 Seal of the Executive Office | |
 Flag of the Executive Office | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | July 1, 1939; 86 years ago (1939-07-01) |
| Jurisdiction | U.S. Federal Government |
| Headquarters | White House,Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Employees | 1,800 (approximately) |
| Annual budget | $714 million[1] |
| Agency executive | |
| Website | whitehouse.gov/eop |
TheExecutive Office of the President of the United States (EOP) comprises the offices andagencies[2] that support the work of thepresident at thecenter of theexecutive branch of theUnited States federal government.[3] The office consists of several offices and agencies, such as theWhite House Office (the staff working closest with the president, includingWest Wing staff), theNational Security Council,Homeland Security Council,Office of Management and Budget,Council of Economic Advisers, and others.[4] TheEisenhower Executive Office Building houses most staff.
The office is also referred to as a "permanent government", since many policy programs, and the people who are charged with implementing them, continue between presidential administrations.[5]
The civil servants who work in the Executive Office of the President are regarded as nonpartisan and politically neutral, so they are capable of providing objective and impartial advice.[5]
With the increase in technological and global advancement, the size of theWhite House staff has increased to include an array of policy experts responsible with managing various federal governmental functions and policy areas. As of 2015, it included approximately 1,800 positions,[6] most of which did not requireconfirmation from theU.S. Senate.
The office is overseen by theWhite House chief of staff. Since January 20, 2025, that position has been held bySusie Wiles, who was appointed by PresidentDonald Trump. She is the first woman to hold the title.[7][8]
In 1937, theBrownlow Committee, which was a presidentially commissioned panel ofpolitical science andpublic administration experts, recommended sweeping changes to the executive branch of theU.S. federal government, including the creation of the Executive Office of the President. Based on these recommendations, PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt in 1939 lobbied Congress to approve theReorganization Act of 1939. The Act led to Reorganization Plan No. 1,[9] which created the office,[10] which reported directly to the president.
The office encompassed two subunits at its outset, theWhite House Office (WHO) and the Bureau of the Budget, the predecessor to today'sOffice of Management and Budget, which was created in 1921 and originally located in theTreasury Department. It absorbed most of the functions of the National Emergency Council.[11] Initially, the new staff system appeared more ambitious on paper than in practice; the increase in the size of the staff was quite modest at the start. However, it laid the groundwork for the large and organizationally complex White House staff that emerged during the presidencies of Roosevelt's successors.[12]
Roosevelt's efforts are also notable in contrast to those of his predecessors in office. During the 19th century, presidents had few staff resources.Thomas Jefferson had one messenger and one secretary at his disposal, both of whose salaries were paid by the president personally. It was not until 1857 that Congress appropriated money ($2,500) for the hiring of one clerk.[13]
ByUlysses S. Grant's presidency (1869–1877), the staff had grown to three.[14] By 1900, the White House staff included one "secretary to the president" (then the title of the president's chief aide), two assistant secretaries, two executive clerks, astenographer, and seven other office personnel. UnderWarren G. Harding, there were thirty-one staff, although most were in clerical positions.
DuringHerbert Hoover's presidency, two additional secretaries to the president were added by Congress, one of whom Hoover designated as hispress secretary.[15] From 1933 to 1939, as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government's policies and powers in response to theGreat Depression, Roosevelt relied on his "brain trust" of top advisers, who were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments, from which they drew their salaries since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions.
AfterWorld War II, in particular, during theEisenhower presidency, the staff was expanded and reorganized. Eisenhower, a former U.S. Army general, had beenSupreme Allied Commander during the war and reorganized the Executive Office to suit his leadership style.[16]
As of 2009, the staff is much bigger. Estimates indicate some 3,000 to 4,000 persons serve in office staff positions with policy-making responsibilities, with a budget of $300 to $400 million (George W. Bush's budget request for Fiscal Year 2005 was for $341 million in support of 1,850 personnel).[17]
Some observers have noted a problem of control for the president due to the increase in staff and departments, making coordination and cooperation between the various departments of the Executive Office more difficult.[18]
The president had the power to reorganize the Executive Office due to the 1949 Reorganization Act which gave the president considerable discretion, until 1983 when it was renewed due to President Reagan's administration allegedly encountering "disloyalty and obstruction".[18]
The chief of staff is the head of the Executive Office and can therefore ultimately decide what the president needs to deal with personally and what can be dealt with by other staff.
Senior staff within the Executive Office of the President have the titleAssistant to the President, second-level staff have the titleDeputy Assistant to the President, and third-level staff have the titleSpecial Assistant to the President.[19]
The core White House staff appointments, and most Executive Office officials generally, are not required to beconfirmed by theU.S. Senate, although there are a handful of exceptions (e.g., the director of theOffice of Management and Budget, the chair of theCouncil of Economic Advisers, and theUnited States Trade Representative).[20]
The information in the following table is current as of January 20, 2025. Only principal executives are listed; for subordinate officers, see individual office pages.
TheWhite House Office (including its various offices listed below[23]) is a sub-unit of the Executive Office of the President (office). The various agencies of the office are listed above.
Congress as well as the president has some control over the Executive Office of the President. Some of this authority stems from its appropriation powers given by the Constitution, such as the "power of the purse", which affects the Office of Management and Budget and the funding of the rest of federal departments and agencies. Congress also has the right to investigate the operation of the Executive Office, normally holding hearings bringing forward individual personnel to testify before a congressional committee.[5]
The Executive Office often helps with legislation by filling in specific points understood and written by experts, as Congressional legislation sometimes starts in broad terms.[5]
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(October 2025) |
This table specifies the budget of the Executive Office for the years 2008–2017, and the actual outlays for the years 1993–2007.
| Year | Budget |
|---|---|
| 2017 | $714 million[1] |
| 2016 | $692 million[24] |
| 2015 | $676 million[25] |
| 2014 | $624 million[26] |
| 2013 | $650 million[27] |
| 2012 | $640 million[28] |
| 2011 | $708 million[29] |
| 2010 | $772 million[30] |
| 2009 | $728 million[31] |
| 2008 | $682 million[32] |
| 2007 | $2956 million[33] |
| 2006 | $5379 million[33] |
| 2005 | $7686 million[33] |
| 2004 | $3349 million[33] |
| 2003 | $386 million[33] |
| 2002 | $451 million[33] |
| 2001 | $246 million[33] |
| 2000 | $283 million[33] |
| 1999 | $417 million[33] |
| 1998 | $237 million[33] |
| 1997 | $221 million[33] |
| 1996 | $202 million[33] |
| 1995 | $215 million[33] |
| 1994 | $231 million[33] |
| 1993 | $194 million[33] |
The plan provides for the abolition of the National Emergency Council and the transfer to the Executive Office of the President of all its functions except for the film and radio activities which go to the Office of Education.
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