Evonne Fay Goolagong CawleyACMBE (néeGoolagong; born 31 July 1951) is an Australian former professionaltennis player. She was ranked as theworld No. 1 in women's singles by theWomen's Tennis Association (WTA), and was one of the world's leading players in the 1970s and early 1980s. Goolagong won 86WTA Tour-level singles titles, including seven singlesmajors, and 46 doubles titles, including seven doubles majors.
At the age of 19, Goolagong won theFrench Open singles and theAustralian Open doubles championships (the latter withMargaret Court). She won the women's singles tournament atWimbledon in1971, becoming the 2nd woman in the Open Era to complete theChannel Slam (winning the French Open and Wimbledon in the same year).[1] Goolagong is the only woman to beat Court,Martina Navratilova, andChris Evert in a grand slam final. In1980 she won Wimbledon again, this time as a mother and becoming the first mother to win the title in 66 years. She represented Australia in threeFed Cup competitions, winning the title in 1971, 1973 and 1974, and was Fed Cup captain for three consecutive years. After retiring from professional tennis in 1983, Goolagong played in senior invitational competitions, endorsed a variety of products, worked as a touring professional, and held sports-related leadership roles.
Goolagong was namedAustralian of the Year in 1971. She was appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1972 and as an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1982. Goolagong was inducted into theSport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985, theInternational Tennis Hall of Fame in 1988, and the Aboriginal Sporting Hall of Fame in 1989.[2] She leads the Goolagong National Development Camp forIndigenous boys and girls, which encourages Indigenous youth to stay in school.
Goolagong grew up during the time of thestolen generations in Australia, and was directly impacted by it:
Lucky not to be taken away by the stolen generation because I've had to hide a few times under the bed. We visited my cousin in Griffith, which is where I was born, in the mission there. Every time a shiny car would come down the road, my mum used to say "you better run and hide, the welfare man's going to take you away." So I remember hiding very nervously under the bed, 'cause I didn't want to get taken away.[5]
Despite the widespread disadvantage and prejudice Aboriginal people experienced in Australia, Goolagong was able to play tennis in Barellan from childhood, thanks to an area resident, Bill Kurtzman, who saw her peering through the fence at the local courts and encouraged her to come in and play.[6]
In 1965, Vic Edwards, the proprietor of a tennis school inSydney, was tipped off by two of his assistants, travelled to Barellan to take a look at the young Goolagong, and immediately saw her potential. He persuaded her parents to allow her to move to Sydney, where she attendedWilloughby Girls High School. There, she completed her School Certificate in 1968 and, at the same time, lived with the family of Edwards, who had become herlegal guardian, coach, and manager.
With seven championships, Goolagong is 12th on the women'slist of all-time singles Grand Slam winners, and ended her career with 86 singles titles. She took singles and doubles titles at theAustralian Open andWimbledon and singles and mixed doubles titles at theFrench Open. She never won theUS Open. She won seven Grand Slam singles titles in her career, reaching a total of 18 Grand Slam singles finals.
Goolagong reached four consecutiveUS Open singles finals, from 1973 to 1976, but lost them all. She is the only player in U.S. Championships history to have lost four consecutive finals.[7] Goolagong made seven consecutive finals at the Australian Open, winning three titles in a row. Despite reaching the final at her first two appearances in 1971 and 1972, after 1973 Goolagong did not compete at the Roland-Garros for a decade. The French Tennis Federation banned all World Team Tennis contracted players from the 1974 event, with the player's unions instigating legal action against the French authorities. AsJimmy Connors and Goolagong were the reigning Australian Open champions, they spearheaded the legal action as they were being deprived of the opportunity to attain the tennis calendar Grand Slam as a result of the decision. Connors admitted this was a huge distraction and later wrote both he and Goolagong were "hung out to dry".[8] Goolagong boycotted the event even after the ban was lifted, but returned in 1983 for her final Grand Slam singles appearance. She lost in the last thirty-two to Chris Evert and did not compete in any further Grand Slam singles events. Her last appearance at Grand Slam level came at the following1983 Wimbledon Championships when she partnered withSue Barker to a first-round defeat in the doubles, having withdrawn from the singles event earlier.
