This article is about the historical Faculty of Law (and Economics) of Paris (12th century – 1970); it is not to be confused with theUniversity of Law, Economics and Social Sciences of Paris (1971–present), its direct inheritor which took the name "Panthéon-Assas University" in 1990.
Faculty of Law of Paris
Faculté de droit de Paris
Other name
c. 1100 – 1229:École de droit de Paris
1229–1679:Consultissima decretorum facultas (Faculty of Canon Law)
1679–1793:Faculté de droit civil et canonique
1802–1896:École de droit de Paris
1896–1950s:Faculté de droit de Paris
1950s–1970:Faculté de droit et d'économie de Paris
TheFaculty of Law of Paris (French:Faculté de droit de Paris), called from the late 1950s to 1970 theFaculty of Law and Economics of Paris, is the second-oldest faculty of law in the world and one of the four and eventually five[1] faculties of theUniversity of Paris ("the Sorbonne"), from the 12th century until 1970.
During theMiddle Ages, it was one of the two most important faculties of law in the world, along with the faculty of law of theUniversity of Bologna (the oldest in the world).[2][3][4]Pierre Abélard, founder of modern law, was its precursor, as a teacher at thecathedral school ofNotre-Dame de Paris,Andrea Alciato, founder oflegal humanism, was a professor there, andSaint Ivo, patron of lawyers and "Advocate of the Poor" according to theCatholic Church, had studied there. The prohibition by the Pope of teaching of Roman Law limited, however, its growth, to the benefit of the nearbyUniversity of Orléans, where numerous important French people studied law. In 1679, King Louis authorized the teaching of Roman Law. Numerous French intellectuals and revolutionary, likeVoltaire,Diderot andd'Alembert,Robespierre, etc. studied there. Between theFrench Revolution and its dissolution in 1970, numerous important people in France and in the world taught or studied there, includingVictor Hugo,Claude Lévi-Strauss,Tocqueville, andHonoré de Balzac. The faculty of law is also mentioned in classical French literature, in particular inLes Misérables.
At the dissolution of the Sorbonne in 1970, its two main buildings wereplace du Panthéon andrue d'Assas.[5] Most of its law professors (88 out of 108) decided to perpetuate the faculty of law and economics by creating and joining a university of law offering the same programs within the same two buildings; therefore, they created the "University of Law, Economics and Social Sciences of Paris", now calledPanthéon-Assas University.[6][7][8] Likewise, most of the economics professors (35 out of 41) preferred to found the multidisciplinaryParis 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University with professors of the faculty of humanities of Paris and a few professors of law.[8]
Pierre Abelard, theologian and logician before the existence of the faculty of law, who gave to the Sorbonne a recognition for its expertise in law in the early 20th century
Pierre Abélard, teacher at the greatcathedral school ofNotre-Dame de Paris (that would eventually become theSorbonne), writing with the influence of his wifeHéloïse, stressed that subjective intention determines the moral value of human action and therefore that the legal consequence of an action is related to the person that commits it and not merely to the action. With this doctrine, Abelard created in the Middle Ages the idea of the individual subject central to modern law. This gave to School of Notre-Dame de Paris (later the University of Paris) a recognition of its expertise in the area of Law, even before the faculty of Law existed and the school even recognized as an "universitas" and even if Abelard was primarily a logician and a theologian. The law grew afterwards to be a discipline in its own rights (rather than only a subject within theology and philosophy), and a faculty of law was founded.
Saint Ivo, alumnus, declared saint by the Church in 1347, patron of the lawyers, "Advocate of the Poor". His day is still celebrated by the lawyers, at least in France. In this painting, he is bringing justice between a rich and a poor person
The Pope forbade Roman law in Paris in 1223 with thedecretalSuper Specula. Afterwards, the Paris Law Faculty was called "Faculté de décret" or "Consultissima decretorum facultas", meaning Faculty of Canon Law.[9]
Jacques-Germain Soufflot, alumnus and architect of the Panthéon building of the Faculty of Law of Paris, opened in 1774
After the Edict of Saint-Germain of April 1679 byLouis XIV reestablished the teaching of Roman law in Paris, the faculty was known as the "faculty of civil andcanon law".
Louis XIV also introduced French Customary Law into the programs.
The faculty was closed alongside other faculties on September 15, 1793, by theFrench Revolution.
Large amphitheatre of the Faculty of Law of Paris in 1847Course at the Faculty of Law of Paris in the early 20th century
In 1802, the faculty of law was re-opened, and was called "the School of Law of Paris" (l'École de droit de Paris). In 1896, the law faculty and the henceforth four other Parisian faculties were grouped together to recreate theUniversity of Paris. In the late 1950s, it became a "faculty of law and economics".
TheCode Civil was taught after its creation in 1804. The programs were reformed at the end of the 19th century.
Originally, the faculty of law was not organized around research centers and professors were pursuing their research as part of faculty of law in general. Hence, only newly emerging fields of research would have newly created institutes, whereas traditional subjects such as Roman Law and Legal History, Private Law in general and Public law in general, would not necessarily have ones.
