Evangeline, A Tale of Acadie is anepic poem by the American poetHenry Wadsworth Longfellow, written inEnglish and published in 1847. The poem follows anAcadian girl named Evangeline and her search for her lost love Gabriel during theexpulsion of the Acadians (1755–1764).
The idea for the poem came from Longfellow's friendNathaniel Hawthorne. Longfellow useddactylic hexameter, imitating Greek and Latin classics. Though the choice was criticized, it became Longfellow's most famous work in his lifetime and remains one of his most popular and enduring works.
The poem had a powerful effect in defining both Acadian history and identity in the 19th and 20th centuries. It represents lost loved ones and heartbreak but also keeping hope. While Longfellow was a poet, not a historian, 21st-century scholarship has included those who chose to expound their view that Longfellow's work fails as a scientific historical document.[1]
Evangeline describes the betrothal of a fictional Acadian girl named Evangeline Bellefontaine to her beloved, Gabriel Lajeunesse, and their separation as the British deport the Acadians from Acadie in theGreat Upheaval.
Longfellow was introduced to the true story of the Acadians inNova Scotia by his friendNathaniel Hawthorne, who was told a story of separated Acadian lovers by Boston minister Rev. Horace Conolly, who heard it from his parishioners.[2] Hawthorne and Longfellow had attendedBowdoin College together, though they were not friends at the time.[3] Years later, in 1837, Hawthorne contacted Longfellow for his opinion on his recently published tales in theNorth American Review, which Longfellow praised as works of genius; the two became lifelong friends.[4] Hawthorne was not interested in fictionalizing Conolly's idea, because, as he told Conolly, "It is not in my vein: there are no strong lights and heavy shadows."[5] Longfellow took the idea and turned it into a poem after months of studying the histories of Nova Scotian families.[6]
Longfellow, who had never visited the setting of the true story, relied heavily onThomas Chandler Haliburton'sAn Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia and other books for further background information.[7] He noted his reliance on other sources in his journal on January 7, 1847: "Went to the library and gotWatson's Annals of Philadelphia, and the Historical Collections of Pennsylvania. Also, Darby's Geographical Description of Louisiana. These books must help me through the last part ofEvangeline, so far as facts and local coloring go. But for the form and the poetry,—they must come from my own brain."[8]
Evangeline was published in book form on November 1, 1847 by William D. Ticknor & Co.,[9] and by 1857 it had sold nearly 36,000 copies.[10] During this time, Longfellow's literary payment was at its peak; forEvangeline, he received "a net of twenty-five and sixteenths per cent" royalties, believed to be an all-time high for a poet.[11] Longfellow said of his poem: "I had the fever a long time burning in my own brain before I let my hero take it. 'Evangeline' is so easy for you to read, because it was so hard for me to write."[10]
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The poem is written in unrhymeddactylic hexameter, possibly inspired by Greek and Latin classics, includingHomer, whose work Longfellow was reading at the time he was writingEvangeline.[12] He also had recently, in 1841, translated "The Children of the Lord's Supper", a poem by Swedish writerEsaias Tegnér, which also used this meter.[12]Evangeline is one of the few nineteenth-century compositions in that meter which is still read today.
Some criticized Longfellow's choice of dactylic hexameter, including poetJohn Greenleaf Whittier, who said the poem would have been better in a prose style similar to Longfellow'sHyperion.[12] Longfellow was conscious of the potential criticism. When sending a copy of the poem toBryan Procter, Longfellow wrote: "I hope you will not reject it on account of the meter. In fact, I could not write itas it is in any other; it would have changed its character entirely to have put it into a different measure."[13] Even Longfellow's wife Fanny defended his choice, writing to a friend: "It enables greater richness of expression than any other, and it is sonorous like the sea which is ever sounding in Evangeline's ear."[7] As an experiment, Longfellow reassured himself that he was using the best meter by attempting a passage in blank verse.[12] Even so, while looking over theproofs for a second edition, Longfellow briefly wished he had used a different poetic structure:
It certainly would be a relief to the hexameters to let them stretch their legs a little more at their ease; still for the sake of uniformity I believe they must still sit a while longer with their knees bent under them like travelers in a stage-coach.
