Facebook is asocial media andsocial networking service owned by the American technology conglomerateMeta. Created in 2004 byMark Zuckerberg with four otherHarvard College students and roommates,Eduardo Saverin,Andrew McCollum,Dustin Moskovitz, andChris Hughes, its name derives from theface book directories often given to American university students. Membership was initially limited to Harvard students, gradually expanding to other North American universities. Since 2006, Facebook allows everyone to register from 13 years old, except in the case of a handful of nations, where the age requirement is 14 years.[6] As of December 2023[update], Facebook claimed almost 3.07 billion monthlyactive users worldwide.[7] As of November 2024[update], Facebook ranked as thethird-most-visited website in the world, with 23% of its traffic coming from the United States.[8] It was the most downloadedmobile app of the 2010s.[9]
Facebook can be accessed from devices withInternet connectivity, such aspersonal computers,tablets andsmartphones. After registering, users can create a profile revealing personal information about themselves. They can post text, photos and multimedia which are shared with any other users who have agreed to be theirfriend or, with differentprivacy settings, publicly. Users can alsocommunicate directly with each other withMessenger, edit messages (within 15 minutes after sending),[10][11] join common-interest groups, and receive notifications on the activities of their Facebook friends and the pages they follow.
While attendingPhillips Exeter in the early 2000's, Zuckerberg met Kris Tillery. Tillery, a one-time project collaborator with Zuckerberg, would create a school-based social networking project called Photo Address Book. Photo Address Book was a digitalface book, created through a linked database composed of student information derived from the official records of the Exeter student council. The database contained linkages such as name, dorm-specific landline numbers, and student headshots.[16]
Mark Zuckerberg built a website called "Facemash" in 2003 while attendingHarvard University. The site was comparable toHot or Not and used photos from onlineface books, asking users to choose the 'hotter' person".[17] Zuckerberg was reported and facedexpulsion, but the charges were dropped.[17]
A "face book" is a student directory featuring photos and personal information. In January 2004, Zuckerberg coded a new site known as "TheFacebook", stating, "It is clear that the technology needed to create a centralized Website is readily available ... the benefits are many." Zuckerberg met with Harvard studentEduardo Saverin, and each agreed to invest $1,000.[18] On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched "TheFacebook".[19]
In 2006, Facebook opened to everyone at least 13 years old with a validemail address.[28][29][30] Facebook introduced key features like theNews Feed, which became central to user engagement. By late 2007, Facebook had 100,000 pages on which companies promoted themselves.[31] Facebook had surpassedMySpace in global traffic and became the world's most popularsocial media platform.Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million ($364 million in 2024 dollars[32]), giving Facebook an implied value of around $15 billion ($22.7 billion in 2024 dollars[32]). Facebook focused on generating revenue throughtargeted advertising based on user data, a model that drove its rapid financial growth. In 2012, Facebook went public with one of the largestIPOs in tech history. Acquisitions played a significant role in Facebook's dominance. In 2012, it purchasedInstagram, followed byWhatsApp andOculus VR in 2014, extending its influence beyond social networking into messaging andvirtual reality.
TheFacebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal in 2018 revealed misuse of user data to influence elections, sparking global outcry and leading to regulatory fines and hearings. Facebook's role in global events, including its use in organizing movements like theArab Spring and its impact on events like theRohingya genocide in Myanmar, highlighted its dual nature as a tool for empowerment and harm. In 2021, Facebook rebranded asMeta, reflecting its shift toward building the "metaverse" and focusing on virtual reality andaugmented reality technologies.
Facebook posts can have an unlimited number of characters, with images and videos.
Users can "friend" users, both sides must agree to being friends. Posts can be changed to be seen by everyone (public), friends, people in a certain group (group) or by selected friends (private). Users can join groups. Groups are composed of persons with shared interests. For example, they might go to the same sporting club, live in the same suburb, have the same breed of pet or share a hobby. Posts posted in a group can be seen only by those in a group, unless set to public.
Users are able to buy, sell, and swap things on Facebook Marketplace or in a Buy, Swap and Sell group. Facebook users may advertise events, which can be offline, on a website other than Facebook, or on Facebook.
Profile shown on Thefacebook in 2005Former Facebook logo in use from August 23, 2005, until July 1, 2015
Technical aspects
The site's primary color is blue as Zuckerberg isred–green colorblind, a realization that occurred after a test taken around 2007.[33][34] Facebook was initially built usingPHP, a popular scripting language designed for web development.[35] PHP was used to create dynamic content and manage data on the server side of the Facebook application. Zuckerberg and co-founders chose PHP for its simplicity and ease of use, which allowed them to quickly develop and deploy the initial version of Facebook. As Facebook grew in user base and functionality, the company encountered scalability and performance challenges with PHP. In response, Facebook engineers developed tools and technologies to optimize PHP performance. One of the most significant was the creation of the HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM). This significantly improved the performance and efficiency of PHP code execution on Facebook's servers.
The site upgraded fromHTTP to the more secureHTTPS in January 2011.[36]
2012 architecture
Facebook is developed as one monolithic application. According to an interview in 2012 with Facebook build engineer Chuck Rossi, Facebook compiles into a 1.5 GB binary blob which is then distributed to the servers using a customBitTorrent-based release system. Rossi stated that it takes about 15 minutes to build and 15 minutes to release to the servers. The build and release process has zero downtime. Changes to Facebook are rolled out daily.[37]
Facebook used a combination platform based onHBase to store data across distributed machines. Using a tailing architecture, events are stored in log files, and the logs are tailed. The system rolls these events up and writes them to storage. The user interface then pulls the data out and displays it to users. Facebook handles requests asAJAX behavior. These requests are written to a log file usingScribe (developed by Facebook).[38]
Data is read from these log files using Ptail, an internally built tool to aggregate data from multiple Scribe stores. It tails the log files and pulls data out. Ptail data are separated into three streams and sent to clusters in differentdata centers (Plugin impression, News feed impressions, Actions (plugin + news feed)). Puma is used to manage periods of high data flow (Input/Output or IO). Data is processed in batches to lessen the number of times needed to read and write under high demand periods. (A hot article generates many impressions and news feed impressions that cause huge data skews.) Batches are taken every 1.5 seconds, limited by memory used when creating ahash table.[38]
Data is then output in PHP format. The backend is written inJava. Thrift is used as the messaging format so PHP programs can query Java services. Caching solutions display pages more quickly. The data is then sent toMapReduce servers where it is queried via Hive. This serves as a backup as the data can be recovered from Hive.[38]
Content delivery network (CDN)
Facebook uses its owncontent delivery network or "edge network" under the domain fbcdn.net for serving static data.[39][40] Until the mid-2010s, Facebook also relied onAkamai for CDN services.[41][42][43]
On March 20, 2014, Facebook announced a new open-source programming language calledHack. Before public release, a large portion of Facebook was already running and "battle tested" using the new language.[44]
User profile/personal timeline
Facebook login/signup screen
Each registered user on Facebook has a personal profile that shows their posts and content.[45] The format of individual user pages was revamped in September 2011 and became known as "Timeline", a chronological feed of a user's stories,[46][47] including status updates, photos, interactions with apps and events.[48] The layout let users add a "cover photo".[48] Users were given more privacy settings.[48] In 2007, Facebook launched Facebook Pages for brands and celebrities to interact with their fanbases.[49][50] 100,000 Pages[further explanation needed] launched in November.[51] In June 2009, Facebook introduced a "Usernames" feature, allowing users to choose a unique nickname used in theURL for their personal profile, for easier sharing.[52][53]
In February 2014, Facebook expanded the gender setting, adding a custom input field that allows users to choose from a wide range of gender identities. Users can also set which set of gender-specific pronoun should be used in reference to them throughout the site.[54][55][56] In May 2014, Facebook introduced a feature to allow users to ask for information not disclosed by other users on their profiles. If a user does not provide key information, such as location, hometown, or relationship status, other users can use a new "ask" button to send a message asking about that item to the user in a single click.[57][58]
