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FC Petrolul Ploiești

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Association football club in Ploiești

Football club
Petrolul Ploiești
Full nameAsociația Clubul Sportiv Petrolul 52[note 1]
Nicknames
  • Găzarii (The Gasmen)
  • Petroliștii (The Oilmen)
  • Galben-albaștrii (The Yellow and Blues)
  • Lupii galbeni (The Yellow Wolves)
Short namePetrolul
Founded31 December 1924; 100 years ago (1924-12-31)
asFC Juventus București
GroundIlie Oană
Capacity15,073[2]
OwnerAsociația Clubul Sportiv Petrolul 52
ChairmanClaudiu Tudor
Head coachEugen Neagoe
LeagueLiga I
2024–25Liga I, 9th of 16
Websitefcpetrolul.ro
Current season

Asociația Clubul Sportiv Petrolul 52, commonly referred to asFC Petrolul Ploiești (Romanian pronunciation:[peˈtrolulploˈjeʃtʲ]),Petrolul Ploiești or simplyPetrolul, is a Romanian professionalfootballclub based inPloiești,Prahova County, that competes in theLiga I, the top tier ofRomanian football.

Founded in 1924 inBucharest asJuventus, through the merger ofTriumf andRomcomit, the club won its first league championship in the1929–30 season. In 1952, it relocated to the industrial city of Ploiești, adopting the name Petrolul in 1957. The club subsequently secured three additional national titles in1957–58,1958–59, and1965–66. Its domestic honours also include threeCupa României titles, the most recent in the2012–13 season.

Petrolul made its international debut in the1958–59 season, facing East German sideWismut Karl Marx Stadt in the preliminary round of theEuropean Cup. The club has since totalled 12 editions of European competitions, eight of which were governed byUEFA.

Petrolul's colours are yellow and dark blue, earning players and fans the nickname "the Yellow Wolves". The team plays its home matches at the 15,073-capacityIlie Oană Stadium, inaugurated in 2011. Its most prominent rivalry is withRapid București, known as thePrimvs derby. Additionally, Petrolul had a short-livedlocal rivalry withAstra Giurgiu from 1998 until 2012, when Astra relocated from Ploiești.

History

[edit]
PeriodName
1924–1947Juventus București
1947–1948Distribuția București
1948–1949Petrolul București
1949–1950Competrol București
1950–1951Partizanul București
1951–1952Flacăra București
1952–1956Flacăra Ploiești
1956–1957Energia Ploiești
1957–Petrolul Ploiești

Founding and early years (1924–1952)

[edit]

The team was founded inBucharest in late 1924, whenRomcomit andTriumf merged into what would become one of the most notable clubs of the capital during theinterwar period,Juventus București. Its Latin identity was illustrated by the crest, which was based on the legend of thefounding of Rome, where a she-wolf nursedRomulus and Remus.Juventus inherited thestadium and the red and blue colors ofRomcomit. An article relating the event was published on 4 January 1925 in theGazeta Sporturilor newspaper, under the title "Juventus – A sensational merger" (Juventus – O fuziune senzațională).[3]

In their first season of existence being led by president Ettore Brunelli and player-coach Ion Motoroi, the team finished on the 4th place in theBucharest championship, the first game taking place on 8 March 1925 in a 3–0 victory againstColțea București with goals scored by Bebe Rollea, Antofiloiu (o.g.) and Török, the team used being: Căpșuneanu – Constantin Vețianu, Sile Georgescu – Schaller, Ion Motoroi,Grigore Grigoriu, Sergiu Petrovici, Victor Block, Bebe Rollea, Török, Aurel Schei.[4] Before the start of the new season, president Brunelli wanted to test the value of his squad, organizing the club's first matches at international level, friendlies which ended with victories againstSlavia Prague (2–1),Slavia Sofia (3–0) andVasas Budapest (5–2).[5] In theBucharest regional championship, the team finished on the 1st place, qualifying for the1925–26 Divizia A where they lost the final in front ofChinezul Timișoara, being led in the first half of the season by coach Motoroi and in the second byGyörgy Hlavay who according to journalistIoan Chirilă's book, "Zile și nopți pe stadion"(Days and nights at the stadium) is considered byRomania's coach at the1930 World Cup,Constantin Rădulescu to be the first coach that brought modern training sessions on the fields ofBucharest.[5]

Their first national title came six years after their establishment, being led in the first half of the season by coachGyula Feldmann and in the second byHlavay, as the team won anotherBucharest regional championship, qualifying for the1929–30 Divizia A where they won the final with a 3–0 victory againstGloria Arad with goals scored byLászló Raffinsky, Ion Maior and Carlo Melchior, the team used being: Dumitru Bacinschi – Constantin Deleanu, Sile Georgescu – Ștefan Wetzer,Emerich Vogl, Tibor Remeny – Gyula Dobo, Carlo Melchior,Rudolf Wetzer,László Raffinsky, Ion Maior.[6][7][8] After the reorganization of the Romanian division structure, the club played seven consecutive campaigns in theDivizia A, from 1933 to 1940. FollowingWorld War II, they were promoted once again to the top tier, having finished first in the finalDivizia B season prior to the outbreak of war. The club played its last campaign asJuventus in 1946–47, after which the name was changed numerous times toDistribuția,Petrolul,Competrol,Partizanul andFlacăra respectively.

Move to Ploiești and three national titles (1952–1968)

[edit]
Petrolul Ploiești's 1965–66 team, also known asGenerația de Aur ("The Golden Generation").

Flacăra București was moved toPloiești in 1952, and renamed accordingly. CoachIlie Oană took charge of the team at the half of the1952 season, but he couldn't manage to spare his team from relegation. He would, however, reach thecup final, lost againstCCA București 0–2. In1957–58, the team became champion of Romania for the second time in its history, despite having the same number of points as CCA București andȘtiința Timișoara. That was also the season when the present-day name ofPetrolul Ploiești was adopted.

In the autumn of1958, Petrolul made its debut in theEuropean Cup and facedWismut Karl Marx Stadt ofEast Germany in the preliminary round. After a 4–2 away loss inAue, the club managed to level on aggregate with a 2–0 victory in Romania. Wismut Karl Marx Stadt qualified further after winning the play-off 4–0 inKyiv. The first part of the1958–59 Divizia A saw Petrolul on the fourth place in the table, but with several good results which followed the team clinched its second consecutive league championship. They were once again unable to go further than the preliminary round of the European Cup, Austrian sideWiener Sport-Club defeating them 1–2 on aggregate.

