| Evangelical Church in Germany | |
|---|---|
| Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland | |
 | |
| Type | United church |
| Classification | Protestant |
| Orientation | Lutheran Reformed |
| Polity | Episcopal Presbyterian Congregationalist |
| Chair of the Council | Kirsten Fehrs[1] |
| Associations | World Council of Churches Conference of European Churches Communion of Protestant Churches in Europe |
| Region | Germany |
| Origin | 1948; 78 years ago (1948)[2] |
| Members | 2024 EKD data: 17.979.849 [3] |
| Other name | Protestant Church in Germany |
| Official website | ekd |
TheEvangelical Church in Germany (German:Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland,EKD) is afederation of twentyLutheran,Reformed, andUnitedProtestantregional Churches inGermany, collectively encompassing the vast majority of the country's Protestants.[4] In English, it uses the nameProtestant Church in Germany.[5] In 2024, the EKD had a membership of 17,979,849 members, or 21.5% of the German population.[6] It constitutes one of thelargest Protestant bodies in the world. Church offices managing the federation are located inHerrenhausen,Hanover,Lower Saxony. Many of its members consider themselves Lutherans.
Historically, the first formal attempt to unify German Protestantism occurred during theWeimar Republic era in the form of theGerman Protestant Church Confederation, which existed from 1922 until 1933. Earlier, there had been successful royal efforts at unity in various German states, beginning withPrussia and several minor German states (e.g.Duchy of Nassau) in 1817. These unions resulted in the first united and uniting churches, a new development within Protestantism which later spread to other parts of the world. WhenAdolf Hitler came to power in 1933, his administration tried to reorganize the old confederation into a unifiedGerman Evangelical Church as Hitler wanted to use a single Protestant church to further his own ambitions. However, a division emerged between theReichskirche, led by the pro-governmentGerman Christians, and theConfessing Church, which opposed state control of the church. Other Protestant churches aligned themselves with one of these groups, or stayed neutral in this church strife. The postwar church council issued theStuttgart Declaration of Guilt on 19 October 1945, confessing guilt and declaring remorse for indifference and inaction of German Protestants in the face of atrocities committed by Hitler's regime. In 1948, the Protestant Church in Germany was organized in the aftermath ofWorld War II to function as a new umbrella organization for German Protestant churches. As a result of tensions betweenWest andEast Germany, the regional churches in East Germany broke away from the EKD in 1969. In 1991, followingGerman reunification, the East German churches re-joined the EKD.
The member churches (Gliedkirchen), while being independent and having their own theological and formal organisation, share fullaltar and pulpit fellowship, and are united in the EKDsynod, but they act as individual members of theWorld Council of Churches (WCC) and theCommunion of Protestant Churches in Europe (CPCE). Boundaries of EKD churches within Germany partially resemble those of the states of theHoly Roman Empire andsuccessor forms of German statehood (to the most part1815 borders), due to the historically close relationship between individual German states and churches. As for church governance, the Lutheran churches typically practise anepiscopal polity, while the Reformed and the United ones a mixture ofpresbyterian andcongregationalist polities. Most member churches are led by a (state)bishop. Only one member church, theEvangelical Reformed Church, is not restricted to a certain territory. In some ways, the other member churches resembledioceses of theCatholic,Scandinavian Lutheran andAnglican churches, from an organisational point of view.
Etymologically, the German wordevangelisch means "of the Gospel", denoting aReformation emphasis onsola scriptura, "by scripture alone".Martin Luther encouraged the use of this term alongsideChristian.
The German termevangelisch corresponds to the broad English category ofProtestant[7] rather than to the narrower termevangelical, a subset of Protestantism distinct frommainline Protestantism. Accordingly, the Church uses the nameProtestant Church in Germany in English.
From thePeace of Augsburg in 1555 to the end of theFirst World War and the collapse of theGerman Empire, some Protestant churches werestate churches. EachLandeskirche[2] (state or regional church) was the official church of one of thestates of Germany, while the respective ruler was the church's formal head (e.g. theKing of Prussia headed theEvangelical Church of Prussia's older Provinces as supreme governor), similar to theBritish monarch's role as theSupreme Governor of the Church of England.
This changed somewhat with growing religious freedom in the 19th century, especially in therepublican states ofBremen,Frankfurt (1857),Lübeck, andHamburg (1860). The greatest change came after theGerman Revolution, with the formation of theWeimar Republic and the abdication of theprinces of the German states. The system of state churches disappeared with theWeimar Constitution (1919), which brought aboutdisestablishment by theseparation of church and state, and there was a desire for the Protestant churches to merge. In fact, a merger was permanently under discussion but never materialised due to strong regional self-confidence and traditions as well as the denominational fragmentation intoLutheran,Reformed, andUnited and uniting churches.