"Doctorate courses" existed in legal studies at that time until they were replaced in 1925 by the "Diplôme d'études supérieures". The Decree of the 2 May 1925 created in each faculty of Law 4 DES: DES in Roman Law and Legal history, DES in Private Law, DES in public Law and DES in Politics and Economics. It required students to obtain two of them undergraduate studies to be able to begin a doctorate (PhD). In 1964, the undergraduate studies took 4 years (4-yearlicence, and eventually 3-yearlicence and a one-yearmaîtrise) and only one DES was necessary to begin a doctorate. 2 additional DES are created in each faculty: DES in Criminal Law and Politics and Economics are separated in two DES.
Following theevents of May 1968, the faculties of the University of Paris became independent universities[11]
Most law professors (88 out of 108) decided to perpetuate the faculty of law and economics[8] within the same two buildings (Panthéon and Assas). Therefore, they created the "University of Law, Economics and social sciences of Paris" (Université de droit, d'économie et de sciences sociales de Paris), administratively shortened as Paris II, and currently namedPanthéon-Assas University,[6] which is therefore considered as its direct inheritor.[7] Panthéon-Assas inherited the teaching programs and research centers from the Faculty of Law.[12] Some joined interdisciplinary universities in Paris, likePanthéon-Sorbonne University,Paris Descartes University,Paris-East Créteil University (these names were formed later), or outsideParis.
In 1753,Louis XV decided that a new building would be constructed for the faculty of law on theplace du Panthéon.Jacques-Germain Soufflot, alumnus of the faculty who had become the architect of the King designed and supervised the construction. It took place from 1771 to 1773 and the new building opened in 1774.[14]
In the 1950s, a new building was constructedrue d'Assas in Paris. It was designed byCharles Lemaresquier, Alain le Normand and François Carpentier[15] to accommodate the growing number of students at theUniversity of Paris.[16] It was built between 1959 and 1963[15] on the former grounds ofSociété Marinoni.[17] At the time of its inauguration, its main lecture theatre was the largest in France, with 1,700 seats[18]
René David (1945–1968, went in 1968 to Aix-Marseille University until 1976), one of the most prominent professors of comparative law in the world in the 20th century, honorary degrees from the University of Edinburgh, Brussels, Ottawa, Basel, Leicester and Helsinki, recipient of theAmnesty International'sErasmus Prize in 1976.
Suzanne Bastid (1947–1977, Paris II from 1971) was the first woman professor of Law of France, the first woman to be a member of theAcadémie des sciences morales et politiques Secretary General of theInstitute of International Law (Nobel prize 1904).
Jean Carbonnier (1955–1976, Paris II from 1971), one of the most famous French professors in Law of the 20th Century.[26]
Gérard Cornu (born 1967,[27] Paris II from 1971), who wrote the new French Code of Civil Procedure in the late 1970s[28] and is also well known in France for his Dictionary of Legal Vocabulary, translated in English.[29][30]
François Terré (1969–1999, Paris II from 1971), president in 2008 of the legal section of theAcadémie des sciences morales et politiques, head of the private committee for the reform of French Law of Obligations.[31]
Jacques Robert (1969–1979, Paris II from 1971), former member of the Constitutional Council of France
The Pope forbade the teaching of Roman law in Paris in 1223 with thedecretalSuper Specula. Until the reintroduction of Roman Law (civil law) byLouis XIV, people who wanted to learn civil law (Roman Law) and become lawyers would usually go to the nearby faculty of Law of theUniversity of Orléans. Hence,Molière,Calvin,Perrault,Cujas,Rabelais,Fermat,La Boétie and others went to the latter.[10]
Saint Ivo, patron of the lawyers of abandoned children, and ofBrittany, "Advocate of the Poor"[32]
Shapour Bakhtiar, last prime minister of Iran before theIslamic Republic, voluntary soldier during WW2 to help France, opponent to monarchy, to clerical rule and to the communists, assassinated in France by agents of the Islamic Republic in 1991
^abHottin, Christian (1999).Universités et grandes écoles à Paris : les palais de la science (in French). Action artistique de la ville de Paris., p. 206.
^Hottin, Christian (1999).Universités et grandes écoles à Paris : les palais de la science (in French). Action artistique de la ville de Paris., p. 188.
^le Tourneau, Philippe (31 December 2008)."In memoriam Gérard Cornu".Bibliothèque de Philosophie Comparée (in French). Archived fromthe original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved26 December 2016.
Abt, Lawrence Edwin; Riess, Bernard Frank, eds. (1966).Progress in Clinical Psychology. Grune & Stratton.
Conac, Gérard (2005). "La fondation de l'université Paris I : François Luchaire, pilote d'une transition institutionnelle". In Bougrab, Jeannette; Maus, Didier (eds.).François Luchaire, un républicain au service de la République (in French). Publications de la Sorbonne.ISBN978-2859445157.
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