News Feed appears on every user's homepage and highlights information including profile changes, upcoming events and friends' birthdays.[59] This enabled spammers and other users to manipulate these features by creating illegitimate events or posting fake birthdays to attract attention to their profile or cause.[60] Initially, the News Feed caused dissatisfaction among Facebook users; some complained it was too cluttered and full of undesired information, others were concerned that it made it too easy for others to track individual activities (such as relationship status changes, events, and conversations with other users).[61] Zuckerberg apologized for the site's failure to include appropriate privacy features. Users then gained control over what types of information are shared automatically with friends. Users are now able to prevent user-set categories of friends from seeing updates about certain types of activities, including profile changes, Wall posts and newly added friends.[62]
On February 23, 2010, Facebook was granted a patent[63] on certain aspects of its News Feed. The patent covers News Feeds in which links are provided so that one user can participate in the activity of another user.[64] The sorting and display of stories in a user's News Feed is governed by theEdgeRank algorithm.[65] ThePhotos application allows users to upload albums and photos.[66] Each album can contain 200 photos.[67] Privacy settings apply to individual albums. Users can "tag", or label, friends in a photo. The friend receives a notification about the tag with a link to the photo.[68] This photo tagging feature was developed by Aaron Sittig, now a Design Strategy Lead at Facebook, and former Facebook engineer Scott Marlette back in 2006 and was only granted apatent in 2011.[69][70]
On June 7, 2012, Facebook launched its App Center to help users find games and other applications.[71]
On May 13, 2015, Facebook in association with major news portals launched "Instant Articles" to provide news on the Facebook news feed without leaving the site.[72][73] In January 2017, Facebook launched Facebook Stories for iOS and Android in Ireland. The feature, following the format ofSnapchat and Instagram stories, allows users to upload photos and videos that appear above friends' and followers' News Feeds and disappear after 24 hours.[74]
On October 11, 2017, Facebook introduced the3D Posts feature to allow for uploading interactive 3D assets.[75] On January 11, 2018, Facebook announced that it would change News Feed to prioritize friends/family content and de-emphasize content from media companies.[76] In February 2020, Facebook announced it would spend $1 billion ($1.21 billion in 2024 dollars[32]) to license news material from publishers for the next three years; a pledge coming as the company falls under scrutiny from governments across the globe over not paying for news content appearing on the platform. The pledge would be in addition to the $600 million ($729 million in 2024 dollars[32]) paid since 2018 through deals with news companies such asThe Guardian andFinancial Times.[77][78][79]
In March and April 2021, in response to Apple announcing changes to its iOS device'sIdentifier for Advertisers policy, which included requiring app developers to directly request to users the ability to track on an opt-in basis, Facebook purchased full-page newspaper advertisements attempting to convince users to allow tracking, highlighting the effects targeted ads have on small businesses.[80] Facebook's efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, as Apple released iOS 14.5 in late April 2021, containing the feature for users in what has been deemed "App Tracking Transparency". Moreover, statistics fromVerizon Communications subsidiary Flurry Analytics show 96% of all iOS users in the United States are not permitting tracking at all, and only 12% of worldwide iOS users are allowing tracking, which some news outlets deem "Facebook's nightmare", among similar terms.[81][82][83][84] Despite the news, Facebook stated that the new policy and software update would be "manageable".[85]
The "like" button, stylized as a "thumbs up" icon, was first enabled on February 9, 2009,[86] and enables users to easily interact with status updates, comments, photos and videos, links shared by friends, and advertisements. Once clicked by a user, the designated content is more likely to appear in friends'News Feeds.[87][88] The button displays the number of other users who have liked the content.[89] The like button was extended to comments in June 2010.[90] In February 2016, Facebook expanded Like into "Reactions", allowing users to choose from five pre-defined emotions: "Love", "Haha", "Wow", "Sad", or "Angry".[91][92][93][94] In late April 2020, during theCOVID-19 pandemic, a new "Care" reaction was added.[95]
Facebook Messenger is aninstant messaging service and software application. It began as Facebook Chat in 2008,[96] was revamped in 2010[97] and eventually became a standalone mobile app in August 2011, while remaining part of the user page on browsers.[98] Complementing regular conversations, Messenger lets users make one-to-one[99] and group[100]voice[101] andvideo calls.[102] Its Android app has integrated support forSMS[103] and "Chat Heads", which are round profile photo icons appearing on-screen regardless of what app is open,[104] while both apps support multiple accounts,[105] conversations with optionalend-to-end encryption[106] and "Instant Games".[107] Some features, including sending money[108] and requesting transportation,[109] are limited to the United States.[108] In 2017, Facebook added "Messenger Day", a feature that lets users share photos and videos in a story-format with all their friends with the content disappearing after 24 hours;[110] Reactions, which lets users tap and hold a message to add a reaction through anemoji;[111] and Mentions, which lets users in group conversations type @ to give a particular user a notification.[111]
In April 2020, Facebook began rolling out a new feature calledMessenger Rooms, a video chat feature that allows users to chat with up to 50 people at a time.[112] In July 2020, Facebook added a new feature in Messenger that lets iOS users to use Face ID or Touch ID to lock their chats. The feature is called App Lock and is a part of several changes in Messenger regarding privacy and security.[113][114] On October 13, 2020, the Messenger application introduced cross-app messaging with Instagram, which was launched in September 2021.[115] In addition to the integrated messaging, the application announced the introduction of a new logo, which will be an amalgamation of the Messenger and Instagram logo.[116]
Businesses and users can interact through Messenger with features such as tracking purchases and receiving notifications, and interacting with customer service representatives. Third-party developers can integrate apps into Messenger, letting users enter an app while inside Messenger and optionally share details from the app into a chat.[117] Developers can buildchatbots into Messenger, for uses such as news publishers building bots to distribute news.[118] TheM virtual assistant (U.S.) scans chats for keywords and suggests relevant actions, such as its payments system for users mentioning money.[119][120] Group chatbots appear in Messenger as "Chat Extensions". A "Discovery" tab allows finding bots, and enabling special, brandedQR codes that, when scanned, take the user to a specific bot.[121]
Privacy policy
Facebook's data policy outlines its policies for collecting, storing, and sharing user's data.[122] Facebook enables users to control access to individual posts and their profile[123] throughprivacy settings.[124] The user's name and profile picture (if applicable) are public.
Facebook's revenue depends on targeted advertising, which involves analyzing user data to decide which ads to show each user. Facebook buys data from third parties, gathered from both online and offline sources, to supplement its own data on users. Facebook maintains that it does not share data used for targeted advertising with the advertisers themselves.[125] The company states:
"We provide advertisers with reports about the kinds of people seeing their ads and how their ads are performing, but we don't share information that personally identifies you (information such as your name or email address that by itself can be used to contact you or identifies who you are) unless you give us permission. For example, we provide general demographic and interest information to advertisers (for example, that an ad was seen by a woman between the ages of 25 and 34 who lives in Madrid and likes software engineering) to help them better understand their audience. We also confirm which Facebook ads led you to make a purchase or take an action with an advertiser."[122]
As of October 2021[update], Facebook claims it uses the following policy for sharing user data with third parties:
Apps, websites, and third-party integrations on or using our Products.
When you choose to use third-party apps, websites, or other services that use, or are integrated with, our Products, they can receive information about what you post or share. For example, when you play a game with your Facebook friends or use a Facebook Comment or Share button on a website, the game developer or website can receive information about your activities in the game or receive a comment or link that you share from the website on Facebook. Also, when you download or use such third-party services, they can access your public profile on Facebook, and any information that you share with them. Apps and websites you use may receive your list of Facebook friends if you choose to share it with them. But apps and websites you use will not be able to receive any other information about your Facebook friends from you, or information about any of your Instagram followers (although your friends and followers may, of course, choose to share this information themselves). Information collected by these third-party services is subject to their own terms and policies, not this one.
Devices and operating systems providing native versions of Facebook and Instagram (i.e. where we have not developed our own first-party apps) will have access to all information you choose to share with them, including information your friends share with you, so they can provide our core functionality to you.