Petrolul Ploiești posing with theCupa României trophy in 1963.

On 14 July 1963 Petrolul's playerConstantin Tabarcea collapsed and died during aDivizia A match againstDinamo Bacău.[9] One week later after his death Petrolul won the1962–63 Cupa României with 6–1 againstSiderurgistul Galați and before the game, at the team photo, the place from the down row in front of goalkeeperMihai Ionescu was left free in the memory of Tabarcea.[9][10] In 1965, head coach Ilie Oană left Petrolul for theRomania national team, and assistantConstantin Cernăianu took over the vacant place. Athis first season, Cernăianu achieved the club's fourth Divizia A trophy after finishing six points ahead ofRapid București. 12 October 1966 has remained an important date in the history of the team; after a 0–2 away defeat, Petrolul won 3–1 at home against the champions of England,Liverpool. The third match inBrussels was difficult, and "the Reds" went ahead in the European Cup.

A period of decline (1968–1990)

[edit]
Mircea Dridea appeared in 273 league matches for Petrolul between 1956 and 1971.

After that period of great form, Petrolul began a period of decline and although the club remained in the first division for many years later, only the1995 Romanian Cup final reminded their supporters about the years of glory. In 1970, the oilmen finished the first part of the championship on the 2nd place, but it lost that place until the end of the season.1969–70,1971–72 were seasons in which Petrolul was at only one step from relegation. After a "resuscitation" (1972–73, 15th place occupied after five rounds, the 4th place at the beginning of the winter break), 1973 was quite weak year. In 1974, the people fromPloiești suspected a match fixed betweenArgeş Pitești andCFR Cluj, in favor of the team fromCluj-Napoca, it was supposed that Petrolul officials have tried to financially stimulate the host, but the authorities discovered the plan and the team has discreetly relegated toDivizia B, this happened in the conditions in which in 1963Prahova Ploiești and Carpați Sinaia, other two teams fromPrahova County were relegated by theRomanian Football Federation to Divizia B due to match-fixing.

Arrived in the second division, the most valuable footballers of the club, Crângaşu and Rămureanu left and after 3 rounds the team was the last. The yellow wolves recovered later, but the local coaches did not have the value ofIlie Oană, who also went toPolitehnica Iași, then toUniversitatea Craiova, Petrolul remaining in some kind of mediocrity.In January 1976, the club brought inValentin Stănescu to be the coach, and the team tried to promote but lost a home game againstFC Brăila. After the game, the supporters showed their dissatisfaction with Dinulescu's refereeing, throwing various objects from the stands.FCM Galaţi then strengthened its nickname as an "ABBA" team (a nickname used in Romania for clubs that frequently alternated between the first and second divisions), promoting in front of Petrolul that year and relegating after only one season in the top flight of Romanian football.

Instead, Petrolul had an exceptional1976–77 season, with 15 wins and 2 draws in the first part of the campaign, finishing in 1st place, far ahead of 2nd placeGloria Buzău. The squad included Gh. Constantin, Mîrzea, Gh. Dumitrescu, Sotir, Ene, Butufei, I. Constantin, Ionescu, Angelescu, N. Florian, Simaciu, Negoiță, D. Georgescu,Fl. Dumitrescu,Pantea, Toporan, State, Pisău, Mînăstire, and Manolache.[11]

Unfortunately, the players born in the Prahova County did not have enough experience and at the end of the1977–78 Divizia A season it was ranked only 17th and relegated back. The immediate promotion was forbidden byViitorul Scorniceşti, the football club from the native town ofNicolae Ceaușescu, which was strongly pushed forward to Divizia A by thecommunist authorities, in power at the time, a concrete proof being that FC Olt promoted fromDivizia C after an 18–0 victory against the team ranked 15th, whileFlacăra Moreni won only 2–1, in a match played at the same hour, against ROVA Roșiori.[12]

Petrolul (1988–89), the squad that ended a long period of decline with their 1989 promotion toDivizia A.

The1979–80 season had also been disappointing for Petrolul.Rapid București andProgresul București battled for first place, while Metalul Plopeni, the kingmaker, defeated Rapid inBucharest but lost to Progresul. In 1980, Petrolul appointedTraian Ionescu as their new coach, a highly experienced manager who had previously led clubs likeDinamo București andFenerbahçe. However, another challenge threatened Petrolul’s promotion dreams. That year,CS Târgoviște made a sensational signing:Nicolae Dobrin, nicknamed “The Gander” or “The Prince of Trivale,” one of the most important figures in Romanian football, joined Târgoviște after spending 19 years inPitești. Dobrin played a decisive role in his team’s promotion, thwarting the plans of the Yellow Wolves. In 1982, after spending most of the previous eight seasons—including four consecutive years—in the second league, Petrolul finally surpassed their great rivalRapid and returned toDivizia A.

The1982–83 Divizia A season, was a one full of emotions, avoiding the relegation was the target in the mind of everyone at each of the games played by the team.1983–84 season send Petrolul back to Divizia B again, but promotion came after a victory atGalați againstDunărea, former FCM, the team which forbidding the promotion of the oilmen, ten years earlier. In 1987, the yellow and blues signed another coach, a former team player from years of glory,Constantin Moldoveanu. But Moldoveanu did not have in the squad the players who won againstSteaua București orLiverpool in the glory times and Petrolul relegated back to the second league. September 1988 brought Ion Radu as the new chairman, helped by Mihai Cristache. The two were often criticized of the post-revolutionary press, but they did some performances like in the times ofMircea Dridea andMihai Ionescu. Petrolul promoted in 1989 and finished on the 4th place in its first season, helped also by the dissolution (in the winter of 1990) ofVictoria București, club sponsored by the Romanian Ministry of Internal Affairs (the "Miliția", Police), institution under the former Communist regime.

European participations and cup win (1990–2002)

[edit]

Petrolul finished the1989–90 Divizia A on the fourth place, after having just returned from the second division in 1989. Therefore, it qualified for theUEFA Cup along withUniversitatea Craiova andPolitehnica Timișoara. "The Yellow Wolves" played againstBelgian clubAnderlecht, which won both legs. At the end of the1990–91 season, Petrolul finished 7th and in theRomanian Cup they were eliminated in the second round proper by their bitter rivalsSteaua București.