During the Revolution, when the old church governments lost power, the People's Church Union (Volkskirchenbund) was formed and advocated unification without respect to theological tradition and also increasing input fromlaymen. However, the People's Church Union quickly split along territorial lines after the churches' relationship with the new governments improved.[8]
It was realised that one mainstream Protestant church for all of Germany was impossible and that any union would need a federal model. The churches met inDresden in 1919 and created a plan for federation, and this plan was adopted in 1921 atStuttgart. Then in 1922 the then 28 territorially defined Protestant churches founded theGerman Evangelical Church Confederation (Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenbund, DEK). At the time, the federation was the largest Protestant church federation in Europe with around 40 million members.[8] Because it was a federation of independent bodies, the Church Union's work was limited to foreign missions and relations with Protestant churches outside Germany, especially German Protestants in other countries.
In July 1933, the German Evangelical Church (Deutsche Evangelische Kirche, DEK) was formed under the influence of theGerman Christians, a pro-Nazi religious movement. They had much influence over the decisions of the first NationalSynod, via their unambiguous partisanship in successfully backingLudwig Müller for the office of Reich bishop. He did not manage, however, to prevail over theLandeskirchen in the long term. TheConfessing Church arose in resistance to the Nazi regime's ideology. After the installation ofHanns Kerrl as minister for church matters in a Führer-directive of 16 July 1935 and the foundation of the – in the end not materialising –Protestant Reich Church, the DEK played more or less no further role.
In 1948, freed from the German Christians' influence, the Lutheran, Reformed (including the German Reformed Church /Reformierte Kirche) and United churches came together as the Protestant Church in Germany at the Conference of Eisenach. In 1969, the regional Protestant churches inEast Germany andEast Berlin[9] broke away from the EKD and formed theLeague of Evangelical Churches in the German Democratic Republic (German:Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR, BEK), in 1970 also joined by theMoravian Herrnhut District. In June 1991, followingGerman reunification, the BEK merged with the EKD.
While the members are no longer state churches, they enjoy constitutional protection asstatutory corporations, and they are still calledLandeskirchen, and some have this term in their official names. A modern English translation, however, would beregional church. Apart from some minor changes, the territories of the member churches today reflect Germany's political organisation in the year 1848, with regional churches for states or provinces that often no longer exist or whose borders changed since. For example, between 1945 and 1948, the remaining six ecclesiastical provinces (Kirchenprovinzen), each territorially comprising one of theOld Prussia provinces, within theEvangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union assumed independence as a consequence of the estrangement among them during the Nazistruggle of the churches. This turned the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union into a mere umbrella, being itself a member of EKD (and the BEK, 1969–1991) but covering some regional church bodies, which were again themselves members of EKD (and the BEK, 1969–1991).
Since 1973, when many Protestant churches in Europe, including the EKD members, concluded theLeuenberg Agreement, also the then 21 EKD members[10] introducedfull communion for their parishioners and ministry among each other.
Since also the regional Protestant churches in East Germany had signed the Leuenberg Agreement, thus the then ten members of the Federation of Protestant Churches in the German Democratic Republic practised full communion with the EKD members too.Ordination of women is practised in all 20 member churches with many women having been ordained in recent years. There are also several women serving as bishops.Margot Käßmann, former bishop of theEvangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover and Chairperson of the Council of the EKD from 2009 until February 2010, was the first woman to head the EKD.[11]Blessings of same-sex marriages is practised and allowed in 14 of 20 andblessing of same-sex unions are allowed in all other member churches.[12][13] The EKD opposes abortion in most situations but believes it should remain legal.[14]
The EKD has undergone a split in the 20th century and lost a bulk of its adherents inEast Germany due tostate atheist policies of the former East German government. After 1990, membership was counted and amounted to around the same number as the Roman Catholic Church. In the 21st century, membership in both the Evangelical Church and the Roman Catholic Church stagnates as more people are becoming religious nones.