— Edward Wagenknecht,Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Portrait of an American Humanist. (1966) p. 77[14]
The nameEvangeline comes from the Latin word "evangelium" meaning "gospel". The Latin word itself is derived from the Greek words "eu"—"good"—and "angela"—"news".[15]
Longfellow does not explicitly title the opening three stanzas as the prologue, but publishers generally treat these lines as such. The poem's story begins with the end. The French farmers and fishermen who once inhabited the colony of Acadie in Nova Scotia are gone; the moss-covered trees and the ocean are left to tell the tale.
THIS is the forest primeval. The murmuring pines and the hemlocks,
Bearded with moss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight,
Stand like Druids of eld, with voices sad and prophetic,
Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms.
Loud from its rocky caverns, the deep-voiced neighboring ocean
Speaks, and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest.
This is the forest primeval; but where are the hearts that beneath it
Leaped like the roe, when he hears in the woodland the voice of the huntsman?
Where is the thatch-roofed village, the home of Acadian farmers,—
Men whose lives glided on like rivers that water the woodlands,
Darkened by shadows of earth, but reflecting an image of heaven?
Waste are those pleasant farms, and the farmers forever departed!
Scattered like dust and leaves, when the mighty blasts of October
Seize them, and whirl them aloft, and sprinkle them far o'er the ocean.
Naught but tradition remains of the beautiful village of Grand-Pré.
Ye who believe in affection that hopes, and endures, and is patient,
Ye who believe in the beauty and strength of woman's devotion,
List to the mournful tradition still sung by the pines of the forest;
List to a Tale of Love in Acadie, home of the happy.[16][17][18]
Evangeline became Longfellow's most famous work in his lifetime and was widely read.[19] It has been called the first important long poem in American literature.[20] Contemporary reviews were very positive. A reviewer forThe Metropolitan Magazine said, "No one with any pretensions to poetic feeling can read its delicious portraiture of rustic scenery and of a mode of life long since defunct, without the most intense delight".[10] Longfellow's friendCharles Sumner said he had met a woman who "has read 'Evangeline' some twenty times and thinks it the most perfect poem in the language".[10] Other admirers of the poem included KingLeopold I of Belgium.[21] Speaking privately, all of Longfellow's literary associates but Whittier attacked the piece, including his old friendJohn Neal, who wrote: "You really ought to be hanged–drawn and quartered" for writing in hexameter.[22]
Prior to the influence of Longfellow's poem, historians generally focused on the founding ofHalifax (1749) as the beginning of Nova Scotian history. Longfellow's poem shed light on the 150 years of Acadian settlement that preceded the establishment of Halifax.[23]
The Expulsion was planned and executed by the British andNew England authorities. Longfellow omitted from the poem New England's involvement in the expulsion. Through his poem, Longfellow defines America as a place of refuge for the exiled Acadians.[23] Longfellow's account was later challenged by historianFrancis Parkman, in his bookMontcalm and Wolfe (1884). Parkman claimed the real reason for the expulsion was the "influence" held by the French over the Acadians, particularly by AbbéJean-Louis Le Loutre.[24] American historian John Brebner eventually wroteNew England's Outpost (1927), which identified how instrumental New Englanders were in the expulsion of the Acadians.[23][25]
The poem had a powerful impact in defining both Acadian history and identity in the 19th and 20th centuries. More recent scholarship has revealed both the historical misconceptions in the poem and the complexity of the Expulsion and those involved, which the poem obscures.[26] For example, Longfellow's poem depicts Acadia as a utopia and the Acadians as a homogeneous and passive people who are incapable of violence, which ignores the efforts of resistance leaderJoseph Broussard and the extensivemilitary history of the Acadians.[27] The poem also allowed for generations of ProtestantAnglo-Americans to sympathize with the plight of the Acadians while maintaininganti-Catholic viewpoints. The poem also provided a safe symbolic space for Acadians to develop arguments for more recognition and respect in the United States.[28]
In 1920, atGrand-Pré, Nova Scotia, Acadians reconstructed the French church with a statue of Evangeline in the courtyard. Almost a decade later, in 1929, a statue of Evangeline, posed for by silent Mexican film starDolores del Río, who starred in the 1929 filmEvangeline, was donated to the town ofSt. Martinville, Louisiana, by the film's cast and crew. In 1934, the first state park in Louisiana was named theLongfellow-Evangeline State Historic Site.[29]
Felix Voorhies wrote the bookAcadian Reminiscences: The True Story of Evangeline and other later works of fiction expanded upon the material of the poem, claiming the "real names" of the characters had been "Emmeline LaBiche" (in Longfellow, her full name is Evangeline Bellefontaine) and "Louis Arceneaux" (in the poem, Gabriel Lajeunesse)Lafayette, Louisiana, which supposedly belonged to Gabriel, and the grave of Emmeline in the Perpetual Adoration Garden & Historic Cemetery in St. Martin de Tours Church Square, on Main Street,St. Martinville (the site having been determined for its convenience by local boosters about the turn of the 20th century). "Evangeline Oak" trees in St. Martinville also lay claim to marking the original meeting place of Emmeline and Louis.[30]
Another site claiming to have relation to the historical figures thatEvangeline was based upon is the Arceneaux House inHamshire, Texas, which is marked by a Texas Historical Marker. The house was given to Mary Gadrac Arceneaux, great-great-granddaughter of Louis Arceneaux by her husband.[31]
Evangeline has also been the namesake of many places in Louisiana and the Canadian Maritime Provinces. It is also often used as a street name in Acadian communities.