In the summer of 1991 the club changed its name toFC Ploiești, but made a very weak season, finishing only 10th in the top flight and in the Romanian Cup, the squad was eliminated again in the second round proper, this time byFC U Craiova. At the end of the seasonFC Ploiești changed its name back to Petrolul Ploiești. "The Oilmen" saved from relegation in the last moment at the end of the1992–93 season, finishing 16th out of 18, with two points overSelena Bacău and four overCSM Reșița. Next season, coachMarin Ion and his players made a very good season and finished in the top 5, more exactly on the 5th place, one point overFarul Constanța, at the same number of points with 4th place (Rapid București), two points behind 3rd place (Dinamo București) and three points behind 2nd place (FC U Craiova). In the Romanian Cup, "the Yellow Wolves" were eliminated in the second round proper byInter Sibiu.

Petrolul squad that won theRomanian Cup in 1995.

In the1994–95 season, despite a mediocre league result (10th place), coached by the sameMarin Ion, Petrolul won the1994–95 Cupa României after defeating their rivals,Rapid București, at thepenalty shootout and qualified for the1995–96 UEFA Cup. The team included the following players:PredaD.Chiriță,Grigore,Răchită (C), Bălăceanu –Leahu, Grama, Pârlog,Abăluţă – Zmoleanu, Zafiris.1995–96 season was started by "the Yellow and Blues" on 3 fronts, League, Cup and UEFA Cup. In the European competition they eliminatedWelsh sideWrexham, in the first round, after a 0–0 on theRacecourse Ground and 1–0 victory on theIlie Oană Stadium, goal scored by Pârlog in the 60th minute. The slow start would announce the early elimination, in the second round, when Austrian sideRapid Wien won 3–1 on aggregate after a 3–1 on theGerhard Hanappi Stadium and a 0–0 draw inPloiești. In the league Petrolul ended again in the top half of the table, on the 6th place and in the cup, was eliminated in the quarter-finals, byNațional București, at thepenalty shootout.

In the following years Petrolul occupied the following positions at the end of the championship:1996–97 – 9th,1997–98 – 14th,1998–99 – 8th and1999–2000 – 11th. The late 1990s have been marked by the fierce rivalry withAstra Ploiești, a team that promoted in the first league in 1998.

Second division struggles (2002–2011)

[edit]

In the early 2000s, Petrolul entered under the ownership ofPetrom's trade union president, Liviu Luca, andploieștenii have a peak at the end of the2000–01 Divizia A, when the team finished on the 2nd place. But the collapse followed. In 2002, the yellow and blues relegated toDivizia B and the city ofPloiești, which had 2 teams in Divizia A between 1998 and 2002, remained in the first league only withAstra, a club which had no presence in the top-flight of the Romanian football until 1998. The oilmen promoted back to Divizia A in 2003, after only one season in the second league, but only at one month after promotion, the club's management announced that the funding of the club is under question. In less than 30 days supporters have been announced that there will be a merger between Petrolul Ploieşti andAstra Ploieşti.

Astra Ploieşti changed its name to Petrolul Ploieşti and in July 2003 Petrolul Ploiești was unaffiliated from theRomanian Football Federation, leaving a vacant place in the first league, which was finally occupied byOțelul Galați, team that lost in that summer a relegation play-out against the second league teamFC Oradea. On 28 July 2003,Astra Ploieşti changed its name to FC Petrolul Ploieşti, with Florin Bercea andIoan Niculae as the owners of the newly formed entity and also the new home becomingAstra Stadium.[13] This alternative was chosen because at that time Petrolul Ploieşti was a nonprofit association and according to the Law of Sport it should have been transformed intoSA and a merger with Astra Ploieşti in order to create a new company would have lasted at least seven months. These legal formalities have sometimes been interpreted as a proof of the dissolution of Petrolul, but such an interpretation is wrong because this club took over, according toFRF, Petrolul brand and record.[14]

At the end of the2003–04 Divizia A season, Petrolul relegated toDivizia B, and due to some differences in the ownership,Ioan Niculae gives up the 50% that he held within the club, these were split between Liviu Luca, Florin Bercea and Eduard Alexandru. Subsequently,Ioan Niculae refounded Astra and the new club is considered byLPF as the legal successor of the club before the 2003 merger, strengthening the idea that the 2003 merger result is the successor of the old Petrolul, not Astra. Petrolul also moved back to its old ground,Ilie Oană Stadium, in the summer of 2004. The 2004 relegation was followed by a black period for the yellow wolves, with seven consecutiveLiga II season. In the2004–05 season the club finished on the 4th place at 7 points from the promotion place, occupied at that time byPandurii Târgu Jiu.2005–06 season brought an extra chance, as a result of the restructuring of the first league from 16 to 18 teams, from the second league could also promote the 2nd place via a play-off tournament, but Petrolul finished only on the 3rd place at 3 points from the 2nd place, occupied byUnirea Urziceni, team that would promote and write history in the Romanian football.

In 2006, Petrolul ownership decided that the home games should be played onFlacăra Stadium fromMoreni orMogoșoaia Stadium, motivating the move by the fact that the oldIlie Oană Stadium required repair and modernization work. On 12 October 2006, the supporters organized a protest in the city center ofPloiești, asking for the team to be transferred from the private ownership to the Ploiești Municipality and to return on its own home ground.[15] Despite these internal problems Petrolul made a good season, but ended again just below the promotion line, on the 3rd place. The end of the2007–08 season found the yellow and blues on the 3rd place again, increasing the frustration among supporters and players, 5 points split the team from the 2nd place, a promotable one. Next season,2008–09 was a disastrous one, Petrolul finished on 4th place, but at great distance from the 2nd (Astra, named FC Ploiești at that time) and 1st place (Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț), 22 points respectively 23 points, also with a tense situation at the administrative level and with not many options on the horizon.

