Fahd was the eldest of theSudairi Seven, the sons of King Abdulaziz byHassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. He served asMinister of Education from 1953 to 1962 during the reign ofKing Saud. Afterwards he wasInterior Minister from 1962 to 1975, at the end of King Saud's reign and throughoutKing Faisal's reign. He was appointed crown prince when his half-brotherKhalid became king following the assassination of King Faisal in 1975. Fahd was viewed as thede facto leader of the country during King Khalid's reign in part due to the latter's ill health.
Upon the death of King Khalid in 1982, Fahd ascended to the throne. He is credited for having introduced theBasic Law of Saudi Arabia in 1992. He suffered a debilitating stroke in 1995, after which he was unable to continue performing his full official duties. His half-brother Crown PrinceAbdullah served asde facto regent of the kingdom and succeeded Fahd as king upon his death in 2005. With a reign of 23 years, Fahd remains the longest-reigning Saudi king.
Fahd bin Abdulaziz was born in thewalled town of Riyadh in 1920,[1] 1921[2] or 1923.[3][4][5] He was the eighth son of King Abdulaziz,[6] and his eldest son by Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi.[7] Fahd and his six full brothers are known as theSudairi Seven.[8] Fahd was Hassa's second son; his elder half-brother Abdullah bin Muhammad was his mother's only son from her previous marriage to PrinceMuhammad bin Abdul Rahman, Fahd's paternal uncle.[9]
Fahd's education took place at thePrinces' School in Riyadh, a school established by King Abdulaziz specifically for the education of members of the House of Saud.[10] He received education for four years as a result of his mother's urging.[11] While at the Princes' School, Fahd studied under tutors including Sheikh Abdul Ghani Khayat.[12] He then went on to receive education at the Religious Knowledge Institute inMecca.[10][13]
Early political roles
Prince Fahd was made a member of the royal advisory board at his mother's urging.[14] In 1945, he traveled on his first state visit to San Francisco for the signing of theCharter of the United Nations.[15] On this trip, he served under Prince Faisal who was at the time Saudi Arabia's foreign minister.[13] Fahd led his first official state visit in 1953, attending thecoronation ofQueen Elizabeth II on behalf of the House of Saud.[12][16][17] On 24 December 1953, he was appointed as Saudi Arabia's first education minister.[18][19]
Prince Fahd led the Saudi delegation to theLeague of Arab States in 1959, signifying his increasing prominence in the House of Saud and his being groomed for a more significant role. In 1962, he was given the important post of interior minister.[11] As interior minister, he headed the Saudi delegation at a meeting of Arab Heads of State in Egypt in 1965.[13] At the beginning of King Faisal's reign, Prince Fahd became a member of the council which had been established by the king to guide the succession issues.[20]
On 2 January 1967, Prince Fahd survived an assassination attempt when an explosion occurred in his private office at the ministry.[21] He was not there during the incident, but the explosion injured nearly 40 staff of the ministry.[21]
Prince Fahd was named second deputy prime minister in 1967 when King Faisal established the office.[13][22] The post was created upon the request of Crown Prince Khalid due to the fact that he himself did not want to continue to preside over the council of ministers.[23] King Faisal was not very enthusiastic about the appointment of Prince Fahd to the post.[23] Between October 1969 and May 1970, Prince Fahd was on leave which was regarded byNadav Safran as an indication of major confrontation in the government.[22] One of the reasons for this confrontation was the disagreement between King Faisal and Prince Fahd concerning security policies.[24] King Faisal accused him of being late to implement severe measures to arrest those who had contacts with thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).[24] The PFLP attacked and damaged the Saudi-ownedTrans-Arabian Pipeline in theGolan Heights on 31 May 1969 and also was planning a plot against the King.[24] During his absence which was reported by the officials as a medical leave, Prince Fahd stayed in London and then in Spain where he spent the time on gambling and leisure.[25] King Faisal sent him bothOmar Al Saqqaf, his envoy, and several letters asking him to return to the country, but Prince Fahd did not follow his request.[25]
