.7 | 73.8 | 121.4 | 178.3 | 213.8 | 215.0 | 205.0 | 195.7 | 147.1 | 106.0 | 69.4 | 53.7 | 1,635.9 |
| [citation needed] | |||||||||||||
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Falmouth istwinned withDouarnenez inBrittany, France andRotenburg an der Wümme, inLower Saxony, Germany.[95]
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