In 2009 the team was taken over by Ploiești Municipality andValeriu Răchită, former player of the team, was reconfirmed as the head coach, the squad being also restructured with many young players and after a great campaign in which the hope of promotion was alive until the last second, Petrolul finished 3rd, at only 1 point from the promotion spot, occupied bySportul Studențesc, which led to a terrible disappointment, making the Ploiești people to wonder whether the team was followed by bad luck.[16][17] Petrolul started the2010–11 season with important changes, the young squad has been completed with some experienced players asPompiliu Stoica,Florentin Dumitru orDaniel Oprița and moved for its home matches onConpet Stadium fromStrejnicu, near Ploiești, facilitating easier access for the supporters, newIlie Oană Stadium, being still in construction, also the team was moved from the first to the second series of the second league and after a heavy fight in 3 teams, againstFC Bihor Oradea andCS Mioveni, Petrolul promoted from the 1st place, 1 point ahead FC Bihor, team that also occupied a promotable place after 7 consecutiveLiga II seasons and 2 points ahead CS Mioveni, which subsequently promoted by taking advantage of the financial problems of FC Bihor. The promotion coincided with the inauguration of the new stadium, all of these brought a great enthusiasm among the Petrolul supporters, players and staff.[18][19]

Mild success followed by bankruptcy (2011–2016)

[edit]
Petrolul fans at the2013 Romanian Cup Final inBucharest

Under the management ofCosmin Contra, their second season since return saw them finishing third in theleague table, as well as claiming thenational cup for the third time in their history. Consequently, Petrolul earned a spot in the second qualifying round of the2013–14 UEFA Europa League, with the club playing its first European match since 1995. After defeatingVíkingur Gøta andVitesse Arnhem, they were eliminated in the play-off round bySwansea City.

The team received consistent media attention after signing formerRomanian internationalsAdrian Mutu andIanis Zicu in January 2014,[20] a move which would later be considered a "failure".[21] During the same month, it was announced thatGerman automobile manufacturerOpel would become Petrolul's shirt sponsor.[22]Petroliștii had the chance to qualify for their second consecutiveCupa României final, but lost the semi-final against rivalsAstra Giurgiu 2–1 on aggregate.[23] Petrolul came third in the Liga I once more, while the fans challengedRăzvan Lucescu, considering that he wasn't a suitable replacement for Contra, who left Petrolul in March to join Spanish sideGetafe.[24]

In the next season's European participation, "the Yellow Wolves" confrontedCzech clubViktoria Plzeň in theEuropa League third qualifying round. After a draw in Ploiești, Petrolul impressively beat Viktoria scoring four goals and conceding only one.[25] However, Petrolul yet again missed the chance of advancing to the group stage after losing the play-off againstDinamo Zagreb. In September 2014, head coach Lucescu was sacked and Mutu left the club as afree agent.[26][27] On 25 November, president Daniel Capră, general director Marius Bucuroiu and five other persons facedpreventive detention for 24 hours, being suspected of tax evasion and money laundering.[28] The criminal offences made by the club's officials caused Petrolul to lose important players and face a period of instability.[29] In February 2015, the club went intoadministration[30] and eventually finished the season on the sixth place in Liga I.[31]

More players left the club in the summer of 2015 and coach changes became frequent.[32] Petrolul quickly landed on the last place in the league table, where it stayed until the last game of the season. Finally, in the summer of 2016 the team was declared bankrupt.[33]

Reestablishment and recent history (2016 onwards)

[edit]
Petrolul Ploiești players taking a group photo before a home match againstUTA Arad in the2023–24 Liga I season

After the team was dissolved in 2016 as a result of the SC FC Petrolul SA joint-stock company bankruptcy, club legends and supporter groups associated to promptly reestablish it under the name ofACS Petrolul 52 Ploiești and enroll it in the Liga A Prahova (Liga IV), the fourth tier of the Romanian league system.[33] During early 2017, French transnational companyVeolia became the financial partner of the club by joining the association.[34]

In June 2017,ACS Petrolul 52 leased the club brand identity from the Municipality of Ploiești for €30,000 and began using the former name ofFC Petrolul Ploiești.[35] The team managed back-to-back promotions and reached thesecond division in the summer of 2018.[36] After three failed attempts to return to the Liga I and with worsening competitive results each year, Veolia stopped fully financing Petrolul and only offered to become a sponsor from the2021–22 season,[37] a position from which it also withdrew at the start of 2022.

In spite of the economic issues that arose from Veolia's departure, the squad led by head coachNicolae Constantin managed to end the Liga II campaign as champions.[38] Petrolul finished on the eighth place in the regular season of the2022–23 Liga I, and thus started the relegation play-outs from the second place. In March 2023, the association of former players which controlled the club stepped down and formerCFR Cluj andUniversitatea Craiova president Marian Copilu was announced as the new owner.[39] Petrolul also finished the 2022–23 season on the eighth place overall.

From the 2024–25 season, Petrolul re-established a reserve team through a partnership withDaniel Chiriță, owner of Liga IV club Petrolul 95 Ploiești. The squad was enrolled in the third league and plays at theStadionul Conpet inStrejnic.

Grounds

[edit]
Main articles:Ilie Oană Stadium andIlie Oană Stadium (1937)
The new Ilie Oană Stadium

Petrolul Ploiești plays its home matches at theIlie Oană Stadium. Ranked as aUEFA Category 4 stadium, it can hostUEFA Europa League semi-finals andUEFA Champions League group stage matches.[40] It was inaugurated in September 2011 and has a current capacity of 15,073 spectators.[2] The construction was raised on the site of the formerIlie Oană Stadium, which was completed in 1937, and is named afterIlie Oană, the most important coach in Petrolul's history.

Milestones

[edit]

Support

[edit]
Petrolul supporters displaying a3D choreography

Petrolul Ploiești has a large and steady fan base in Prahova County and its attachment to the team is renowned in Romania, in spite of the ups and downs.[42]

The biggest ultras group is calledLupii Galbeni ("the Yellow Wolves") since 1996, and there are two stands with groups likePeluza Latină ("The Latin Stand"), with subgroups like Knot04, United or Maniacs, and thePeluza 1 Ilie Oană ("Peluza 1 Ilie Oană stand") with subgroups like Hooligans, Young Hooligans, Contrasens, Lethalgang or Zona Vest. Other supporter associations, such asLiga Suporterilor Constantin Tabarcea (LSCT),AsociațiaDiaspora Galben Albastră (ADGA),T2 orYoung Wolves are located in the Second Stand of the stadium. Before and during matches, they sing the club'schant, whose lyrics were written byGeorge Nicolescu.