Prince Fahd was made the head of the Supreme Council on Petroleum in March 1973 when it was established by King Faisal.[26] However, the relations between King Faisal and Prince Fahd were still strained due to Prince Fahd's gambling visits toMonte Carlo, Monaco.[27] In addition, Prince Fahd was not a supporter of theoil embargo which he regarded as a potential threat to the relationships between Saudi Arabia and the United States of America.[27] Because of these and other disagreements, King Faisal had planned to remove Prince Fahd from the post of second deputy prime minister which was not materialized by the king.[27]
Crown Prince
Crown Prince Fahd andKing Khalid at a ceremonyEgyptian PresidentAnwar Sadat receives King Khalid and Crown Prince Fahd, Cairo in July 1975U.S. PresidentJimmy Carter and Crown Prince Fahd in 1978
After the murder of King Faisal in 1975 and the accession of King Khalid, Fahd was named first deputy prime minister and concurrently crown prince.[28][29] Besides King Khalid, Prince Fahd had three elder half-brothers living at that time:Muhammad,Nasser andSaad. However, Prince Muhammad had denied appointment by King Faisal as crown prince a decade prior, while Princes Nasser and Saad were both considered unsuitable candidates.[28][30] By contrast, Prince Fahd had served as minister of education from 1954 to 1962 and minister of interior from 1962 to 1975.[28]
The appointment of Prince Fahd as both crown prince and first deputy prime minister made him a much more powerful figure in contrast to the status of King Khalid when he had been crown prince during King Faisal's reign.[31] However, King Khalid had an influence over Fahd's activities and limited his powers, probably due to Fahd's very clear pro-Western views and hostile approach against Iran and theShia population of Saudi Arabia.[32] During this period, Crown Prince Fahd was one of the members of the inner family council led by King Khalid, which included Fahd's brothers Muhammad, Abdullah, Sultan andAbdul Muhsin and his uncles Ahmed andMusaid.[33]
When King Khalid died on 13 June 1982, Fahd succeeded to the throne[34] being the fifth king of Saudi Arabia.[35] However, the most active period of his life was not his reign, but when he was Crown Prince.[36] King Fahd adopted the title "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" in 1986, replacing "His Majesty", to signify an Islamic rather than secular authority.[13]
Unlike the reigns of King Faisal and King Khalid, his reign witnessed significant decrease in theoil price which sharply reduced the oil revenues of Saudi Arabia.[37] Due to this,Madawi Al Rasheed described the reign of King Fahd as the era of austerity in contrast to the period of affluence experienced under his two predecessors.[37]
Foreign policy
King Fahd shares a laugh with US PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush, Jeddah, 21 November 1990
Fahd was a supporter of the United Nations. He supported foreign aid and gave 5.5% of Saudi Arabia's national income through various funds, especially theSaudi Fund for Development and theOPEC Fund for International Development. He also gave aid to foreign groups such as theBosnian Muslims in theYugoslav Wars, as well as the NicaraguanContras, providing "a million dollars per month from May to December 1984".[41] King Fahd was also a strong supporter of the Palestinian cause and an opponent of theState of Israel.[42] Towards the beginning of Fahd's reign, he was a staunch ally of the United States.[43] However, Fahd distanced himself from the US throughout parts of his reign, declining to allow the US to use Saudi air bases to protect naval convoys after theattack on the USS Stark, and in 1988 agreed to buy between fifty and sixty nuclear-payload-capableCSS-2 intermediate-range ballistic missiles.[44]
King Fahd developed a peace plan in order to resolve Arab differences particularly between Algeria and Morocco.[45][46] In 1981, he formulated apeace plan for theMiddle East to resolve theArab–Israeli conflict, which was adopted by the Arab League the following year.[47] The initiative, which offers peace to Israel in exchange for the return of Palestinian territories, was revived in almost the same form at a meeting of the League in 2002. He also actively contributed to theTaif accord in 1989 that ended conflict in Lebanon.[19][45] In addition, he led theArab world against theinvasion of Kuwait by Iraq.[45] He developed a special bond with both Syrian PresidentHafez al-Assad and Egyptian PresidentHosni Mobarak during his reign.[48] Due to King Fahd's support to Hafez al-Assad, Arab countries did not manage to realize their decision to end Syrian presence in Lebanon in the summit of theArab League held inCasablanca, Morocco, in May 1989.[49]
Islamic activities