Note: We are in the process of restricting developers' data access even further to help prevent abuse. For example, we will remove developers' access to your Facebook and Instagram data if you haven't used their app in 3 months, and we are changing Login, so that in the next version, we will reduce the data that an app can request without app review to include only name, Instagram username and bio, profile photo and email address. Requesting any other data will require our approval.[122]
Facebook's policies have changed repeatedly since the service's debut, amid a series of controversies covering everything from how well it secures user data, to what extent it allows users to control access, to the kinds of access given to third parties, including businesses, political campaigns and governments. These facilities vary according to country, as some nations require the company to make data available (and limit access to services), while the European Union'sGDPR regulation mandates additional privacy protections.[126]
Bug Bounty Program
A Facebook "White Hat" debit card, given to researchers who reportsecurity bugs, May 2014
On July 29, 2011, Facebook announced its Bug Bounty Program that paid security researchers a minimum of $500 ($699.00 in 2024 dollars[32]) for reporting security holes. The company promised not to pursue "white hat" hackers who identified such problems.[127][128] This led researchers in many countries to participate, particularly in India and Russia.[129]
Reception
Userbase
Facebook's rapid growth began as soon as it became available and continued through 2018, before beginning to decline. Facebook passed 100 million registered users in 2008,[130] and 500 million in July 2010.[131] According to the company's data at the July 2010 announcement, half of the site's membership used Facebook daily, for an average of 34 minutes, while 150 million users accessed the site by mobile.[132]
In October 2012, Facebook's monthly active users passed one billion,[133][134] with 600 million mobile users, 219 billion photo uploads, and 140 billion friend connections.[135] The 2 billion user mark was crossed in June 2017.[136][137] In November 2015, after skepticism about the accuracy of its "monthly active users" measurement, Facebook changed its definition to a logged-in member who visits the Facebook site through the web browser or mobile app, or uses theFacebook Messenger app, in the 30-day period prior to the measurement. This excluded the use of third-party services with Facebook integration, which was previously counted.[138]
From 2017 to 2019, the percentage of the U.S. population over the age of 12 who use Facebook has declined, from 67% to 61% (a decline of some 15 million U.S. users), with a higher drop-off among younger Americans (a decrease in the percentage of U.S. 12- to 34-year-olds who are users from 58% in 2015 to 29% in 2019).[139][140] The decline coincided with an increase in the popularity of Instagram, which is also owned by Meta.[139][140] The number of daily active users experienced a quarterly decline for the first time in the last quarter of 2021, down to 1.929 billion from 1.930 billion,[141] but increased again the next quarter despite being banned in Russia.[142]
Historically, commentators have offered predictions of Facebook's decline or end, based on causes such as a declining user base;[143] the legal difficulties of being aclosed platform, inability to generate revenue, inability to offer user privacy, inability to adapt to mobile platforms, or Facebook ending itself to present a next generation replacement;[144] or Facebook's role inRussian interference in the 2016 United States elections.[145]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.
Facebook popularity. Active users (in millions) of Facebook increased from just a million in 2004 to 2.8 billion in 2020.[126]
The highest number of Facebook users as of April 2023 are from India and the United States, followed by Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico and the Philippines.[147] Region-wise, the highest number of users in 2018 are from Asia-Pacific (947 million) followed by Europe (381 million) and US-Canada (242 million). The rest of the world has 750 million users.[148]
Over the 2008–2018 period, the percentage of users under 34 declined to less than half of the total.[126]
Map showing the countries that are either currently blocking or have blocked Facebook in the past
Currently blocked
Formerly blocked
In many countries the social networking sites and mobile apps have been blocked temporarily, intermittently, or permanently, including:Brazil,[149]China,[150]Iran,[151]Vietnam,[152]Pakistan,[153]Syria,[154] andNorth Korea. In May 2018, the government ofPapua New Guinea announced that it would ban Facebook for a month while it considered the impact of the website on the country, though no ban has since occurred.[155] In 2019, Facebook announced it would start enforcing its ban on users, includinginfluencers, promoting anyvape,tobacco products, orweapons on its platforms.[156]
"I'm here today because I believe Facebook's products harm children, stoke division, and weaken our democracy. The company's leadership knows how to make Facebook and Instagram safer, but won't make the necessary changes because they have put their astronomical profits before people."
"I don't believe private companies should make all of the decisions on their own. That's why we have advocated for updated internet regulations for several years now. I have testified in Congress multiple times and asked them to update these regulations. I've written op-eds outlining the areas of regulation we think are most important related to elections, harmful content, privacy, and competition."
Facebook's importance and scale has led to criticisms in many domains. Issues includeInternet privacy, excessive retention of user information,[159] itsfacial recognition software,DeepFace[160][161] its addictive quality[162] and its role in the workplace, including employer access to employee accounts.[163]
Facebook has been criticized for electricity usage,[164] tax avoidance,[165] real-name user requirement policies,[166] censorship[167][168] and its involvement in the United StatesPRISM surveillance program.[169] According toThe Express Tribune, Facebook "avoided billions of dollars in tax using offshore companies".[170]
Facebook is alleged to have harmful psychological effects on its users, including feelings of jealousy[171][172] and stress,[173][174] a lack of attention[175] andsocial media addiction.[176][177] According to Kaufmann et al., mothers' motivations for using social media are often related to their social and mental health.[178] European antitrust regulatorMargrethe Vestager stated that Facebook's terms of service relating to private data were "unbalanced".[179]
Facebook has been criticized for allowing users to publish illegal or offensive material. Specifics includecopyright andintellectual property infringement,[180]hate speech,[181][182] incitement of rape[183] and terrorism,[184][185]fake news,[186][187][188] and crimes, murders, and livestreaming violent incidents.[189][190][191] Commentators have accused Facebook of willingly facilitating the spread of such content.[192][193][194]Sri Lanka blocked both Facebook and WhatsApp in May 2019 afteranti-Muslim riots, the worst in the country since theEaster Sunday bombing in the same year as a temporary measure to maintain peace in Sri Lanka.[195][196]Facebook removed 3 billion fake accounts only during the last quarter of 2018 and the first quarter of 2019;[197] in comparison, the social network reports 2.39 billion monthly active users.[197]
The consumer advocacy group,[which?] claims that individuals are still utilizing Facebook to set up fraudulent five-star ratings for various products. The group has identified 14 communities that exchange reviews for either money or complimentary items such as watches, earbuds, and sprinklers.[199]
Facebook has experienced a steady stream of controversies over how it handles user privacy, repeatedly adjusting its privacy settings and policies.[200] Since 2009, Facebook has been participating in the PRISM secret program, sharing with the USNational Security Agency audio, video, photographs, e-mails, documents and connection logs from user profiles, among other social media services.[201][202]
On November 29, 2011, Facebook settledFederal Trade Commission charges that it deceived consumers by failing to keep privacy promises.[203] In August 2013High-Tech Bridge published a study showing that links included in Facebook messaging service messages were being accessed by Facebook.[204] In January 2014 two users filed a lawsuit against Facebook alleging that their privacy had been violated by this practice.[205]
On June 7, 2018, Facebook announced that a bug had resulted in about 14 million Facebook users having their default sharing setting for all new posts set to "public".[206] Its data-sharing agreement with Chinese companies such asHuawei came under the scrutiny of US lawmakers, although the information accessed was not stored on Huawei servers and remained on users' phones.[207] On April 4, 2019, half a billion records of Facebook users were found exposed onAmazon cloud servers, containing information about users' friends, likes, groups, and checked-in locations, as well as names, passwords and email addresses.[208]
The phone numbers of at least 200 million Facebook users were found to be exposed on an open online database in September 2019. They included 133 million US users, 18 million from the UK, and 50 million from users inVietnam. After removing duplicates, the 419 million records have been reduced to 219 million. The database went offline after TechCrunch contacted the web host. It is thought the records were amassed using a tool that Facebook disabled in April 2018 after theCambridge Analytica controversy. A Facebook spokeswoman said in a statement: "The dataset is old and appears to have information obtained before we made changes last year...There is no evidence that Facebook accounts were compromised."[209]
Facebook's privacy problems resulted in companies likeViber Media andMozilla discontinuing advertising on Facebook's platforms.[210][211] A January 2024 study byConsumer Reports found that among a self-selected group of volunteer participants, each user is monitored or tracked by over two thousand companies on average.LiveRamp, a San Francisco-based data broker, is responsible for 96 per cent of the data. Other companies such asHome Depot,Macy's, andWalmart are involved as well.[212]
In March 2024, a court in California released documents detailing Facebook's 2016 "Project Ghostbusters". The project was aimed at helping Facebook compete withSnapchat and involved Facebook trying to develop decryption tools to collect, decrypt, and analyze traffic that users generated when visiting Snapchat and, eventually, YouTube and Amazon. The company eventually used its toolOnavo to initiate man-in-the-middle attacks and read users' traffic before it was encrypted.[213]
Racial bias
Facebook was accused of committing "systemic" racial bias by theEqual Employment Opportunity Commission based on the complaints of three rejected candidates and a current employee of the company. The three rejected employees along with the Operational Manager at Facebook as of March 2021 accused the firm of discriminating against Black people. The EEOC initiated an investigation into the case in March 2021.[214]
Shadow profiles
A "shadow profile" refers to the data Facebook collects about individuals without their explicit permission. For example, the"like" button that appears on third-party websites allows the company to collect information about an individual's internet browsing habits, even if the individual is not a Facebook user.[215][216] Data can also be collected by other users. For example, a Facebook user can link their email account to their Facebook to find friends on the site, allowing the company to collect the email addresses of users and non-users alike.[217] Over time, countless data points about an individual are collected; any single data point perhaps cannot identify an individual, but together allows the company to form a unique "profile".