Her career win/loss percentage was 81.0% (704–165). Her win/loss performance in all Grand Slam singles tournaments was 82.1% (133–29), at the French Open 84.2% (16–3), at Wimbledon 83.3% (50–10), at the US Open 81.3% (26–6), and at the Australian Open 80.4% (41–10).
Goolagong was ranked No. 1 in the world in women's tennis for two weeks in 1976, but it was not reported at the time because incomplete data was used to calculate the rankings. This was discovered in December 2007, 31 years later. She was the second woman to hold the top spot, but the 16th at the time she was finally recognised.[9]
During the 1970s, Goolagong Cawley played in 17 Grand Slam singles finals, a period record for any player, man or woman.[citation needed] From her first Grand Slam singles final appearance in January 1971, to December 1977 when she won her last Grand Slam title of the 1970s, she played in 21 Grand Slam events. Her only four defeats prior to the finals came at the 1972 US Open in the third round; 1974 Wimbledon, where she was defeated in the quarterfinals; and at the semifinal stages of the French Open and Wimbledon in 1973. To start the decade, she was defeated at the 1970 Australian Open in the quarterfinals and in the second round of the 1970 Wimbledon. In 1971, 1975, 1976 and 1977, Goolagong reached the final of every Grand Slam championship in which she competed.
Between 1973 and 1977, she reached the final of almost every Grand Slam singles event she entered. The exceptions were:Roland-Garros, where she lost toMargaret Court in the semifinals in 1973; and Wimbledon, where she played in only two finals in that period, 1975 and 1976, losing both; she lost in 1973 to eventual championBillie Jean King in the semifinals; and in 1974 to AustralianKerry Melville at the quarterfinal stage; she did not enter in 1977, the year her daughter was born. Also in 1974, she teamed withPeggy Michel, her teammate on thePittsburgh Triangles of theWorld Team Tennis league, to win the ladies' doubles title. She won the women's doubles title at the Australian Open five times and in Roland Garros once, as well as mixed doubles at Roland Garros once.
Following her victory at the season-ending WTA Championships in 1976[10]—known at the time as theVirginia Slims Championships—her seventh tournament victory of the year, Goolagong continued to play on theWTA Tour until 1983, but never again played a full season. After her victory overChris Evert in the WTA Championships, she only played in three competitive tournaments for the remainder of 1976, losing in both finals to Evert (Wimbledon and US Open) and the Sydney quarterfinals in November, which she played while four months pregnant. She focused instead onWTT Team Tennis, winning the WTT Championship as a member of the Pittsburgh Triangles in 1975 and playing exhibition events.
Goolagong realised during the1976 US Open final that she was pregnant and after one more tournament for the year, she did not play again on the regular tour until the summer of 1977, continuing through to Wimbledon 1978. 1976 had been her best season to date, winning seven titles, rising to number one in the world and losing only to Chris Evert, which she did five times and once toDianne Fromholtz in Sydney, which she played in the second trimester of her pregnancy. No other players were able to score a victory over her in the year.[citation needed]
After attempting a comeback in the summer of 1977, Goolagong decided to wait for the Australian season beginning later in the year for a full return. Her return to the tour proper kick-started a highly successful run of play, during which she won ten tournaments including the Australian Open in a run of five consecutive tournament wins and reached the final in two others, including the season-ending WTA Championships, where she lost toMartina Navratilova.
At the Virginia Slims of Boston in March 1978, Goolagong beat both Navratilova and Evert back-to-back to win the title. It was her only post pregnancy victory over Navratilova and one of only two she scored over Evert. Prior to her first pregnancy, Goolagong led Navratilova 11–4 in their rivalry, but she lost 11 of their 12 matches after her daughter was born to trail 12–15 at the end of her career. From being un-ranked at the beginning of her return, Goolagong's ranking rose to No. 3 in the world, but during Wimbledon 1978, a career-threatening ankle injury forced her to miss the remainder of 1978, other than the exhibition Emeron Cup event played in December, where she played with her ankle heavily strapped and lost to both Navratilova andVirginia Wade in straight sets. She did not return to competitive play until March 1979, when she won four tournaments and ended the year ranked No. 4 in the world.