He supported the conservative Saudi religious establishment, including spending millions of dollars on religious education,[50] strengthened separation of the sexes and power of thereligious police, publicly endorsed SheikhAbd al-Aziz ibn Baz's warning to young Saudis to avoid the path of evil by not traveling to Europe and the United States.[51] This further distanced him from his inconvenient past.[50]
In 1990, Iraqi forces under Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, placing the Iraqi army (then the largest in the Middle East) on the Saudi-Kuwaiti border. King Fahd agreed to host American-led coalition troops in his Kingdom and later allowed American troops to be based there.[52] This decision brought him considerable criticism and opposition from many Saudi citizens, who objected to the presence of foreign troops on Saudi soil;[53] this was acasus belli against the Saudi royal family prominently cited byOsama bin Laden andAl Qaeda. His decision was also objected to by his full brothers or the Sudairi Seven.[52] Another cause for criticism came when during an event with the British Royal Family, King Fahd was seen wearing a white decoration in the shape of a cross; in 1994 Bin Laden cited this as "abomination" and "clearly infidelity".[54]
Reform and industrialization
King Fahd showed little tolerance for reformists. In 1992, a group of reformists and prominent Saudi intellectuals petitioned King Fahd for wide-ranging reforms, including widening political representation and curbing the royal family's wasteful spending. King Fahd first responded by ignoring their requests and when they persisted, reformists were harshly persecuted, imprisoned, and fired from their jobs.
During King Fahd's rule, the royal family's lavish spending of the country's wealth reached its height. In addition, the biggest and most controversial military contract of the century, theAl-Yamamah arms deal was signed on his watch.[55] The contract has cost the Saudi treasury more than $90 billion. These funds were originally allocated to building hospitals, schools, universities, and roads. As a result, Saudi Arabia endured a stagnation in infrastructure development from 1986 until 2005 when the new King, Abdullah, fully came into power.
Like all the countries bordering thePersian Gulf, Saudi Arabia under King Fahd focused its industrial development on hydrocarbon installations. Up to this day, the country is reliant on imports for nearly all its light and heavy machinery.
King Fahd established a Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs directed by senior family members and technocrats in 1994. The council was planned to function as an ombudsman of Islamic activity concerning educational, economic, and foreign policy matters. The chairman of the council was Prince Sultan. Prince Nayef,Prince Saud Al Faisal and technocratMohammed bin Ali Aba Al Khail were appointed to the newly established council. One of the covert purposes of the council was thought to be to reduce the power of the Ulemas Council that had been increasing its power.[56]
Succession mechanism
In an effort to institutionalize succession, King Fahd issued a decree on 1 March 1992.[57] The decree expanded the criteria for succession, which had been only seniority and family consensus, and led to speculations.[57] The most significant change by the edict was that the King did acquire the right to appoint or dismiss his heir apparent based on suitability rather than seniority and that the grandsons of Abdulaziz became eligible for the throne.[57]
Increasing disparity in Saudi society
With a growing population during King Fahd's rule, the already weak local education system saw a lot more strain being put into it. Due to the decline in oil prices during the early years of his reign, previous initiatives by Faisal and Khalid before him to modernise the education system saw significant setback. The local Saudi education system remained better equipped to teach humanities, with Islamic studies getting more preference under increasing pressure from clerics. As a result, a significant proportion of Saudis would end up studying abroad, typically majoring in the sciences and/or management.[58]
Another consequence of this was the formation of two distinct and increasingly polarised spheres amongst university-educated Saudis. Foreign educated returnees from American and European universities typically occupied well-paid jobs in prestigious ministries with high salaries added with the prestige of being the vanguard of the civil service andgovernment-owned corporations keeping the kingdom on its feet. This was due to such graduates having acquired technical and linguistic skills necessary for such jobs. Meanwhile, local educated Saudis, often having graduated from humanities, found themselves working low-ranking, clerical jobs in the civil service with modest salaries.