This practice has been criticized by those who believe people should be able to opt-out of involuntary data collection. Additionally, while Facebook users have the ability to download and inspect the data they provide to the site, data from the user's "shadow profile" is not included, and non-users of Facebook do not have access to this tool regardless. The company has also been unclear whether or not it is possible for a person to revoke Facebook's access to their "shadow profile".[215]
Facebook customer Global Science Research sold information on over 87 million Facebook users to Cambridge Analytica, a political data analysis firm led byAlexander Nix.[218] While approximately 270,000 people used the app, Facebook'sAPI permitted data collection from their friends without their knowledge.[219] At first Facebook downplayed the significance of the breach, and suggested that Cambridge Analytica no longer had access. Facebook then issued a statement expressing alarm and suspended Cambridge Analytica. Review of documents and interviews with former Facebook employees suggested that Cambridge Analytica still possessed the data.[220] This was a violation of Facebook'sconsent decree with theFederal Trade Commission. This violation potentially carried a penalty of $40,000 ($50,087 in 2024 dollars[32]) per occurrence, totalling trillions of dollars.[221]
According toThe Guardian, both Facebook and Cambridge Analytica threatened to sue the newspaper if it published the story. After publication, Facebook claimed that it had been "lied to". On March 23, 2018, theEnglish High Court granted an application by theInformation Commissioner's Office for a warrant to search Cambridge Analytica's London offices, ending a standoff between Facebook and the Information Commissioner over responsibility.[222]
On March 25, Facebook published a statement by Zuckerberg in major UK and US newspapers apologizing over a "breach of trust".[223]
You may have heard about a quiz app built by a university researcher that leaked Facebook data of millions of people in 2014. This was a breach of trust, and I'm sorry we didn't do more at the time. We're now taking steps to make sure this doesn't happen again.
We've already stopped apps like this from getting so much information. Now we're limiting the data apps get when you sign in using Facebook.
We're also investigating every single app that had access to large amounts of data before we fixed this. We expect there are others. And when we find them, we will ban them and tell everyone affected.
Finally, we'll remind you which apps you've given access to your information – so you can shut off the ones you don't want anymore.
Thank you for believing in this community. I promise to do better for you.
On March 26, theFederal Trade Commission opened an investigation into the matter.[224] The controversy led Facebook to end its partnerships with data brokers who aid advertisers in targeting users.[200]
On April 24, 2019, Facebook said it could face a fine between $3 billion ($3.69 billion in 2024 dollars[32]) to $5 billion ($6.15 billion in 2024 dollars[32]) as the result of an investigation by the Federal Trade Commission.[225] On July 24, 2019, the FTC fined Facebook $5 billion, the largest penalty ever imposed on a company for violating consumer privacy. Additionally, Facebook had to implement a new privacy structure, follow a 20-year settlement order, and allow the FTC to monitor Facebook.[226] Cambridge Analytica's CEO and a developer faced restrictions on future business dealings and were ordered to destroy any personal information they collected. Cambridge Analytica filed for bankruptcy.[227] Facebook also implemented additional privacy controls and settings[228] in part to comply with the European Union'sGeneral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which took effect in May.[229] Facebook also ended its active opposition to theCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act.[230]
Some, such asMeghan McCain, have drawn an equivalence between the use of data by Cambridge Analytica and theBarack Obama's 2012 campaign, which, according toInvestor's Business Daily, "encouraged supporters to download an Obama 2012 Facebook app that, when activated, let the campaign collect Facebook data both on users and their friends."[231][232][233] Carol Davidsen, the Obama for America (OFA) former director of integration and media analytics, wrote that "Facebook was surprised we were able to suck out the whole social graph, but they didn't stop us once they realised that was what we were doing".[232][233]PolitiFact has rated McCain's statements "Half-True", on the basis that "in Obama's case, direct users knew they were handing over their data to a political campaign" whereas with Cambridge Analytica, users thought they were only taking a personality quiz for academic purposes, and while the Obama campaign only used the data "to have their supporters contact their most persuadable friends", Cambridge Analytica "targeted users, friends and lookalikes directly with digital ads."[234]
DataSpii
In July 2019, cybersecurity researcher Sam Jadali exposed a catastrophic data leak known asDataSpii involving data provider DDMR and marketing intelligence company Nacho Analytics (NA).[235][236] Branding itself as the "God mode for the internet", NA through DDMR, provided its members access to private Facebook photos and Facebook Messenger attachments including tax returns.[237] DataSpii harvested data from millions of Chrome and Firefox users through compromised browser extensions.[238] The NA website stated it collected data from millions of opt-in users. Jadali, along with journalists fromArs Technica andThe Washington Post, interviewed impacted users, including aWashington Post staff member. According to the interviews, the impacted users did not consent to such collection.
DataSpii demonstrated how a compromised user exposed the data of others, including the private photos and Messenger attachments belonging to a Facebook user's network of friends.[237]
DataSpii exploited Facebook's practice of making private photos and Messenger attachments publicly accessible via unique URLs. To bolster security in this regard, Facebook appends query strings in the URLs so as to limit the period of accessibility.[237] Nevertheless, NA provided real-time access to these unique URLs, which were intended to be secure. This allowed NA members to access the private content within the restricted time frame designated by Facebook.