Injuries and illness at the beginning of 1980 kept her away from the tour for many weeks in the first six months of the year and only reached four finals, but she returned in triumph at Wimbledon, yet only played three further tournaments and the exhibition Lion's Cup for the remainder of the year after her final Grand Slam victory. For her Wimbledon triumph, Goolagong beat four top 10 players (Hana Mandlíková #9,Wendy Turnbull #6,Tracy Austin #2 and Chris Evert #3), the only champion in Wimbledon history to do so. She also beat two former Grand Slam finalists in earlier rounds,Sharon Walsh andBetty Stöve. She withdrew from the US Open, where she had been seeded fourth, due to a recurring back injury and the early stages of her second pregnancy, but she did play the Lion's Cup (losing to Evert) and the Australian Open championships at the end of the year despite being four and five months pregnant respectively. Other players, including Wendy Turnbull, publicly decried the decision by Tennis Australia to pay Goolagong appearance fees to compete at the Australian Open from 1980 onwards. Goolagong defended the decision to accept the fees to compete in her later autobiography.[11]
Goolagong was then absent for almost all of 1981, returning to tournament play in Australia towards the end of the year and after losing in the first round in Perth, she reached the quarterfinals of the only other two tournaments she played for the year, losing to Evert in Sydney, and at the Australian Open to Navratilova. Her comeback was inconsistent and she did not play again until March 1982 when she pushed Evert to three sets and defeated reigning French Open champion Hana Mandlikova in the Citizen Cup played on clay in March 1982.
Goolagong then lost her first matches of all her next three tournaments; pulling out in the final set of the Family Circle Cup to Joanne Russell; losing toPam Teeguarden at the Dow Classic and at Wimbledon 1982, where she was given a protected seeding of 16th by the All England Club, losing her only match toZina Garrison. For the remainder of the year, Cawley played little, but did win two of her three matches in the Federation Cup. Cawley did not play competitively again until November when she lost in the first round toSue Barker in Brisbane, but reached her only singles final at Sydney, where after defeating world no.3Andrea Jaeger, she lost in three sets to Navratilova. She followed this with a three-set loss toCandy Reynolds in the last 32 of the Australian Open. Despite the lack of play, Cawley ended the year ranked 17th and was given a spot in the WTA season ending championship, where she lost toPam Shriver.
In 1983, she failed to reach the quarterfinal of any event and played her last Grand Slam singles match at the French Open, where she lost to Evert in the third round. At the Dow Classic inEdgbaston, she lost in the last 16 toAnne White, before withdrawing from Wimbledon. Despite not playing the singles, she partnered Sue Barker in the Wimbledon doubles event, losing in the first round, her last Grand Slam appearance.
A brief return to competitive play came in 1985, when in May 1985, Goolagong accepted an invitation to compete at the Australian Indoor Championship, played on carpet. She lost her only match to another Australian veteran, Amanda Tobin Evans.
She is the only mother to have won the Wimbledon title sinceDorothea Lambert Chambers in 1914. Married to Roger Cawley in 1975, she had a daughter in 1977.[citation needed]
Beginning during her playing days, Goolagong endorsed many products and appeared in numerous television and print commercials, extending these further once she retired from competitive play. Her various commercials includedKFC (in which she appeared with her husband Roger),[12]Geritol[13] andSears,[14] where she also promoted her own sports clothing brand 'Go Goolagong'.[15]
A one-off return to competitive action came at the 1985 Australian Indoor Championship organised by the ITF, but Goolagong lost her only match.