Overtime, this led to growing resentment amongst local graduates.Anti-western rhetoric and a call to return to an ultra-orthodox and more religious lifestyle by Wahhabi clerics grew more popular amongst this segment of Saudi society. This was further worsened by increased competition as oil prices continued to drop and more foreign workers kept being issues visas to work in the kingdom.
During this period, the phenomenon of having the same family being divided amongst these lines become more common. The archetype of the ultraconservative Saudi man preaching to his family and friends, showing strong distaste for Western culture, listening to religious cassettes and refusing to take pictures would begin to be cultivated. The termmutawwa' would often be used pejoratively by more liberal Saudis to describe such conservative Saudis.[59]
1995 stroke and aftermath
Crown Prince Abdullah assumed some of the duties of government after King Fahd's stroke in 1995.
King Fahd was a heavy smoker, overweight for much of his adult life, and in his sixties began to suffer fromarthritis and severediabetes.[8] He suffered a debilitating stroke on 29 November 1995[19] and became noticeably frail, and decided to delegate the running of the Kingdom to Crown Prince Abdullah on 2 January 1996.[53][57][60] On 21 February, King Fahd resumed official duties.[61]
After his stroke, King Fahd was partly inactive and had to use a cane and then a wheelchair,[62] though he still attended meetings and received selected visitors. In November 2003, according to government media, King Fahd was quoted as saying to "strike with an iron fist" at terrorists afterdeadly bombings in Saudi Arabia, although he could hardly utter a word because of his deteriorating health. However, it was Crown Prince Abdullah who took official trips; when King Fahd traveled, it was for vacations, and he was sometimes absent from Saudi Arabia for months at a time. When his oldest son andInternational Olympic Committee member PrinceFaisal bin Fahd died in 1999, the King was in Spain and did not return for the funeral.[63]
In a speech to an Islamic conference on 30 August 2003, King Fahd condemned terrorism and exhorted Muslim clerics to emphasize peace, security, cooperation, justice, and tolerance in their sermons.[64]
Wealth
Fortune Magazine reported his wealth in 1988 at $18 billion (making him the second-richest person in the world at that time).[65]Forbes estimated Fahd's wealth to be $25 billion in 2002.[66] In addition to residences in Saudi Arabia, he had a palace on Spain'sCosta del Sol which madeMarbella a famous place.[67]
Recreational activities
King Fahd was known to enjoy luxurious living abroad and a lavish lifestyle. He visited the ports of the French Riviera in his 147-metre (482 ft) yacht, the US$100 millionPrince Abdulaziz. The ship featured two swimming pools, a ballroom, a gym, a theatre, a portable garden, a hospital with an intensive-care unit and two operating rooms, and four AmericanStinger missiles.[68] The king also had a personal US$150 millionBoeing 747 jet, equipped with his own fountain. In Fahd's younger years, he engaged in activities considered un-Islamic, such as drinking and gambling. Fahd reportedly lost millions of dollars in casinos and attempted to regain this money through illegal methods.[69] When Fahd's brothers found out about his habits, which were considered a disgrace to the House of Saud, he was summoned to King Faisal's palace. Upon arrival, King Faisal slapped Fahd across the face. From then on, Fahd ceased indulging in these habits.[70]
Personal life
King Fahd was married at least thirteen times. The spouses of King Fahd were as follows:
Al Anood bint Abdulaziz bin Musaid Al Saud, mother of his eldest five sons, Prince Faisal, Prince Mohammed, Prince Saud, Prince Sultan and Prince Khalid.[71][72][73]
King Fahd had six sons and four daughters.[11] His sons are:
Faisal bin Fahd (1945–1999) Died of a heart attack. Director-general of youth welfare (1971–1999), director-general at ministry of planning and minister of state (1977–1999)
Abdulaziz bin Fahd, (born 16 April 1973), Fahd's favourite and youngest son and former minister of state without portfolio. He is the son of Princess Jawhara Al Ibrahim, Fahd's reportedly favourite wife.[77]
His daughters are:
Al Anoud bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.