In Louisiana, places named Evangeline include:
Places named Evangeline in Canada include, for example:
The Evangeline Trail is a historic route inNova Scotia that traces theAnnapolis Valley, ancestral home of the Acadians. The scenic trail is lined by more than a dozen small Acadian villages, running fromGrand-Pré, site of the first expulsions, south toAnnapolis Royal near theHabitation at Port-Royal, historic site of the original French settlement in North America. The Evangeline Trail ends inYarmouth, Nova Scotia on the southwest coast.
There have also been numerous film adaptations of the poemEvangeline.Evangeline was the first Canadian feature film, produced in 1913 by Canadian Bioscope of Halifax. It was shot in the Annapolis Valley and at Grand-Pré. In 1919,Raoul Walsh madea film based on the poem for20th Century Fox. It was suggested by and starred his wifeMiriam Cooper. The film was one of the duo's biggest hits but is nowlost. In 1929,Edwin Carewe madea film version starringDolores del Río, shot in Louisiana and accompanied by a theme song written byAl Jolson andBilly Rose.
The poem was mentioned in the 1987 filmAngel Heart, starringMickey Rourke andRobert De Niro.Evangeline is also referenced in the 2009 Disney filmThe Princess and the Frog, wherein a Cajun firefly named Raymond falls in love with Evangeline, who appears as a star. Following his death, they are reunited and appear side by side in the night sky.
Evangeline has been the subject of numerous songs:
The poem was first adapted into a theatrical musical in 1874, asEvangeline; or, The Belle of Acadia, which was aBroadway success through the late 19th century.[37]
The Canadian folk singer-songwriterSusan Crowe mentions the "statue of Evangeline" in her song "Your One and Only Life", the first track on an album entitledThe Door to the River released in 1996.
A 1999 adaptation by Paul Taranto and Jamie Wax,Evangeline: The Musical, resulted in a 1999 cast album, and aShreveport, Louisiana production of this version was broadcast in 2000 byPBS.
A 2013 musical adaptation, by CanadianTed Dykstra, premiered inCharlottetown, Prince Edward Island,[38] and was revived in 2015 in Prince Edward Island and in Alberta atEdmonton'sCitadel Theatre. The production featuredBrent Carver as the father.[39]
Otto Luening's three-act operaEvangeline premiered atColumbia University in New York City in 1948.[40]
An opera based onEvangeline, composed by Colin Doroschuk, debuted in 2012 in reduced concert form, and was first performed in full in 2014 at Opéra-Théâtre deRimouski.[41] Doroschuk had previously been a member, with his brothers, of the Canadian pop bandMen Without Hats.[41]
Edmonton Opera's Brian Deedrick directed an original musical version ofEvangeline, written by playwright Winn Bray and composer Tom Doyle, inCalgary,Alberta,Canada, for theMount Royal College theatre, in 2000.[citation needed]
The poem was mentioned by the band Highly Suspect in the closing song of their 2022 albumThe Midnight Demon Club. The song is titled "Evangeline" after the poem, and mentions the characters: "Call me Gabriel and you're my Evangeline".
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