Petrolul Ploiești fans have recently established close friendships with the supporters of fellow league clubOțelul Galați, as well as with the ones of foreign clubsVitesse,Salernitana, andGenk.[43]

Rivalries

[edit]
Main articles:Primvs derby andFormer Ploiești derby

Petrolul Ploiești'straditional rival isRapid București. They faced for the first time on 11 November 1931, when Juventus București tied CFR București 3–3 at home, on theStadionul Romcomit, and have maintained a strong rivalry despite long periods of not meeting when one or the other were playing in the second division. In the1965–66 season, Petrolul won the Liga I while Rapid finished second. The following year, Rapid won its first national title after a match played on the old Ilie Oană Stadium; these events are believed to have ignited the rivalry further.[44] Due to the fact that this rivalry is the oldest for Romanian teams still active, it entered into the collective consciousness as thePrimvs derby (Latin for "first" or "foremost").

Petrolul maintained amilder rivalry with the defunctAstra Giurgiu, its former local enemy. Astra promoted for the first time to the Liga I in 1998 and played in Ploiești until September 2012, when it was moved toGiurgiu. Even after relocation, the rivalry continued between the governances of the clubs,[45] until Astra folded in October 2022.

Petrolul fans also hold grudges against the other historically prosperous Bucharest teams, namelyFCSB,Dinamo, andCSA Steaua. They sometimes chant against them even outside of direct matches.[43][46]

A derby match between Petrolul and Rapid București in the Liga I, August 2022

Honours

[edit]

Domestic

[edit]
Chart of Petrolul Ploiești's league performance 1933–2017.

Regional

[edit]

Invitational

[edit]

Players

[edit]

First-team squad

[edit]
As of 28 October 2025[48][49]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No.Pos.NationPlayer
1GK ROURaul Bălbărău
4DF ROUPaul Papp(3rd captain)
5MF CMRDanel Dongmo
6MF FINTommi Jyry
7FW ROUGheorghe Grozav(Captain)
8MF ROUAlexandru Mateiu
9FW ROUAdi Chică-Roșă
11MF ROUValentin Gheorghe
15MF FRABrahima Doukansy
17FW ROUDavid Ilie
18DF ROURobert Sălceanu
19FW GREKonstantinos Doumtsios
20DF ROUSergiu Hanca(4th captain)
21MF ROUDavid Paraschiv
22DF ROUDenis Radu
24DF PORRicardinho
25DF CMRJérôme Onguéné
26MF BELMoutir Chajia
28FW ESPRafinha
No.Pos.NationPlayer
29DF GERKilian Ludewig
30MF ROUCătălin Tolea
31GK ROUȘtefan Rădulescu
35GK ROUAndrei Jercălău
36MF ROUAlin Boțogan
40FW ROURareș Manolache
41GK AUTStefan Krell
42DF PORGuilherme
43DF ROUCristian Istrate
44MF ROULucian Dumitriu
46DF ROUSebastian Guiu
55DF ROUValentin Țicu(Vice-captain)
64DF ROUBogdan Marian
69DF BENYohan Roche
71DF CROFranjo Prce
88MF ROUMarco Dulca
90FW ROUIustin Răducan
97MF ROUAugustin Dumitrache
99FW ROURaul Bucur

Other players under contract

[edit]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No.Pos.NationPlayer
27MF BRAFabrício Baiano
No.Pos.NationPlayer
81MF ROUMiguel Constantinescu

Out on loan

[edit]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No.Pos.NationPlayer
DF ROUAlexandru Stănică(toTunari until 30 June 2026)
MF ROUVladimir Badea(toTunari until 30 June 2026)
No.Pos.NationPlayer
MF ROUMario Ioniță(toAfumați until 30 June 2026)
MF ROUVlad Stancovici(toMetalul Buzău until 30 June 2026)

Club officials

[edit]

Board of directors

[edit]
RoleName
OwnerRomania Asociația Clubul Sportiv Petrolul 52
Executive PresidentRomaniaClaudiu Tudor
Honorary PresidentRomaniaMircea Dridea
Vice-presidentRomania Cristian Fogarassy
Sporting DirectorRomania Paul Pintilie
Financial ConsultantRomania Mircea Dumitrache
Head of Youth DevelopmentRomania Daniel Movilă
Team ManagerRomania Costel Ilie
Press OfficerRomania Ionuț Pană
  • Last updated: 7 October 2024
  • Source:[39]

Current technical staff

[edit]
RoleName
Head coachRomaniaEugen Neagoe
Assistant coachesRomania Carmel Bărbulescu
RomaniaSebastian Moga
Goalkeeping coachRomaniaCătălin Grigore
Fitness coachRomaniaLaurențiu Marinescu
Video analystRomania George Manea
Club doctorRomania Mircea Miu
Medical AssistantRomania Răduță Ghioca
KinetotherapistRomania Cosmin Scarlat
MasseursRomania Ionuț Florescu
Romania Andrei Rușină
StoremanRomania Romeo Ivan
  • Last updated: 24 September 2025
  • Source:[50]

Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors

[edit]
Petrolul mascot Lupino before a home game in March 2022
PeriodKit manufacturerShirt partner
1924–1998UnknownUnknown
1998–2001Meding SportPetrom
2001–2003Adidas
2003–2004Lotto
2005–2008
2008–2009TeamPetrom
2009–2010Consiliul Local Ploiești
2010–2011Hummel
2011–2012Adidas
2012–2013MacronRomprest
2013–2014PumaOpel[22]
2014–2015Nike
Alexandrion
2015–2016Superbet[51]
2016–2017ErreaViking Pruszyński
2017–2022JomaVeolia
2022–2023AdidasMRS
2023–presentMacronLa Cocoș

European record

[edit]
Main article:FC Petrolul Ploiești in European football

Petrolul Ploiești has participated in eight editions of the club competitions governed byUEFA, the chief authority for football across Europe, and 12 editions of European competitions overall.