A 2019 study estimated that there were 114,000 unreported victims of sexual abuse in the EKD and theCatholic Church in Germany combined. The 95%confidence interval comprises 28,000 to 280,000 victims.[15][16] According to a study published in 2024, pedophilic members of the EKD have sexually abused at least 9,355 minors since 1946. Putting this figure into context, the coordinator of the study clarified that this number of cases was only the tip of the iceberg.[17] The average age of the victims is 11 years.[18]
Protestantism is the major religion inNorthern, Eastern andMiddle Germany, with theReformed branch predominating in the extreme northwest andLippe, theLutheran branch in the north and south, and theUnited branch in Middle and Western Germany. While the majority of Christians inSouthern Germany areCatholic, some areas inBaden-Württemberg andBavaria are predominantly Protestant, e.g.Middle Franconia and thegovernment region of Stuttgart. The vast majority of German Protestants belong to a member church of the EKD. With 20,236,000 members in 2020, around 24.3 percent of all Germans belong to a member church of the EKD.[19] Average church attendance is lower, however, with only around a million people (1.2 % of all Germans) attending a service on Sunday.[20]
The regional Protestant church bodies accept each other as equals, despite denominational differences. No member church runs congregations or churches in the area of another member church, thus preventing competing with each other for parishioners. The only exception is the Evangelical Reformed Church, which combines Reformed congregations within the ambits of usually Lutheran member churches, which themselves do not include the eventual local Reformed congregations. Thus, for example, a Lutheran moving from a place where their parish belongs to a Lutheran member church, would be accepted in their new place of domicile by the locally competent congregation within another member church, even if this church and its local parish are Reformed or of united Protestant confession, with Lutheran being exchangeable with the two other respective Protestant confessions within the EKD. This is due to fullaltar and pulpit fellowship between all EKD member churches.
In this the ambits of the member churches resembledioceses of theAnglican orRoman Catholic churches, however, else there is no common hierarchy supervising the member churches, who are legally independent equals with the EKD being their umbrella. Members of congregations within the member churches – like those of parishes within Catholic dioceses and those enrolled in Jewish congregations also enjoying statutory corporation status – are required to pay achurch tax, a surcharge on their normal income tax collected by the states of Germany and passed on to the respective religious body.
| State[21] | Church membership (2011) | Percentage of the population |
|---|---|---|
 Schleswig-Holstein | 1,550,200 | 55.7% |
 Lower Saxony | 3,976,430 | 51.5% |
 Bremen | 279,180 | 43.2% |
 Hesse | 2,426,990 | 40.8% |
 Baden-Württemberg | 3,552,450 | 34.1% |
 Hamburg | 573,960 | 33.9% |
 Rhineland-Palatinate | 1,260,720 | 31.8% |
 Germany | 24,552,110 | 30.8% |
 North Rhine-Westphalia | 4,974,240 | 28.5% |
 Thuringia | 529,010 | 24.3% |
 Berlin | 706,650 | 21.6% |
 Saxony | 856,340 | 21.4% |
 Bavaria | 2,592,550 | 21.1% |
 Saarland | 199,240 | 20.1% |
 Brandenburg | 448,970 | 18.4% |
 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | 280,500 | 17.7% |
 Saxony-Anhalt | 344,680 | 15.2% |
The structure of the EKD is based onfederal principles. Each regional church is responsible for Christian life in its own area while each regional church has its own special characteristics and retains its independence. The EKD carries out joint tasks with which its members have entrusted it. For the execution of these tasks, the Church has the following governing bodies, all organised and elected on democratic lines:
TheSynod is the legislature of the EKD. It has 126 members: 106 elected byLandeskirchen synods and 20 appointed by the council.[22] These 20 are appointed for their importance in the life of the Church and its agencies. Members serve six year terms and the synod meets annually.
The EKD Council is the representative and governing body of the Evangelical Church in Germany. The Council of the EKD has 15 members jointly elected by the Synod and Church Conference who serve terms of six years.[23]
The chairperson of the Council is the church's highest representative.[24]
The Church Conference is where member churches, through the representatives of their governing boards, can directly participate in the work of the EKD.[26]
The Church Office is the administration of the EKD and shall the business of the Synod, Council and Conference of the EKD.[27]
Main divisions:
The EKD Church Office has approximately 200 employees.
The EKD holds various charities ("Hilfswerke") under its auspices. TheGustav-Adolf-Werk (GAW) (Gustaphus Adolphus Union formerly) was founded 1832 in Leipzig as the first and eldest such organization and is responsible to aid feeble sister churches, especially in Roman Catholic countries and the Protestantdiaspora. It has separate branches internationally, the organization in Austria is still called the Gustav-Adolf-Verein.[28]Brot für die Welt is responsible for international development aid.
The umbrella of the Evangelical Church in Germany comprises 20 regional churches:
These bodies are termedLandeskirchen ("Regional Churches")[29] though in most cases, their territories do not correspond to the currentfederal states, but rather to former duchies, electorates and provinces or mergers thereof.
TheMoravian Church ("Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine") and the Federation of Evangelical Reformed Congregations are associate members.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |
