Neptune has been directly explored by onespace probe,Voyager 2, in 1989. As of 2025, there are no confirmed future missions to visit the Neptunian system.NASA,ESA,CNSA and independent academic groups have proposed future scientific missions to visit Neptune. Some mission plans are still active, while others have been abandoned or put on hold.^{[citation needed]}

Since the mid-1990s, Neptune has been studied from afar with telescopes, including theHubble Space Telescope and the ground-basedKeck telescope usingadaptive optics.^[1]

AfterVoyager 2 visited Saturn successfully, it was decided to fund further missions toUranus andNeptune. These missions were conducted by theJet Propulsion Laboratory, and the Neptunian mission was dubbed "Voyager Neptune Interstellar Mission".Voyager 2 started taking navigation images of Neptune in May 1988.^[2]Voyager 2's observation phase proper of Neptune began 5 June 1989, the spacecraft officially reached the Neptunian system on 25 August, and data collection ceased on 2 October.^[3] Initially it was planned to use a trajectory that resulted inVoyager 2 passing around 1,300 km (810 mi) from Neptune and 8,200 km (5,100 mi) from Triton.^[4] The need to avoid ring material detected by stellaroccultations prompted this trajectory to be abandoned, and a trajectory that largely avoided the rings but resulted in more distant flybys of both targets was plotted.^[4]

On 25 August, inVoyager 2's last planetary encounter, the spacecraft swooped only 4,950 km (3,080 mi) above Neptune's north pole, the closest approach it had made to any body since it leftEarth in 1977. At that time, Neptune was the farthest known body in the Solar System. It would not be until 1999 that Pluto would move further from the Sun in its trajectory.Voyager 2 studiedNeptune's atmosphere,Neptune's rings, itsmagnetosphere, andNeptune's moons.^[5] The Neptunian system had been studied scientifically for many years with telescopes and indirect methods, but the close inspection by theVoyager 2 probe settled many issues^{[example needed]} and revealed a plethora of information that could not have been obtained otherwise.^{[example needed]} The data fromVoyager 2 are still the best data available on this planet in most cases.^{[citation needed]}

The exploration mission revealed that Neptune's atmosphere is very dynamic, even though it receives only three percent of the sunlight thatJupiter receives. Winds on Neptune were found to be the strongest in the Solar System, up to three times stronger than Jupiter's and nine times stronger than the strongest winds on Earth. Most winds blew westward, opposite the planet's rotation. Separate cloud decks were discovered, with cloud systems emerging and dissolving within hours and giant storms circling the entire planet within sixteen to eighteen hours in the upper layers.Voyager 2 discovered ananticyclone dubbed theGreat Dark Spot, similar to Jupiter'sGreat Red Spot. However, images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1994 revealed that the Great Dark Spot had disappeared.^[6] Also seen in Neptune's upper atmosphere was analmond-shaped spot designated D2 and a bright, quickly moving cloud high above the cloud decks dubbed "Scooter".^[3][7]

The fly-by of the Neptunian system provided the first accurate measurement of Neptune's mass, which was found to be 0.5 percent less than previously calculated. The new figure disproved the hypothesis that an undiscoveredPlanet X acted upon the orbits of Neptune and Uranus.^[8][9]

Neptune'smagnetic field was found to be highly tilted and largely offset from the planet's centre. The probe discoveredauroras much weaker than those on Earth or other planets. The radio instruments on board found that Neptune's day lasts 16 hours and 6.7 minutes. Neptune's rings had been observed from Earth many years prior toVoyager 2's visit, but the close inspection revealed that the ring systems were full circle and intact, and a total of four rings were counted.^[3]

Voyager 2 discovered six new small moons orbiting Neptune's equatorial plane, dubbedNaiad,Thalassa,Despina,Galatea,Larissa andProteus. Three of Neptune's moons—Proteus,Nereid, andTriton—were photographed in detail, of which only the last two had been known prior to the visit. Proteus proved to be anellipsoid, as large asgravity allows an ellipsoid body to become without rounding into asphere, and appeared almost as dark assoot in color. Triton was revealed as having a remarkably active past, with activegeysers,polar caps, and a very thin atmosphere characterized by clouds of what is thought to benitrogen ice particles. At just 38 K (−235.2 °C), it is the coldest known planetary body in the Solar System. The closest approach to Triton, the last solid worldVoyager 2 would explore close by, was about 40,000 km (25,000 mi).^[3]

A list of previous and upcoming missions to the outer Solar System can be found at theList of missions to the outer planets article.

As of November 2025, there are no approved future missions to visit the Neptunian system.NASA,ESA and independent academic groups have proposed and developed concept missions to visit Neptune.

After theVoyager flyby, NASA's next step in scientific exploration of the Neptune system was considered to be aflagship orbiter mission.^[10] Such a hypothetical mission was envisioned to be possible in the late 2020s or early 2030s.^[10] Another concept mission proposed for the 2040s is called the Neptune-Triton Explorer (NTE).^[11] NASA has researched several other project options for both flyby and orbiter missions (of similar design as theCassini–Huygens mission to Saturn). These missions are often collectively called "RMA Neptune-Triton-KBO" missions, which also includes orbital missions that would not visit Kuiper belt objects (KBOs). Because of budgetary constraints, technological considerations, scientific priorities and other factors, none of these have been approved.^[12]

Several mission concepts have been developed to visit the Neptune system, including:

The lowest-energy trajectory for a launch from Earth to Neptune uses a Jupitergravity assist, opening an optimal launch window with a 12-year interval, when Jupiter is in a favourable position relative to the Earth and Neptune. An optimal launch window was open for such a Neptune mission from 2014 to 2019, with the next opportunity occurring from 2031.^[26] These constraints are based on the requirement of a gravity assist from Jupiter. With the newSpace Launch System (SLS) technology in development atBoeing, deep space missions with heavier payloads could potentially be propelled at much greater speeds (200 AU in 15 years) and missions to the outer planets could be launched independently of gravity assistance.^[27][28]

Space telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope have signified a new era of detailed observations of faint objects from afar, across the entireelectromagnetic spectrum. This includes faint objects in the Solar system, such as Neptune. Since 1997,adaptive optics technology has also allowed for detailed scientific observations of Neptune and its atmosphere from ground-based telescopes. These image recordings now exceed the capability of HST by far and in some instances even the Voyager images, such as those of Uranus.^[29] Ground-based observations are however always limited in their registration of electromagnetic waves of certain wavelengths, due to the inevitableatmospheric absorption, in particular of high energy waves.^[30][31]

• Exploration of Mercury
• Exploration of Venus
• Exploration of Mars
• Exploration of Jupiter
• Exploration of Saturn
• Exploration of Uranus

• NeptuneVoyager 2 – The Interstellar Mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
• Neptune: In Depth Planets, NASA

• 25 Years After Neptune: Reflections on Voyager NASA Voyager website
• Images of Neptune and All Available Satellites Photojournal, JPL

• Neptune
• Spaceflight
• Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
• Solar System

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