The Washington Post's Geoffrey Fowler, in collaboration with Jadali, opened Fowler's private Facebook photo in a browser with a compromised browser extension.[235] Within minutes, they anonymously retrieved the "private" photo. To validate this proof-of-concept, they searched for Fowler's name using NA, which yielded his photo as a search result. In addition, Jadali discovered Fowler'sWashington Post colleague, Nick Mourtoupalas, was directly impacted by DataSpii. Jadali's investigation elucidated how DataSpii disseminated private data to additional third-parties, including foreign entities, within minutes of the data being acquired. In doing so, he identified the third-parties who were scraping, storing, and potentially enabling the facial-recognition of individuals in photos being furnished by DataSpii.[239]
Breaches
On September 28, 2018, Facebook experienced a major breach in its security, exposing the data of 50 million users. The data breach started in July 2017 and was discovered on September 16.[240] Facebook notified users affected by the exploit and logged them out of their accounts.[241][242] In March 2019, Facebook confirmed a password compromise of millions of Facebook lite application users also affected millions of Instagram users. The reason cited was the storage of password as plain text instead of encryption which could be read by its employees.[243]
On December 19, 2019, security researcher Bob Diachenko discovered a database containing more than 267 million Facebook user IDs, phone numbers, and names that were left exposed on the web for anyone to access without a password or any other authentication.[244] In February 2020, Facebook encountered a majorsecurity breach in which its officialTwitter account was hacked by aSaudi Arabia-based group called "OurMine". The group has a history of actively exposing high-profile social media profiles' vulnerabilities.[245]
In April 2021,The Guardian reported approximately half a billion users' data had been stolen including birthdates and phone numbers. Facebook alleged it was "old data" from a problem fixed in August 2019 despite the data's having been released a year and a half later only in 2021; it declined to speak with journalists, had apparently not notified regulators, called the problem "unfixable", and said it would not be advising users.[246] In September 2024, Meta paid a $101 million fine for storing up to 600 million passwords of Facebook and Instagram users in plain text. The practice was initially discovered in 2019, though reports indicate passwords were stored in plain text since 2012.[247]
After acquiringOnavo in 2013, Facebook used its Onavo Protectvirtual private network (VPN) app to collect information on users'web traffic and app usage. This allowed Facebook to monitor its competitors' performance, and motivated Facebook to acquire WhatsApp in 2014.[248][249][250] Media outlets classified Onavo Protect asspyware.[251][252][253] In August 2018, Facebook removed the app in response to pressure from Apple, who asserted that it violated their guidelines.[254][255] TheAustralian Competition and Consumer Commission sued Facebook on December 16, 2020, for "false, misleading or deceptive conduct" in response to the company's unauthorized use of personal data obtained from Onavo for business purposes in contrast to Onavo's privacy-oriented marketing.[256][257]
In 2016, Facebook Research launched Project Atlas, offering some users between the ages of 13 and 35 up to $20 per month ($26.00 in 2024 dollars[32]) in exchange for their personal data, including their app usage,web browsing history,web search history,location history,personal messages, photos, videos,emails andAmazon order history.[258][259] In January 2019,TechCrunch reported on the project. This led Apple to temporarily revoke Facebook's Enterprise Developer Programcertificates for one day, preventing Facebook Research from operating on iOS devices and disabling Facebook's internal iOS apps.[259][260][261]
Ars Technica reported in April 2018 that the Facebook Android app had been harvesting user data, including phone calls and text messages, since 2015.[262][263][264] In May 2018, several Android users filed aclass action lawsuit against Facebook for invading their privacy.[265][266] In January 2020, Facebook launched the Off-Facebook Activity page, which allows users to see information collected by Facebook about their non-Facebook activities.[267]The Washington Post columnist Geoffrey A. Fowler found that this included what other apps he used on his phone, even while the Facebook app was closed, what other web sites he visited on his phone, and what in-store purchases he made from affiliated businesses, even while his phone was completely off.[268]
In November 2021, a report was published by Fairplay, Global Action Plan and Reset Australia detailing accusations that Facebook was continuing to manage their ad targeting system with data collected from teen users.[269] The accusations follow announcements by Facebook in July 2021 that they would cease ad targeting children.[270][271]
Public apologies
The company first apologized for its privacy abuses in 2009.[272]
Facebook apologies have appeared in newspapers, television, blog posts and on Facebook.[273] On March 25, 2018, leading US and UK newspapers published full-page ads with a personal apology from Zuckerberg. Zuckerberg issued a verbal apology onCNN.[274] In May 2010, he apologized for discrepancies in privacy settings.[273]
Previously, Facebook had its privacy settings spread out over 20 pages, and has now put all of its privacy settings on one page, which makes it more difficult for third-party apps to access the user's personal information.[200] In addition to publicly apologizing, Facebook has said that it will be reviewing and auditing thousands of apps that display "suspicious activities" in an effort to ensure that this breach of privacy does not happen again.[275] In a 2010 report regarding privacy, a research project stated that not a lot of information is available regarding the consequences of what people disclose online so often what is available are just reports made available through popular media.[276] In 2017, a former Facebook executive went on the record to discuss how social media platforms have contributed to the unraveling of the "fabric of society".[277]
Facebook relies on its users to generate the content that bonds its users to the service. The company has come under criticism both for allowing objectionable content, including conspiracy theories and fringe discourse,[278] and for prohibiting other content that it deems inappropriate.
In 2017, Facebook partnered with fact checkers from thePoynter Institute's international fact-checking network to identify and mark false content, though most ads from political candidates are exempt from this program.[290][291] As of 2018, Facebook had over 40 fact-checking partners across the world, includingThe Weekly Standard.[292] Critics of the program have accused Facebook of not doing enough to remove false information from its website.[292][293]
Facebook has repeatedly amended its content policies. In July 2018, it stated that it would "downrank" articles that itsfact-checkers determined to be false, and remove misinformation that incited violence.[294] Facebook stated that content that receives "false" ratings from its fact-checkers can be demonetized and suffer dramatically reduced distribution. Specific posts and videos that violate community standards can be removed on Facebook.[295] In May 2019, Facebook banned a number of "dangerous" commentators from its platform, includingAlex Jones,Louis Farrakhan,Milo Yiannopoulos,Paul Joseph Watson,Paul Nehlen,David Duke, andLaura Loomer, for allegedly engaging in "violence and hate".[296][297]
In May 2020, Facebook agreed to a preliminary settlement of $52 million ($63.2 million in 2024 dollars[32]) to compensate U.S.-based Facebook content moderators for their psychological trauma suffered on the job.[298][299] Other legal actions around the world, including in Ireland, await settlement.[300] In September 2020, theGovernment of Thailand utilized the Computer Crime Act for the first time to take action against Facebook andTwitter for ignoring requests to take down content and not complying with court orders.[301]
According to a report byReuters, beginning in 2020, the United States military ran apropaganda campaign to spread disinformation about theSinovac ChineseCOVID-19 vaccine, including using fake social media accounts to spread the disinformation that the Sinovac vaccine contained pork-derived ingredients and was thereforeharam underIslamic law.[302] The campaign was described as "payback" forCOVID-19 disinformation by China directed against the U.S.[303] In summer 2020, Facebook asked the military to remove the accounts, stating that they violated Facebook's policies on fake accounts and on COVID-19 information.[302] The campaign continued until mid-2021.[302]
Threats and incitement
ProfessorIlya Somin reported that he had been the subject of death threats on Facebook in April 2018 fromCesar Sayoc, who threatened to kill Somin and his family and "feed the bodies to Florida alligators". Somin's Facebook friends reported the comments to Facebook, which did nothing except dispatch automated messages.[304] Sayoc was later arrested for theOctober 2018 United States mail bombing attempts directed at Democratic politicians.