In 1990, Goolagong began to play in senior invitational competitions, returning to Wimbledon to compete in the inaugural ladies senior invitational doubles, alongside compatriotKerry Melville Reid.[16]
Goolagong spent some time as a touring professional at the Hilton Head Racquet Club in South Carolina before returning to Australia.[17]
Goolagong was a member of the Board of theAustralian Sports Commission from 1995 to 1997 and since 1997 has held the position of Sports Ambassador to Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander Communities. She was appointed captain of the Australian Fed Cup team in 2002. In 2003, she was the winner for the Oceania region of theInternational Olympic Committee's 2003 "Women and Sports Trophy". She also runs an annual "Goolagong National Development Camp", with the aim of encouraging Aboriginal children to stay in school through playing competitive tennis.[18]
In 1972, she played in asegregated South African tournament. To spare her the discrimination experienced by non-whites, the South African authorities classified her as anhonorary white.[24]
(Now Withdrawn and Scrapped) Rivercat MV Evonne Goolagong at Circular Quay as it came from the Parramatta River
TheNational Museum of Australia holds the Evonne Goolagong Cawley collection of memorabilia. This includes her 1971 and 1980 Wimbledon singles trophies, the trophy from her 1974 doubles win and two racquets used in these tournaments. The museum's collection also includes a signed warm-up jacket and a dress with abolero style top designed byTed Tinling in the early 1970s.[26]
A 13.8-metre (45 ft) long replica of atennis racquet used by Goolagong has been built in Evonne Goolagong Park in Goolagong's hometown of Barellan. Goolagong unveiled the exactscale model of the woodenDunlop racquet during Barellan's centenary celebrations on 3 October 2009.[28]
In February 2016, Goolagong and ten other Australian tennis players were honoured by Australia Post as the recipients of the 2016 Australia Post Legends Award and appeared on a postage stamp set named Australian Legends of Singles Tennis.[29][30]
In April 2016, Goolagong was awarded an honorary doctorate from theUniversity of South Australia in recognition of her distinguished service to the community.[31]
When Victor Edwards became her coach, Goolagong went to live with him and his family. He became her legal guardian as well as her coach and manager. Goolagong later said that Edwards made sexual advances to her. When she met former junior British tennis player Roger Cawley in 1971, her relationship with Edwards became strained, but she was legally tied to Edwards, who controlled every aspect of her career and finances until her marriage to Cawley on 19 June 1975.[36] Goolagong severed all contact with Edwards at that point, although he remained her official coach for Wimbledon 1975. During the tournament, Edwards sat on the opposite side of the players' box from Roger Cawley at her matches, and he and his protégée were no longer on speaking terms. Cawley became her coach, hitting partner, and manager from the time they married.[37] Following her wedding, she settled inNaples, Florida.[38]
Goolagong's father Ken was killed in a car crash in 1974, shortly after Edwards had refused to release any of her money to purchase a new family vehicle when requested.[37] Her mother Melinda died in 1991. Intrigued by meeting so manyIndigenous Australian relatives for the first time at the funeral, the Cawleys bought a home inNoosa Heads, Queensland and settled there with their two United States-born children. Her daughter Kelly (born 1977)[39] helps run her tennis camps, and her son Morgan Kiema Cawley (born 1981)[17] was aNational Soccer League player. Goolagong is also the maternal great aunt ofNational Rugby League playerLatrell Mitchell, born Latrell Goolagong.[40]
Goolagong's brother, Ian, was an amateur tennis player who never pursued the sport professionally, but he partnered with Evonne in the mixed doubles tournament at Wimbledon in 1982 (the pair lost their only match).[41] As of 2015[update], Ian Goolagong was the president and coach at theLalor Tennis Club inVictoria.[42]
On 27 June, VicScreen and ABC announced the three part dramaGoolagong with Lila McGuire taking on the role of Goolagong Cawley set for release in 2026.[49]
Note: The Australian Open was held twice in 1977, in January and December. Goolagong won the December edition. She was seeded fourth for the1980 US Open Championships, but withdrew from the tournament before play began.
Note: The shared women's doubles title at the Australian Open in 1977 (December) isn't traditionally counted in Goolagong's win total because the finals were never played. Evonne Cawley is occasionally credited incorrectly with winning the 1977 Ladies Doubles event at Wimbledon, due to the confusion regarding the married name of her compatriot Helen Gourlay who in fact took the trophy. Both women were listed in tournaments as Mrs. R. Cawley (Goolagong was Mrs. R.A.Cawley and Gourlay Mrs. R.L.Cawley). Goolagong Cawley did not participate at Wimbledon 1977.
b The Australian Open was held twice in 1977, in January and December. Goolagong Cawley did not play in the January edition but made the final in the December tournament.
^2017 Victorian Honour Roll of Women Commemorative Booklet. Victoria: Office of Prevention & Women’s Equality, State of Victoria. 2017. p. 34.ISBN978-0-7311-6655-8.