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FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993

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FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993
Citations

Long title	An Act for reform in emerging new democracies and support and help for improved partnership with Russia, Ukraine, and other new independent states of the former Soviet Union.
Nicknames	FRIENDSHIP Act
Enacted by	the103rd United States Congress
Effective	December 17, 1993
Public law	103-199
Statutes at Large	107 Stat. 2317
Codification
Titles amended	22 U.S.C.: Foreign Relations and Intercourse 50 U.S.C.: War and National Defense
U.S.C. sections amended	22 U.S.C. ch. 33 §§ 2458, 2460, 2461 22 U.S.C. ch. 55 § 4501 et seq. 22 U.S.C. ch. 67 § 5801 et seq. 50 U.S.C. ch. 23 § 781 et seq. 50a U.S.C. § 2401 50a U.S.C. § 2402 50a U.S.C. § 2403-1
Legislative history
Introduced in the House asH.R. 3000 byDick Gephardt (D-MO) on August 6, 1993 Committee consideration byHouse Armed Services,House Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs,House Foreign Affairs,House Intelligence (Permanent),House Judiciary,House Post Office and Civil Service,House Ways and Means Passed the House on November 15, 1993 (Passed voice vote) Passed the Senate on November 22, 1993 (Passed voice vote, in lieu ofS. 1672) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on November 23, 1993 (Agreed without objection) Signed into law by PresidentBill Clinton on December 17, 1993

TheFRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 was enacted as alaw of the United States enhancing prior statutory provisions which governinternational relations between the formerRepublics of the Soviet Union and United States during theCold War. TheAct of Congress reformedUnited States statutes related to:

Armament export controls as related to military technology transfer limitations
Continental cultural and educational exchange
Cooperative foreign trade relations
Diplomatic relations with foreign allies
Global environmental shifts
Immigration and nationality requirements
International products exports
Societal propagandization as related tomulticultural social ideology

H.R. 3000 was passed by the 103rd United States Congressional session and enacted into law by the42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton on December 17, 1993.^[1]^[2]

Titles of the Act

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The 1993 Act was penned as nine titles establishing purposeful foreign relations as related to the development of emerging democracies and improved multinational partnerships.

Title I: Policy of Friendship and Cooperation

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Statement of purpose

Findings

Statutory provisions that have been applicable to theSoviet Union.

Title II: Trade and Business Relations

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Policy underExport Administration Act

Representation of countries ofEastern Europe and theIndependent States of the former Soviet Union in legalcommercial transactions

Procedures regarding transfers of certain Department of Defense-funded items

Soviet slave labor

Title III: Cultural, Educational, and Other Exchange Programs

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Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961

Soviet-Eastern European research and training^[3]^[4]

Fascell Fellowship Act^[5]^[6]

Board for International Broadcasting Act^[7]^[8]

Scholarship programs fordeveloping countries

Report on Soviet participants in certainexchange programs

Title IV: Arms Control

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Arms Control and Disarmament Act

Arms Export Control Act

Annual reports onarms control matters

United States/Sovietdirect communication link

Title V: Diplomatic Relations

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Personnel levels and limitations

Other provisions related to operation ofconsulates and embassies

Foreign Service Buildings Act^[9]

Title VI: Oceans and the Environment

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Arctic Research and Policy Act^[10]^[11]

Fur seal management

Global climate protection^[12]^[13]

Title VII: Regional and General Diplomatic Issues

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United Nations assessments

Soviet occupation of Afghanistan

Angola

Self determination of the people from theBaltic States

Obsolete references inForeign Assistance Act

Review of United States policy toward the Soviet Union

Title VIII: Internal Security; Worldwide Communist Conspiracy

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Civil defense

Report on Sovietpress manipulation in the United States

Subversive Activities Control Act

Report on Soviet andinternational communist behavior

Title IX: Miscellaneous

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Ballistic missile tests nearHawaii