In October 2022,Media Matters for America published a report that Facebook and Instagram were still profiting off advertisements using the slur "groomer" forLGBT people.[307] The article reported that Meta had previously confirmed that the use of this word for the LGBT community violates its hate speech policies.[307] The story was subsequently picked up by other news outlets such as theNew York Daily News,PinkNews, andLGBTQ Nation.[308][309][310]
Violent erotica
There are ads on Facebook and Instagram containing sexually explicit content, descriptions of graphic violence and content promoting acts of self harm. Many of the ads are for webnovel apps backed by tech giantsBytedance andTencent.[311]
InfoWars
Facebook was criticized for allowingInfoWars to publish falsehoods and conspiracy theories.[295][312][313][314][315] Facebook defended its actions in regard toInfoWars, saying "we just don't think banning Pages for sharing conspiracy theories or false news is the right way to go."[313] Facebook provided only six cases in which it fact-checked content on theInfoWars page over the period September 2017 to July 2018.[295] In 2018,InfoWars falsely claimed that the survivors of the Parkland shooting were "actors". Facebook pledged to removeInfoWars content making the claim, althoughInfoWars videos pushing the false claims were left up, even though Facebook had been contacted about the videos.[295] Facebook stated that the videos never explicitly called them actors.[295] Facebook also allowedInfoWars videos that shared thePizzagate conspiracy theory to survive, despite specific assertions that it would purge Pizzagate content.[295] In late July 2018, Facebook suspended the personal profile ofInfoWars head Alex Jones for 30 days.[316] In early August 2018, Facebook banned the four most activeInfoWars-related pages forhate speech.[317]
As a dominant social-web service with massive outreach, Facebook has been used by identified or unidentified political operatives to affect public opinion. Some of these activities have been done in violation of the platform policies, creating "coordinated inauthentic behavior", support or attacks. These activities can be scripted orpaid. Various such abusive campaign have been revealed in recent years, best known being theRussian interference in the 2016 United States elections. In 2021, former Facebook analyst within theSpam andFake Engagement teams,Sophie Zhang, reported more than 25 political subversion operations and criticized the general slow reaction time, oversightless, laissez-faire attitude by Facebook.[318][319][320]
Influence Operations and Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior
In 2018, Facebook said that during 2018 they had identified "coordinated inauthentic behavior" in "many Pages, Groups and accounts created to stir up political debate, including in the US, the Middle East, Russia and the UK."[321]
Campaigns operated by the British intelligence agency unit, calledJoint Threat Research Intelligence Group, have broadly fallen into two categories; cyber attacks and propaganda efforts. The propaganda efforts utilize "mass messaging" and the "pushing [of] stories" via social media sites like Facebook.[322][323] Israel'sJewish Internet Defense Force, theChinese Communist Party's50 Cent Party and Turkey'sAK Trolls also focus their attention on social media platforms like Facebook.[324][325][326][327] In July 2018, Samantha Bradshaw, co-author of the report from theOxford Internet Institute (OII) atOxford University, said that "The number of countries where formally organisedsocial media manipulation occurs has greatly increased, from 28 to 48 countries globally. The majority of growth comes from political parties who spreaddisinformation and junk news around election periods."[328] In October 2018,The Daily Telegraph reported that Facebook "banned hundreds of pages and accounts that it says were fraudulently flooding its site with partisan political content – although they came from the United States instead of being associated withRussia."[329]
In December 2018,The Washington Post reported that "Facebook has suspended the account of Jonathon Morgan, the chief executive of a top social media research firm"New Knowledge, "after reports that he and others engaged in an operation to spread disinformation" on Facebook and Twitter during the2017 United States Senate special election in Alabama.[330][331] In January 2019, Facebook said it has removed 783 Iran-linked accounts, pages and groups for engaging in what it called "coordinated inauthentic behaviour".[332] In March 2019, Facebook sued four Chinese firms for selling "fake accounts, likes and followers" to amplify Chinesestate media outlets.[333]
In May 2019,Tel Aviv-based private intelligence agencyArchimedes Group was banned from Facebook for "coordinated inauthentic behavior" after Facebook found fake users in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia.[334] Facebook investigations revealed that Archimedes had spent some $1.1 million ($1.35 million in 2024 dollars[32]) on fake ads, paid for in Brazilian reais, Israeli shekels and US dollars.[335] Facebook gave examples of Archimedes Group political interference in Nigeria, Senegal, Togo, Angola, Niger and Tunisia.[336] The Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab said in a report that "The tactics employed by Archimedes Group, a private company, closely resemble the types of information warfare tactics often used by governments, and the Kremlin in particular."[337][338]
On May 23, 2019, Facebook released its Community Standards Enforcement Report highlighting that it has identified several fake accounts through artificial intelligence and human monitoring. In a period of six months, October 2018 – March 2019, the social media website removed a total of 3.39 billion fake accounts. The number of fake accounts was reported to be more than 2.4 billion real people on the platform.[339]
In July 2019, Facebook advanced its measures to counter deceptive political propaganda and other abuse of its services. The company removed more than 1,800 accounts and pages that were being operated from Russia, Thailand, Ukraine and Honduras.[340] After Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, it was announced that the internet regulatory committee would block access to Facebook.[341] On October 30, 2019, Facebook deleted several accounts of the employees working at the IsraeliNSO Group, stating that the accounts were "deleted for not following our terms". The deletions came after WhatsApp sued the Israeli surveillance firm for targeting 1,400 devices withspyware.[342]
In 2020, Facebook helped foundAmerican Edge, an anti-regulationlobbying firm to fight anti-trust probes.[343] The group runs ads that "fail to mention what legislation concerns them, how those concerns could be fixed, or how the horrors they warn of could actually happen", and do not clearly disclose that they are funded by Facebook.[344]
In 2020, the government of Thailand forced Facebook to take down a Facebook group called Royalist Marketplace with one million members following potentially illegal posts shared. The authorities have also threatened Facebook with legal action. In response, Facebook is planning to take legal action against the Thai government for suppression of freedom of expression and violation of human rights.[345] In 2020, during theCOVID-19 pandemic, Facebook found that troll farms fromNorth Macedonia and the Philippines pushed coronavirus disinformation. The publisher, which used content from these farms, was banned.[346]
In the run-up to the2020 United States elections, Eastern European troll farms operated popular Facebook pages showing content related toChristians andBlacks in America. They included more than 15,000 pages combined and were viewed by 140 million US users per month. This was in part due to how Facebook's algorithm and policies allow unoriginal viral content to be copied and spread in ways that still drive up user engagement. As of September 2021, some of the most popular pages were still active on Facebook despite the company's efforts to take down such content.[347]
In February 2021, Facebook removed the main page of the Myanmar military, after two protesters were shot and killed during theanti-coup protests. Facebook said that the page breached its guidelines that prohibit the incitement of violence.[348] On February 25, Facebook announced to ban all accounts of the Myanmar military, along with the "Tatmadaw-linked commercial entities". Citing the "exceptionally severe human rights abuses and the clear risk of future military-initiated violence in Myanmar", the tech giant also implemented the move on its subsidiary,Instagram.[349] In March 2021,The Wall Street Journal's editorial board criticized Facebook's decision to fact-check its op-ed titled "We'll Have Herd immunity by April" written by surgeonMarty Makary, calling it "counter-opinion masquerading asfact checking."[350]
Facebook guidelines allow users to call for the death of public figures, they also allow praise of mass killers and 'violent non-state actors' in some situations.[351][352] In 2021, former Facebook analyst within theSpam andFake Engagement teams,Sophie Zhang, reported on more than 25 political subversion operations she uncovered while in Facebook, and the general laissez-faire by the private enterprise.[318][319][320]
In 2018, Special CounselRobert Mueller indicted 13 Russian nationals and three Russian organizations for "engaging in operations to interfere with U.S. political and electoral processes, including the 2016 presidential election."[355][356][357]
Mueller contacted Facebook subsequently to the company's disclosure that it had sold more than $100,000 ($131,018 in 2024 dollars[32]) worth of ads to a company (Internet Research Agency, owned by Russian billionaire and businessmanYevgeniy Prigozhin) with links to the Russian intelligence community before the2016 United States presidential election.[358][359] In September 2017, Facebook's chief security officerAlex Stamos wrote the company "found approximately $100,000 in ad spending from June 2015 to May 2017 – associated with roughly 3,000 ads – that was connected to about 470 inauthentic accounts and Pages in violation of our policies. Our analysis suggests these accounts and Pages were affiliated with one another and likely operated out of Russia."[360] Clinton and Trump campaigns spent $81 million ($106 million in 2024 dollars[32]) on Facebook ads.[361]
The company pledged full cooperation inMueller's investigation, and provided all information about the Russian advertisements.[362] Members of theHouse andSenate Intelligence Committees have claimed that Facebook had withheld information that could illuminate the Russian propaganda campaign.[363] Russian operatives have used Facebook polarize the American public discourses, organizing bothBlack Lives Matter rallies[364][365] and anti-immigrant rallies on U.S. soil,[366] as well as anti-Clinton rallies[367] and rallies both for and against Donald Trump.[368][369] Facebook ads have also been used to exploit divisions over black political activism and Muslims by simultaneously sending contrary messages to different users based on their political and demographic characteristics in order to sow discord.[370][371][372] Zuckerberg has stated that he regrets having dismissed concerns over Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[373]
Russian-American billionaireYuri Milner, who befriended Zuckerberg[374] between 2009 and 2011, hadKremlin backing for his investments in Facebook and Twitter.[375] In January 2019, Facebook removed 289 pages and 75 coordinated accounts linked to the Russian state-owned news agencySputnik which had misrepresented themselves as independent news or general interest pages.[376][377] Facebook later identified and removed an additional 1,907 accounts linked to Russia found to be engaging in "coordinated inauthentic behaviour".[378] In 2018, a UKDepartment for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) select committee report had criticized Facebook for its reluctance to investigate abuse of its platform by the Russian government, and for downplaying the extent of the problem, referring to the company as 'digital gangsters'.[379][380][381]
"Democracy is at risk from the malicious and relentless targeting of citizens with disinformation and personalised 'dark adverts' from unidentifiable sources, delivered through the major social media platforms we use every day," Damian Collins, DCMS Committee Chair[381]
In February 2019,Glenn Greenwald wrote that a cybersecurity company New Knowledge, which is behind one of theSenate reports on Russian social media election interference, "was caught just six weeks ago engaging in a massive scam to create fictitious Russian troll accounts on Facebook and Twitter in order to claim that the Kremlin was working to defeat Democratic Senate nomineeDoug Jones in Alabama.The New York Times, when exposing the scam, quoted a New Knowledge report that boasted of its fabrications..."[382][383]
In 2018, Facebook took down 536 Facebook pages, 17 Facebook groups, 175 Facebook accounts, and 16 Instagram accounts linked to theMyanmar military. Collectively these were followed by over 10 million people.[384]The New York Times reported that:[385]
after months of reports about anti-Rohingya propaganda on Facebook, the company acknowledged that it had been too slow to act in Myanmar. By then, more than 700,000 Rohingya had fled the country in a year, in what United Nations officials called "a textbook example of ethnic cleansing".