CompetitionSPWDLGFGAGD
UEFA Champions League / European Cup38215815−7
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup / European Cup Winners' Cup2622247−3
UEFA Europa League / UEFA Cup3147252520+5
UEFA Intertoto Cup[52]16114614−8
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup[53]3139041411+3
Total1247216205767−10

Notable wins

SeasonMatchScore
European Fairs Cup
1962–63Petrolul –HungaryFerencváros1 – 0
1967–68Petrolul –Socialist Federal Republic of YugoslaviaDinamo Zagreb2 – 0
European Cup Winners Cup
1963–64Petrolul –TurkeyFenerbahçe1 – 0
European Cup / Champions League
1966–67Petrolul –EnglandLiverpool3 – 1
European Intertoto Cup
1990Petrolul –GermanyFortuna Düsseldorf3 – 2
UEFA Cup / Europa League
2013–14Petrolul –NetherlandsVitesse2 – 1
2013–14Petrolul –EnglandSwansea City2 – 1
2014–15Petrolul –Czech RepublicViktoria Plzeň4 – 1

League history

[edit]
SeasonTierDivisionPlaceNational Cup
2025–261Liga ITBDTBD
2024–251Liga I9thGroup Stage
2023–241Liga I11thGroup Stage
2022–231Liga I8thGroup Stage
2021–222Liga II1st(C, P)Round of 32
2020–212Liga II9thQuarter-finals
2019–202Liga II5thQuarter-finals
2018–192Liga II4thThird round
2017–183Liga III(Seria III)1st(C, P)Round of 32
2016–174Liga IV(PH)1st(C, P)(winners of county phase)
2015–161Liga I14th(R)Round of 16
2014–151Liga I6thSemi-finals
2013–141Liga I3rdSemi-finals
2012–131Liga I3rdWinners
2011–121Liga I14thQuarter-finals
2010–112Liga II(Seria II)1st(C, P)Round of 32
2009–102Liga II(Seria I)3rdFourth Round
2008–092Liga II(Seria I)4thRound of 32
2007–082Liga II(Seria I)3rdFourth Round
SeasonTierDivisionPlaceNational Cup
2006–072Liga II(Seria I)3rdFifth Round
2005–062Divizia B(Seria II)3rdSemi-finals
2004–052Divizia B(Seria II)4thFifth Round
2003–041Divizia A15th(R)Quarter-finals
2002–032Divizia B(Seria I)1st(C, P)Round of 32
2001–021Divizia A15th(R)Round of 32
2000–011Divizia A9thSemi-finals
1999–001Divizia A11thQuarter-finals
1998–991Divizia A8thQuarter-finals
1997–981Divizia A14thRound of 32
1996–971Divizia A9thQuarter-finals
1995–961Divizia A6thQuarter-finals
1994–951Divizia A10thWinners
1993–941Divizia A5thRound of 32
1992–931Divizia A16thRound of 16
1991–921Divizia A10thRound of 16
1990–911Divizia A7thRound of 16
1989–901Divizia A4thSemi-finals

Notable former players

[edit]

The footballers enlisted below have had international caps for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level and/or more than 100 caps for FC Petrolul Ploiești.

For a list of Petrolul players with 100 or more appearances in the Romanian First Division, seeList of FC Petrolul Ploiești players.
For a list of all former and current FC Petrolul Ploiești players with a Wikipedia article, seeCategory:FC Petrolul Ploiești players.
Romania
Algeria
Albania
Armenia
Belarus
Bolivia
Brazil
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Congo
Croatia
Curaçao
Czech Republic
DR Congo
France
Ghana
Ivory Coast
Haiti
Israel
Italy
Japan
Moldova
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Tunisia
Uruguay

Notable former managers

[edit]
For a list of all former and current FC Petrolul Ploiești managers with a Wikipedia article, seeCategory:FC Petrolul Ploiești managers.

Women's football

[edit]

From the 2020–21 season, Romanian first league clubs have been required to field women's football teams to secure a licence from the Romanian Football Federation (FRF), including registering at least 20 players for the U15 Women's National Championship. Since the 2021–22 season, clubs must also enter a women's team in a senior championship (1st, 2nd, or 3rd league). From 2022–23, this mandate expanded to include 20 U15 players, 15 U13 players, and a senior team. In 2022–23, Petrolul Ploiești partnered with ACS Student Sport Alba Iulia to compete in the women's third league under Petrolul's name, while its Ploiești-based junior and senior teams played only friendly matches.

In 2023–24, Petrolul ended this partnership and established its first official women's team in the Women's third League, playing at the Vega, Soceram Pleașa, and Chimia Brazi stadiums in Ploiești. After the FRF restructured the women's leagues, Petrolul was invited to join the women's second league for the 2024–25 season.

Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors

[edit]
PerioadaEchipamentSponsor
2023–prezentAdidasMRS

Managers

[edit]
Depending on when they became coaches at Petrolul Ploiești
  • 2022 Cristian Iordache

League history

[edit]
SeasonTierDivisionPlaceNational Cup
2024–252Women's 2nd LeagueSeria 1 - 6Group Stage
2023–243Women's 3rd LeagueSeria 2 - 23rd Round
2022–233Women's 3rd LeagueSeria 1 - 51st Round