Nondelivery ofinternational mail

State-sponsored harassment ofreligious groups

Murder of MajorArthur D. Nicholson

Monument to honorvictims of communism

References

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^"FRIENDSHIP Act | Documents Collection Center".documents.law.yale.edu. Retrieved2023-08-27.
^"PUBLIC LAW 103-199—DEC. 17, 1993"(PDF).Congress.gov. RetrievedAugust 27, 2023.
^"Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act of 1983 ~ P.L. 98-164"(PDF). 97 Stat. 1047 ~ House Bill 2915. U.S. Government Publishing Office. November 22, 1983.
^"H.R.2915 - Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act of 1983". Congress.gov. May 5, 1983.
^"Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 ~ P.L. 99-399"(PDF). 100 Stat. 853 ~ House Bill 4151. U.S. Government Publishing Office. August 27, 1986.
^"H.R.4151 - Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986". Congress.gov. February 6, 1986.
^"Board for International Broadcasting Act of 1973 ~ P.L. 93-129"(PDF). 87 Stat. 456 ~ Senate Bill 1914. U.S. Government Publishing Office. October 19, 1973.
^"S.1914 - Board for International Broadcasting Act". Congress.gov. May 31, 1973.
^"Foreign Service Buildings Act of 1926 ~ P.L. 69-186"(PDF). 44 Stat. 403 ~ House Bill 10200. Legis★Works. May 7, 1926. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. RetrievedApril 23, 2017.
^"Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 ~ P.L. 98-373"(PDF). 98 Stat. 1242 ~ Senate Bill 373. U.S. Government Publishing Office. July 31, 1984.
^"S.373 - Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984". Congress.gov. February 1, 1983.
^"Global Climate Protection Act of 1987 ~ P.L. 100-204"(PDF). 101 Stat. 1407 ~ House Bill 1777. U.S. Government Publishing Office. December 22, 1987.
^"H.R.1777 - Global Climate Protection Act of 1987". Congress.gov. March 25, 1987.

External links

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"29 WCPD 545 - Vancouver Declaration: Joint Statement of the Presidents of the United States and the Russian Federation"(PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. April 4, 1993.
Battista, Carolyn (June 24, 1990)."Dramatic Harmony in Student Exchange".The New York Times. Waterford, Connecticut.
James, George (October 4, 1998)."GOVERNMENT; For Exchange Students and Sponsors, Lessons for Life".The New York Times.
"Revelations from the Russian Archives".Exhibitions. United States Library of Congress. 15 June 1992.
Clinton, William J. (September 6, 1996)."Statement on the 1997 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Summit - September 6, 1996".Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 1501–1502.
Clinton, William J. (December 10, 1996)."Statement Announcing the 1997 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Summit - December 10, 1996".Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 2184.