Anti-Muslim propaganda and Hindu nationalism in India
A 2019 book titledThe Real Face of Facebook in India, co-authored by the journalistsParanjoy Guha Thakurta and Cyril Sam, alleged that Facebook helped enable and benefited from the rise ofNarendra Modi'sHindu nationalistBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) inIndia.[386] Ankhi Das, Facebook's policy director for India and South and Central Asia, apologized publicly in August 2020 for sharing a Facebook post which called Muslims in India a "degenerate community". She said she shared the post "to reflect my deep belief in celebrating feminism and civic participation".[387] She is reported to have prevented action by Facebook against anti-Muslim content[388][389] and supported the BJP in internal Facebook messages.[390][391]
In 2020, Facebook executives overrode their employees' recommendations that the BJP politicianT. Raja Singh should be banned from the site forhate speech and rhetoric that could lead to violence. Singh had said on Facebook thatRohingya Muslim immigrants should be shot and had threatened to destroymosques. Current and former Facebook employees toldThe Wall Street Journal that the decision was part of a pattern of favoritism by Facebook toward the BJP as it seeks more business in India.[389] Facebook also took no action after BJP politicians made posts accusing Muslims of intentionally spreadingCOVID-19, an employee said.[392]
In 2020, theDelhi Assembly began investigating whether Facebook bore blame for the2020 religious riots in the city, claiming it had found Facebook "prima facie guilty of a role in the violence".[393][394] Following a summons by a Delhi Assembly Committee, Facebook India vice-president and managing director Ajit Mohan moved the Supreme Court,[395] which granted him relief and ordered a stay to the summons.[396][397][398] The Central government later backed the decision, and submitted in the court that Facebook could not be made accountable before any state assembly and the committee formed was unconstitutional.[399][400] Following a fresh notice by the Delhi Assembly panel in 2021 for failing to appear before it as a witness, Mohan challenged it saying that the 'right to silence' is a virtue in present 'noisy times' and the legislature had no authority to examine him in a law and order case.[401] In July 2021, the Supreme Court refused to quash the summons and asked Facebook to appear before the Delhi assembly panel.[402]
On September 23, 2023, it was reported that Facebook had delayed for about a year when in 2021, it removed a network of accounts ran by India'sChinar Corps which spread disinformation that would put Kashmiri journalists in danger. The delay and the previously not publicized takedown action were due a fear that its local employees would be targeted by authorities, and that it would hurt business prospects in the country.[403]
Company governance
Early Facebook investor and former Zuckerberg mentorRoger McNamee described Facebook as having "the most centralized decision-making structure I have ever encountered in a large company."[404]Nathan Schneider, a professor of media studies at theUniversity of Colorado Boulder argued in 2018 for transforming Facebook into aplatform cooperative owned and governed by the users.[405]
Facebook co-founder Chris Hughes stated in 2019 that CEO Mark Zuckerberg has too much power, that the company is now amonopoly, and that, as a result, it should be split into multiple smaller companies. He called for the breakup of Facebook in anop-ed inThe New York Times. Hughes says he is concerned that Zuckerberg has surrounded himself with a team that does not challenge him and that as a result, it is the U.S. government's job to hold him accountable and curb his "unchecked power".[406] Hughes also said that "Mark's power is unprecedented and un-American."[407] Several U.S. politicians agree with Hughes.[408] EU Commissioner for Competition Margrethe Vestager has stated that splitting Facebook should only be done as "a remedy of the very last resort", and that splitting Facebook would not solve Facebook's underlying problems.[409]
On March 6, 2018,BlackBerry sued Facebook and its Instagram and WhatsApp subdivision for ripping off key features of its messaging app.[419] In October 2018, a Texan woman sued Facebook, claiming she had been recruited into the sex trade at the age of 15 by a man who "friended" her on the social media network. Facebook responded that it works both internally and externally to ban sex traffickers.[420][421]
In 2019, British solicitors representing abullied Syrian schoolboy, sued Facebook overfalse claims. They claimed that Facebook protected prominent figures from scrutiny instead of removing content that violates its rules and that the special treatment was financially driven.[422][423] The Federal Trade Commission and a coalition of New York state and 47 other state and regional governments filed separate suits against Facebook on December 9, 2020, seeking antitrust action based on its acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsUp among other companies, calling these practices as anticompetitive. The suits also assert that in acquiring these products, they weakened their privacy measures for their users. The suits, besides other fines, seek to unwind the acquisitions from Facebook.[424][425]
On January 6, 2022, France's data privacy regulatory bodyCNIL fined Facebook a 60 million euros for not allowing its internet users an easy refusal ofcookies along withGoogle.[426] On December 22, 2022, the Quebec Court of Appeal approved a class-action lawsuit on behalf of Facebook users who claim they were discriminated against because the platform allows advertisers to target both job and housing advertisements based on various factors, including age, gender, and even race.[427] The lawsuit centers on the platform's practice of "micro targeting ads", claiming ads are ensured to appear only in the feeds of people who belong to certain targeted groups. Women, for example, would not see ads targeting men, while older generation men would not see an ad aimed at people between 18 and 45.[427]
The class action could include thousands of Quebec residents who have been using the platform as early as April 2016, who were seeking jobs or housing during that period.[427] Facebook has 60 days after the court's December 22 ruling to decide to appeal the case to the Supreme Court of Canada. If it does not appeal, the case returns to the Quebec Superior Court.[427] On September 21, 2023, theCalifornia Courts of Appeal ruled that Facebook could be sued for discriminatory advertising under theUnruh Civil Rights Act.[428]
A commentator inThe Washington Post noted that Facebook constitutes a "massive depository of information that documents both our reactions to events and our evolving customs with a scope and immediacy of which earlier historians could only dream".[429] Especially for anthropologists, social researchers, and social historians—and subject to proper preservation and curation—the website "will preserve images of our lives that are vastly crisper and more nuanced than any ancestry record in existence".[429]
Economy
Economists have noted that Facebook offers many non-rivalrous services that benefit as many users as are interested without forcing users to compete with each other. By contrast, most goods are available to a limited number of users. E.g., if one user buys a phone, no other user can buy that phone. Three areas add the most economic impact: platform competition, the market place and user behavior data.[430] Facebook began to reduce its carbon impact after Greenpeace attacked it for its long-term reliance on coal and resulting carbon footprint.[431] In 2021 Facebook announced that their global operations are supported by 100 percent renewable energy and they have reached net zero emissions, a goal set in 2018.[432][433]
Facebook provides a development platform for manysocial gaming, communication, feedback, review, and other applications related to online activities. This platform spawned many businesses and added thousands of jobs to the global economy.Zynga Inc., a leader in social gaming, is an example of such a business. Aneconometric analysis found that Facebook's app development platform added more than 182,000 jobs in the U.S. economy in 2011. The total economic value of the added employment was about $12 billion ($16.8 billion in 2024 dollars[32]).[434]
Facebook was one of the first large-scalesocial networks. InThe Facebook Effect,David Kirkpatrick said that Facebook's structure makes it difficult to replace, because of its "network effects".[citation needed] As of 2016[update], it was estimated 44% of Americans get news through Facebook.[435] A study published atFrontiers Media in 2023 found that there was more polarization of the user-base on Facebook than even far-right social networks like Gab.[436]
Studies have associated social networks with positive[437] and negative impacts[438][439][440][441][442] on emotional health.