References

[edit]
  1. ^Thelegal entity that operates the club is officially named "Fotbal Club Petrolul",[1] but commonly uses the "FC Petrolul Ploiești"trademark.
  1. ^"Petrolul" (in Romanian).Romanian Football Federation. Retrieved4 August 2021.
  2. ^ab"Stadion" [Stadium] (in Romanian). FC Petrolul Ploiești. Archived fromthe original on 5 July 2016.
  3. ^"Istorie" [History].FC Petrolul Ploiești (in Romanian). Archived fromthe original on 6 May 2016.
  4. ^"File de poveste ale clubului Petrolul Ploiesti – perioada Juventus! Episodul III – "MARTOR LA CUCERIREA UNUI TITLU EUROPEAN"" [Story files of Petrolul Ploiesti club – Juventus period! Episode III – "WITNESS TO THE CONQUEST OF A EUROPEAN TITLE"] (in Romanian). Ploiestiulpatrianoastra.com. 2 February 2014. Retrieved24 November 2022.
  5. ^ab"File de poveste – perioada Juventus! Episodul IV – "VICECAMPIOANĂ A ŢĂRII LA DOAR UN AN"" [Story files – the Juventus period! Episode IV – "VICE CHAMPION OF THE COUNTRY IN JUST ONE YEAR"] (in Romanian). Ploiestiulpatrianoastra.com. 9 February 2014. Retrieved24 November 2022.
  6. ^"File de poveste – Episodul VIII – "JUVENTUS – CAMPIOANA ROMÂNIEI" partea I" [Story files - Episode VIII - "JUVENTUS - CHAMPION OF ROMANIA" part I] (in Romanian). Ploiestiulpatrianoastra.com. 8 March 2014. Retrieved24 November 2022.
  7. ^"File de poveste – Episodul IX – "JUVENTUS – CAMPIOANA ROMÂNIEI" partea II" [Story files – Episode IX – "JUVENTUS – CHAMPION OF ROMANIA" part II] (in Romanian). Ploiestiulpatrianoastra.com. 15 March 2014. Retrieved24 November 2022.
  8. ^"File de poveste – Episodul X – "JUVENTUS – CAMPIOANA ROMÂNIEI" partea III" [Story files – Episode X – "JUVENTUS – CHAMPION OF ROMANIA" part III] (in Romanian). Ploiestiulpatrianoastra.com. 22 March 2014. Retrieved24 November 2022.
  9. ^ab"Marile echipe ale Petrolului din anii '50–'60, 6 povești spectaculoase despre performanțele generațiilor de aur ale ploieștenilor" [The great Petrolul teams from the 50s–60s, 6 spectacular stories about the performances of the golden generations of the people of Ploiesti] (in Romanian). Gsp.ro. 10 May 2018. Retrieved23 January 2020.
  10. ^"Fostele glorii ale Petrolului şi suporteri ai echipei au comemorat 50 de ani de la dispariţia din viaţă a lui Constantin Tabarcea" [Former Petrolul glory players and team supporters commemorate 50 years since Constantin Tabarcea's disappearance] (in Romanian). Gazetaph.ro. 14 July 2013. Retrieved23 January 2020.
  11. ^"Petrolul Ploiești și "secretul" unui bilanț de excepție" [Petrolul Ploiești and the "secret" of an exceptional balance sheet](PDF) (in Romanian). Sportul. 7 July 1977. p. 3.Archived(PDF) from the original on 20 February 2025. Retrieved9 June 2025 – via bibliotecadeva.eu.
  12. ^A fost inventata de "nea Mitica" in 1978 si perfectionata de nationala Spaniei in 1983! Metoda scandaloasa care a dus-o pe Lyon in optimile Ligii. sport.ro
  13. ^"De Petrolul s-a ales praful" [Petrolul turned to dust] (in Romanian).ProSport. 26 May 2009. Retrieved4 June 2021.
  14. ^4 titluri! » Petrolul îşi trece în palmares şi campionatul cîştigat în 1930 de Juventus Bucureşti. gsp.ro
  15. ^Petrolul se muta la Moreni!. ziarulprahova.ro
  16. ^Primăria Ploieşti a preluat Petrolul. gsp.ro
  17. ^RETROSPECTIVĂ: Superlativele Petrolului insuficiente pentru Liga I. liga2.prosport.ro
  18. ^Suporterii şi fotbaliştii Petrolului au sărbătorit promovarea în centrul oraşului. liga2.prosport.ro
  19. ^Super-stadionul de 17 milioane de euro al Ploieştiului a fost inaugurat. gsp.ro
  20. ^"Ambitious Mutu back in Romania with Petrolul".UEFA. 14 January 2014. Archived fromthe original on 18 January 2014.
  21. ^"Transferurile lui Mutu și Zicu, criticate de fostul antrenor al Petrolului: "Au fost un eșec!"" [The signings of Mutu and Zicu, criticised by a former coach: "They were a failure!"].DigiSport (in Romanian). 26 September 2014.
  22. ^ab"Parteneriat FC Petrolul – Opel" [FC Petrolul – Opel Partnership].FC Petrolul Ploiești (in Romanian). 15 January 2014. Archived fromthe original on 16 January 2014.
  23. ^"Am ratat dramatic finala Cupei României!" [We dramatically missed the Romanian Cup final!].FC Petrolul Ploiești (in Romanian). 16 April 2014. Archived fromthe original on 18 April 2014.
  24. ^"Scandal la Ploiești! Suporterii au întrerupt antrenamentul și a fost nevoie de intervenția jandarmilor" [Scandal in Ploiesti! The fans have stopped the training and the policemen intervened].DigiSport (in Romanian). 17 April 2014.
  25. ^"Petrolul and Hajduk heroics stun Europe".UEFA. 7 August 2014.
  26. ^"Răzvan Lucescu nu mai este antrenorul Petrolului" [Răzvan Lucescu is not Petrolul's coach anymore].FC Petrolul Ploiești (in Romanian). 16 September 2014. Archived fromthe original on 27 September 2014.
  27. ^"FC Petrolul a reziliat contractul cu Adrian Mutu" [FC Petrolul broke Adrian Mutu's contract].FC Petrolul Ploiești (in Romanian). 26 September 2014. Archived fromthe original on 28 September 2014.
  28. ^"Finanțatorul Dan Capră și directorul general al Petrolului, Marius Bucuroiu, reținuți pentru 24 de ore!" [Petrolul's president Dan Capră and general director Marius Bucuroiu, arrested for 24 hours!].DigiSport (in Romanian). 25 November 2014.
  29. ^"Colaps total la Ploieşti. Mandate de arestare pentru acţionarii clubului în dosarul de evaziune fiscală. Reţinerea finanţatorului Capră provoacă plecarea unor jucători importanţi" [Total collapse at Ploieşti. Warrants for the club's shareholders in the tax evasion case. The arrest of president Capră causes the departure of some important footballers] (in Romanian). ProSport. 26 November 2014.
  30. ^"Insolvența, un nou ȋnceput, nicidecum finalul!" [Insolvency, a new beginning, not the end!] (in Romanian). FC Petrolul Ploiești. 7 February 2015. Archived fromthe original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved7 February 2015.