v t e Soviet Union–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of the Soviet Union, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to the United States Soviet ambassador's residence Embassy of the United States, Moscow Ambassadors of the United States to the Soviet Union Spaso House Consulate-General of the Soviet Union, New York City John Henry Hammond House Consulate-General of the Soviet Union, San Francisco Elmcroft Estate Lothrop Mansion Pioneer Point Permanent Mission of the Soviet Union to the United Nations Killenworth Russian Soviet Government Bureau Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
Diplomacy	Lend-Lease Lend-Lease Sherman tanks Moscow Conference (1941) Moscow Conference (1942) Moscow Conference (1943) Declaration of the Four Nations Moscow Conference (1944) Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Tehran Conference Moscow Conference (1945) Stalin Note Berlin Conference (1954) Geneva Summit (1955) Lacy-Zarubin Agreement United States restitution to the Soviet Union State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States United Nations Security Council Resolution 135 Dartmouth Conference Vienna summit Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament Moscow–Washington hotline Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Glassboro Summit Conference Détente Linkage Bion program Kosmos 782 Kosmos 936 Kosmos 1129 Kosmos 1514 Kosmos 1667 Kosmos 1887 Kosmos 2044 TOPAZ nuclear reactor Moscow Summit (1972) Washington Summit (1973) 1973 United States–Soviet Union wheat deal Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions Geneva Conference (1973) Moscow Summit (1974) Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control NATO Double-Track Decision Zero Option Geneva Summit (1985) Reykjavík Summit Washington Summit (1987) Geneva Accords (1988) Moscow Summit (1988) Governors Island Summit US/USSR Joint Statement on Uniform Acceptance of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage Malta Summit Helsinki Summit (1990) Madrid peace conference letter of invitation European Advisory Commission Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls Council for American–Soviet Trade Council of Foreign Ministers
Cold War	Origins Timeline 1947–1948 1948–1953 1953–1962 1962–1979 1979–1985 1985–1991 Espionage Cold War in Asia Cold War tensions and the polio vaccine Nuclear arms race Space Race Timeline United States war plans (1945–1950) U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Active Measures Working Group Air-to-air combat losses between the Soviet Union and the United States CIA activities in the Soviet Union Containment Rollback Red Scare The Moscow rules Seven Days to the River Rhine Sheldon names Strategic Defense Initiative United States aerial reconnaissance of the Soviet Union Bomber gap Missile gap NSC 68 Smolensk Archive Soviet Military Power Operation Shocker Plan Totality Nitrophenyl pentadienal Venona project Operation Anadyr Operation Breakthrough Operation Cedar Operation Chrome Dome Operation Cyclone Operation Dropshot Operation Giant Lance Operation Gold Operation Denver Operation Ivy Bells Operation Keelhaul Operation Lincoln Operation Monopoly Operation RYAN Operation Safe Haven (1957) Operation Sunrise 7th Air Escadrille Project Azorian Project Coldfeet Project Dark Gene Project Genetrix Project Grab Bag Project HOMERUN Project Moby Dick Project Mogul Project Hula
Incidents	Sisson Documents Turkish Straits crisis Welles Declaration Gorin v. United States Atomic spies Baruch Plan Iran crisis of 1946 Niš incident Berlin Blockade Kasenkina Case Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. Hollow Nickel Case Moscow Signal Capture of the Tuapse We will bury you Kuzma's mother Sputnik crisis Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959 1958 C-130 shootdown incident 1960 U-2 incident 1960 RB-47 shootdown incident Transfermium Wars Arrest of Mark Kaminsky and Harvey Bennett Martin and Mitchell defection Shoe-banging incident Berlin Crisis of 1961 1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident Cuban Missile Crisis Crateology SS Metallurg Anosov Ich bin ein Berliner 1964 T-39 shootdown incident Pan Am Flight 708 Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair Aeroflot Flight 244 Gambell incident Project Azorian Soviet submarine K-129 (1960) Feodor Fedorenko Siberian Seven United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union 1980 Summer Olympics boycott Yellow rain Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Evil Empire speech Korean Air Lines Flight 007 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident Able Archer 83 Autumn Forge 83 1984 Summer Olympics boycott We begin bombing in five minutes Arthur D. Nicholson John Anthony Walker 1986 Black Sea incident Soviet submarine K-219 Karl Linnas Tear down this wall! Yeniseysk-15 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Chicken Kiev speech
Military relations	Allied Control Council Allied Kommandatura Allied technological cooperation during World War II ALSIB Arctic convoys of World War II Berlin Victory Parade of 1945 Elbe Day Four Policemen Four Power Naval Commission Four-Power Authorities GIUK gap Line of Contact Military liaison missions Northwest Staging Route Pacific Route Persian Corridor Persian Gulf Command Warsaw airlift Tripartite Naval Commission Eisenhower Doctrine Truman Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Stimson Doctrine Bell P-63 Kingcobra Belorussia-class cargo ship SS Dakotan SS Indigirka SS Iowan Tupolev Tu-4 Tupolev Tu-70 Tupolev Tu-80 USCGC Southwind USS West Bridge United States and the Russian Revolution American Expeditionary Force, North Russia American Expeditionary Force, Siberia North Russia intervention Siberian intervention
Legislation	Russian Famine Relief Act Executive Order 8484 Jackson–Vanik amendment Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992 FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993
Treaties	Moscow Declarations Potsdam Agreement Wanfried agreement McCloy–Zorin Accords Outer Space Treaty Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space Four Power Agreement on Berlin Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes U.S.–Soviet Incidents at Sea agreement Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War Threshold Test Ban Treaty Strategic Arms Limitation Talks National technical means of verification Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany START I Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
Organizations	American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia Ark Project American National Exhibition Kitchen Debate American Peace Mobilization American Relief Administration American Russian Institute American University speech American–Soviet friendship movement American-Soviet Peace Walks Amerika (magazine) Amtorg Trading Corporation And you are lynching Negroes Androgynous Peripheral Attach System Anglo-American School of Moscow Anglo-American School of St. Petersburg Ansonia Clock Company Apollo–Soyuz Apollo-Soyuz (cigarette) Center for Citizen Initiatives Communist Party USA Dewey Commission Institute for US and Canadian Studies International Conference of Laser Applications International Cospas-Sarsat Programme International Publishers Kennan Institute Kersten Committee Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews Friends of Soviet Russia Foundation for Social Inventions Gennady Alferenko Friendship Flight '89 Friendship Flight (Alaska Airlines) Fund for Armenian Relief National Committee for a Free Europe National Council of American–Soviet Friendship Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia Russian-American Industrial Corporation Russian War Relief Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia Soviet Government Purchasing Commission in the U.S. U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine U.S. Peace Council
Related	Russian Empire–United States relations Russia–United States relations Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C. 1972 Olympic men's basketball final 1976 Philadelphia Flyers–Red Army game 1989 visit by Boris Yeltsin to the United States Baltic Freedom Day Bush legs Captive Nations Captive Nations Week GAZ Goodwill Games Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Sovfoto Triangular diplomacy U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge US vs. USSR radio chess match 1945 USA–USSR Track and Field Dual Meet Series Uzel White Coke World Chess Championship 1972 X Article Yardymly Russian Life Soviet Interview Project Soviet submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Comparison of the AK-47 and M16 Bobby Fischer Georgi Bolshakov Samantha Smith Roswell Garst Suzanne Massie Who's Who in the CIA Eagles East The Admiral's Daughter Deep Black The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks Stalingrad Free to Be... a Family "In Soviet Georgia" Red Wave "Ordinary People"
Category:Soviet Union–United States relations