Studies have associated Facebook with feelings ofenvy, often triggered by vacation and holiday photos. Other triggers include posts by friends about family happiness and images of physical beauty—such feelings leave people dissatisfied with their own lives. A joint study by two German universities discovered that one out of three people were more dissatisfied with their lives after visiting Facebook,[443][444] and another study byUtah Valley University found that college students felt worse about themselves following an increase in time on Facebook.[444][445][446] Professor Larry D. Rosen stated that teenagers on Facebook exhibit more narcissistic tendencies, while young adults show signs of antisocial behavior,mania and aggressiveness[citation needed].
Positive effects include signs of "virtual empathy" with online friends and helping introverted persons learn social skills.[447] A 2020 experimental study in theAmerican Economic Review found that deactivating Facebook led to increased subjective well-being.[448] In a blog post in December 2017, the company highlighted research that has shown "passively consuming" theNews Feed, as in reading but not interacting, left users with negative feelings, whereas interacting with messages pointed to improvements in well-being.[449]
In February 2008, a Facebook group called "One Million Voices Against FARC" organized an event in which hundreds of thousands ofColombians marched in protest against theRevolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).[450] In August 2010, one ofNorth Korea's official government websites and the country's official news agency,Uriminzokkiri, joined Facebook.[451]
A man during the 2011 Egyptian protests carrying a card saying "Facebook,#jan25, The Egyptian Social Network"
During theArab Spring many journalists claimed Facebook played a major role in the2011 Egyptian revolution.[452][453] On January 14, the Facebook page of "We are all Khaled Said" was started by Wael Ghoniem to invite the Egyptian people to "peaceful demonstrations" on January 25. In Tunisia and Egypt, Facebook became the primary tool for connecting protesters and led the Egyptian government to ban it, Twitter and other sites.[454] After 18 days, the uprising forced PresidentHosni Mubarak to resign.
Ina Bahraini uprising that started on February 14, 2011, Facebook was utilized by the Bahraini regime and regime loyalists to identify, capture and prosecute citizens involved in the protests. A 20-year-old woman namedAyat Al Qurmezi was identified as a protester using Facebook and imprisoned.[455] In 2011, Facebook filed paperwork with theFederal Election Commission to form apolitical action committee under the nameFB PAC.[456] In an email toThe Hill, a spokesman for Facebook said "FacebookPolitical Action Committee will give our employees a way to make their voice heard in the political process by supporting candidates who share our goals of promoting the value of innovation to our economy while giving people the power to share and make the world more open and connected."[457]
During the Syrian civil war, theYPG, a libertarian army forRojava recruited westerners through Facebook in its fight againstISIL.[458] Dozens joined its ranks. The Facebook page's name "The Lions of Rojava" comes from a Kurdish saying which translates as "A lion is a lion, whether it's a female or a male", reflecting the organization's feminist ideology.[459]
In recent years, Facebook'sNews Feed algorithms have been identified as a cause of political polarization, for which it has been criticized.[460][461] It has likewise been accused of amplifying the reach of 'fake news' and extreme viewpoints, as when it may have enabled conditions which led to the2015 Rohingya refugee crisis.[462][463] Facebook first played a role in the American political process in January 2008, shortly before theNew Hampshire primary. Facebook teamed up withABC andSaint Anselm College to allow users to give live feedback about the "back to back" January 5 Republican and Democratic debates.[464][465][466] Facebook users took part in debate groups on specific topics, voter registration and message questions.[467]
Over a million people installed the Facebook application "US Politics on Facebook" in order to take part which measured responses to specific comments made by the debating candidates.[468] A poll byCBS News,UWIRE andThe Chronicle of Higher Education claimed to illustrate how the "Facebook effect" had affected youthful voters, increasing voting rates, support of political candidates, and general involvement.[469] The new social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, connected hundreds of millions of people. By 2008, politicians and interest groups were experimenting with systematic use of social media to spread their message.[470][471] By the 2016 election, political advertising to specific groups had become normalized. Facebook offered the most sophisticated targeting and analytics platform.[472]ProPublica noted that their system enabled advertisers to direct their pitches to almost 2,300 people who expressed interest in the topics of "Jew hater", "How to burn Jews", or, "History of 'why Jews ruin the world".[473]
Facebook has used several initiatives to encourage its users to register to vote and vote. An experiment in 2012 involved showing Facebook users pictures of their friends who reported that they had voted; users who were shown the pictures were about 2% more likely to report that they had also voted compared to thecontrol group, which was not encouraged to vote.[474] In 2020, Facebook announced the goal of helping four million voters register in the US, saying that it had registered 2.5 million by September.[475]
TheCambridge Analytica data scandal offered another example of the perceived attempt to influence elections.[220][476]The Guardian claimed that Facebook knew about the security breach for two years, but did nothing to stop it until it became public.[477] Facebook banned political ads to prevent the manipulation of voters in the US's November's election. Industry experts suggested[clarification needed] that there are several other ways for misinformation to reach voters on social media platforms and blocking political ads will not serve as a proven solution to the problem.[478]
In March 2024, former US PresidentDonald Trump said that getting rid of TikTok would allow Facebook, which he called the "enemy of the people", to double its business. He spoke afterPresident Biden said he was ready to sign legislation that would requireTikTok ownerByteDance to sell the video platform or face a ban in the US.[479]
India
Ahead of the 2019 general elections in India, Facebook has removed 103 pages, groups and accounts on Facebook and Instagram platforms originating from Pakistan. Facebook said its investigation found a Pakistani military link, along with a mix of real accounts of ISPR employees, and a network of fake accounts created by them that have been operating military fan pages, general interest pages but were posting content about Indian politics while trying to conceal their identity.[480] Owing to the same reasons, Facebook also removed 687 pages and accounts of Congress because of coordinated inauthentic behavior on the platform.[481]
In August 2013, Facebook foundedInternet.org in collaboration with six other technology companies to plan and help build affordable Internet access for underdeveloped and developing countries.[484] The service, called Free Basics, includes various low-bandwidth applications such asAccuWeather,BabyCenter,BBC News,ESPN, andBing.[485][486] There was severe opposition to Internet.org in India, where the service started in partnership withReliance Communications in 2015 was banned a year later by theTelecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). In 2018, Zuckerberg claimed that "Internet.org efforts have helped almost 100 million people get access to the internet who may not have had it otherwise."[485]
^Richmond, Riva (November 27, 2007). "Enterprise: Facebook, a Marketer's Friend; Site Offers Platform To Tout Products, Interact With Users".The Wall Street Journal. New York. p. B4.
^Smith, Zadie (November 25, 2010)."Generation Why?".The New York Review of Books.57 (18).Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. RetrievedFebruary 15, 2014.
^Farahbakhsh, Reza; Cuevas, Angel; Ortiz, Antonio M.; Han, Xiao; Crespi, Noel (2015). "How far is Facebook from me? Facebook network infrastructure analysis".IEEE Communications Magazine.53 (9). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE):134–142.arXiv:1705.00717.doi:10.1109/mcom.2015.7263357.ISSN0163-6804.S2CID7987529.
^Sanghvi, Ruchi (September 6, 2006)."Facebook Gets a Facelift". The Facebook Blog.Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. RetrievedFebruary 11, 2008.
^"US Patent No. 7669123".Ostsee Magazin ☀️ Urlaubsorte und Ausflugsziele. Social Media. March 1, 2010. Archived fromthe original on May 15, 2011. RetrievedMarch 9, 2010.
^"EdgeRank". EdgeRank. October 29, 2007.Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. RetrievedFebruary 16, 2013.
^"China is using Facebook to build a huge audience around the world".The Economist. April 20, 2019.ISSN0013-0613. RetrievedAugust 19, 2023.Facebook pages usually gain followers when people share posts with their friends. Chinese outlets receive far fewer shares than Western ones do, which implies that they use some other tactic to amass fans. Facebook has already accused Chinese actors of skullduggery. In March it sued four Chinese firms, which it said had sold "fake accounts, likes and followers".
^Carlisle, Juliet E.; Patton, Robert C. (January 1, 2013). "Is Social Media Changing How We Understand Political Engagement? An Analysis of Facebook and the 2008 Presidential Election".Political Research Quarterly.66 (4):883–895.doi:10.1177/1065912913482758.JSTOR23612065.S2CID154739808.
.svg){kind=logo}
.PNG)
![Population pyramid of Facebook users by age As of 2010[update][146]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aPopulation_pyramid_of_Facebook_users_by_age.png)
.jpg)
.JPG)