  31. ^"Eșec la final de campionat" [Fail at the end of the championship].FC Petrolul Ploiești (in Romanian). 27 May 2015. Archived fromthe original on 27 June 2015.
  32. ^"Despartire de Pablo de Lucas, Sebastián Gallegos, Ioan Filip si Victor Astafei" [Pablo de Lucas, Sebastián Gallegos, Ioan Filip and Victor Astafei left the team].FC Petrolul Ploiești (in Romanian). 28 May 2015. Archived fromthe original on 27 June 2015.
  33. ^ab"Noul Petrolul porneşte la drum în liga a patra. Mărcile au revenit la Primăria Ploieşti, care le va ceda noului club" [New Petrolul starts its way in the fourth division. The brand returned to the local government of Ploieşti, which will yield it to the new club] (in Romanian).Digi Sport. 11 July 2016. Retrieved9 February 2017.
  34. ^"BOMBĂ în fotbalul românesc! Un grup francez lider mondial preia o echipă cu 4 titluri! Obiectiv clar: bătaia cu granzii în Liga 1" [INCREDIBLE NEWS in Romanian football! A French transnational company takesover a team with 4 national titles!].Gazeta Sporturilor (in Romanian). 8 April 2017. Retrieved8 April 2017.
  35. ^"După UTA şi FC Argeş, fotbalul românesc "recâştigă" şi Petrolul! ACS Petrolul 52 devine Petrolul cu 4 titluri şi 3 cupe după ce a câştigat licitaţia achiziţionării celor 6 mărci" [After UTA and FC Argeş, Romanian football "regains" Petrolul as well! ACS Petrolul 52 becomes Petroull with 4 national titles and 3 cups after winning the auction of the 6 brands] (in Romanian).ProSport. 16 June 2017. Retrieved17 June 2017.
  36. ^"Ce uneşte şi ce desparte Petrolul, Oţelul, U Cluj şi Farul după ce au promovat în Liga 3. Buget, principii şi obiective similare pe termen scurt, strategii şi ţinte diferite pe termen lung" [What unites and separates Petrolul, Oţelul, U Cluj and Farul after they have promoted in League 3. Budget, similar short-term principles and objectives, different long-term strategies and targets] (in Romanian). ProSport. 26 June 2017. Retrieved27 June 2017.
  37. ^"Probleme financiare pentru Petrolul Ploiești! Și-a pierdut principala sursă de finanțare! "Parteneriatul se închide!"" [Financial problems for Petrolul Ploiești! It has lost its main source of funding! "The partnership is ending!"] (in Romanian). Playsport. 29 April 2021. Retrieved4 June 2021.
  38. ^"Petrolul Ploiești revine în Liga 1 cu probleme financiare" [Petrolul Ploiești returns to the Liga 1 with financial issues] (in Romanian). Informateca. 29 May 2022. Retrieved10 June 2022.
  39. ^ab"Comunicat ACS Petrolul 52" [ACS Petrolul 52 press release] (in Romanian). FC Petrolul Ploiești. 22 March 2023. Retrieved22 March 2023.
  40. ^"Stadionul Ilie Oană din Ploieşti, cotat de UEFA la patru stele" [Ilie Oană from Ploieşti, ranked as a UEFA Category 4 stadium].Adevărul (in Romanian). 10 May 2012.
  41. ^"Petrolul s-a întors acasă" [Petrolul is back at home].FC Petrolul Ploiești (in Romanian). 24 September 2011. Archived fromthe original on 19 April 2013.
  42. ^"Nebunie la meciul Petrolului din Liga a 4-a! "Găzarii" s-au impus pe un stadion cu peste 6.000 de spectatori care au făcut show" [Crazy match in the fourth league! "The Oilmen" won after being assisted by over 6,000 spectators in a great atmosphere]. Gazeta Sporturilor. 27 August 2016. Retrieved13 March 2017.
  43. ^ab"Rivalitatea Petrolul – Steaua, exportată în Olanda. Suporterii "găzarilor" şi cei ai echipei Vitesse Arnhem, mesaje "de dulce" la derby-ul local cu NEC Nijmegen, a cărei galerie este înfrăţită cu cea stelistă" [Petrolul – Steaua rivalry, exported to the Netherlands. "The Oilmen" and the fans of Vitesse Arnhem, "gentle" wishes at the local derby against NEC Nijmegen, whose supporters have a friendship with Steaua] (in Romanian). ProSport. 9 April 2017. Retrieved9 April 2017.
  44. ^"Petrolul-Rapid, un derby pe stil vechi" [Petrolul-Rapid, a classic derby].evz.ro (in Romanian). 16 August 2014.
  45. ^"Fanii Petrolului jigniţi dur de Ioan Niculae! Patronul Astrei se ia şi de clubul din Ploieşti: "Nu are nici un palmares"" [Petrolul's fans, insulted by Ioan Niculae! He also talks about the club from Ploiești: "They have no honours"].Gazeta Sporturilor (in Romanian). 16 April 2014.
  46. ^"ZI CU MUTU | Mutu a fost chemat sa INJURE Steaua si Dinamo! Ce gest a facut in fata ultrasilor de la Petrolul" [DAY WITH MUTU | Mutu was called to SWEAR against Steaua and Dinamo! The gesture he made before the Petrolul ultras] (in Romanian).Sport.ro. 13 January 2014. Retrieved9 August 2022.
  47. ^"President's Gold Cup".RSSSF. Archived fromthe original on 13 January 2025. Retrieved2 May 2019.
  48. ^"Prima echipă" (in Romanian). FC Petrolul Ploiești. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  49. ^"FC PETROLUL" (in Romanian).Liga Profesionistă de Fotbal. Retrieved16 June 2023.
  50. ^Technical staff
  51. ^"Parteneriat între FC Petrolul Ploieşti şi Superbet" [Partnership between Petrolul Ploiesti and Superbet].FC Petrolul Ploiești (in Romanian). Archived fromthe original on 26 June 2015.
  52. ^TheIntertoto Cup was founded in 1961–62, but was only taken over by UEFA in 1995. Petrolul have participated in the 1990 edition. The results are included in the total statistics.
  53. ^There is a controversy concerning the value ofInter-Cities Fairs Cup. While it is viewed as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup, it was not organised by UEFA. Consequently, UEFA do not recognise the competition as a major honour.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Răzvan V. Frățilă (2013).Petrolul Ploiești, Istorie și Tradiție Volumul 1 – Începuturile. Karta-Graphic.ISBN 978-606-8312-99-6.
  • Răzvan V. Frățilă (2014).Petrolul Ploiești, Istorie și Tradiție Volumul 2 – Gloria. Karta-Graphic.ISBN 978-606-8312-98-9.
  • Răzvan V. Frățilă (2018).Petrolul Ploiești, Istorie și Tradiție Volumul 3 – Periplul mondial. Amanda Edit.ISBN 978-606-9790-60-1.

External links

[edit]
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