Princess Lulwa bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. was married to Prince Khalid bin Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and had two children: Prince Faisal and Princess Sarah. Princess Lulwa bint Fahd died on 18 April 2022.[78]
Princess Latifa bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. She was married to Prince Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud and had one son, Prince Faisal. Remarried to Prince Khalid bin Saud bin Muhammad bin Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud and had one son, Prince Saud.Latifa bint Fahd died at age 54 inGeneva in late December 2013.[79][80]
Princess Al-Jawhara bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. She was married to Prince Turki bin Muhammad bin Saud Al Kabir and has children: Prince Sultan, Prince Fahd, Prince Muhammad, and four daughters. Al Jawhara bint Fahd died in June 2016.[81]
King Fahd was admitted to theKing Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh on 27 May 2005 in "stable but serious condition" for unspecified medical tests.[82] An official (who insisted on anonymity) told theAssociated Press unofficially that the king had died at 07:30 on 1 August 2005 at age 84.[83] Official statement was announced on state television at 10:00 by Information MinisterIyad Madani.[83]
Funeral
King Fahd was buried in the lastthawb (traditional Arab robe) he wore. Fahd's body was carried toImam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque, and funeral prayers were held at around 15:30 local time (12:30 GMT) on 2 August.[83] The prayers for the late monarch were led by the Kingdom's grand mufti,Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al Sheikh.
The King's son Abdulaziz carried the body to the mosque and to theAl Oud cemetery, Riyadh, some two kilometres away, a public cemetery where Fahd's four predecessors and other members of the Al Saud ruling family are buried.[84][85]
Arab and Muslim dignitaries who attended the funeral were not present at the burial. Only ruling family members and Saudi citizens were on hand as the body was lowered into the grave.
Muslim leaders offered condolences at the mosque, while other foreign dignitaries and leaders who came after the funeral paid their respects at the royal court.
In accordance with regulations and social traditions, Saudi Arabia declared a national mourning period of three days during which all offices were closed. Government offices remained closed for the rest of the week.[83] The state flag was not lowered (since theflag of Saudi Arabia bears theShahada, the Islamicdeclaration of faith, the flag's protocol requires the flag not to be lowered).[86]
After Fahd's death, many Arab countries declaredmourning periods.[10] Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Syria, Yemen, the Arab League in Cairo, and thePalestinian Authority all declared three-day mourning periods.[10] Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates declared a seven-day mourning period and ordered all flags flown at half-staff.[87] In Jordan, a national three-day mourning period was declared and a 40-day mourning period was decreed at the Royal Court.
^"King Fahd 1923-2005".Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. Washington DC. 1 August 2005. Archived fromthe original on 14 October 2019. Retrieved29 June 2012.
^ab"Saudi Arabia"(PDF).Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. p. 77. Archived fromthe original(Country Readers Series) on 9 January 2021. Retrieved7 January 2021.
^Chris Emery (2013). "Reappraising the Carter Administration's response to the Iran-Iraq war". InNigel Ashton; Bryan Gibson (eds.).The Iran-Iraq War: New International Perspectives. London; New York:Routledge.ISBN9780415685245.
^James G. Blight; et al. (2012).Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988. Lanham, MD:Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 58–59,63–69,260–262,304–305.ISBN978-1-4422-0830-8.
^Geoffrey Kemp. (2010).The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press. Print.ISBN9780815703884
^Michael J.H. Taylor (2001).Flight International World Aircraft and Systems Directory (3rd ed.). United Kingdom: Reed Business Information. pp. 189–190.ISBN0-617-01289-X.
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