| Eustace IV | |
|---|---|
 Piece of coinage with Eustace IV's effigy | |
| Count of Boulogne | |
| Reign | 25 December 1146 – 17 August 1153[1] |
| Predecessors | Matilda I andStephen |
| Successor | William I |
| Born | c. 1130[1] |
| Died | 17 August 1153 (aged c. 23) Bury St Edmunds,Suffolk |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | |
| House | Blois |
| Father | Stephen, King of England |
| Mother | Matilda I, Countess of Boulogne |
Eustace IV (c. 1129/1131 – 17 August 1153) ruled theCounty of Boulogne from 1146 until his death. He was the eldest son of KingStephen of England and CountessMatilda I of Boulogne.[2] When his father seized the English throne onHenry I's death in 1135, he becameheir apparent to the English throne but predeceased his father.
Eustace was first mentioned in one of his parents' charters dated no later than August 1131.[2] Stephen ascended the English throne upon the death of his uncle KingHenry I, but Henry's daughterEmpress Matilda claimed the throne as well, leading to the long civil war known asthe Anarchy. Asheir apparent to the English throne in 1137, Eustace did homage forNormandy to KingLouis VII of France; he was married to Louis's sisterConstance in 1140 when she was 16 and he was about 10 or 12.[3] Eustace was knighted in 1147, at which date he was probably from sixteen to eighteen years of age.[4]
In 1151, Eustace joined his brother-in-law, Louis VII, in a raid upon Normandy, also contested between Empress Matilda and King Stephen. This was short-lived, however, when Louis accepted the homage ofHenry Plantagenet, son of Empress Matilda, for Normandy. The following year, Eustace was in France as part of a wider coalition of Henry's enemies, but Henry's control of the duchy remained unshaken.[2]
In the later stages of the Anarchy, Stephen was concerned with cementing Eustace as his heir without question. At a council held in London on 6 April 1152, Stephen induced a small number ofbarons to pay homage to Eustace as their future king; but thearchbishop of Canterbury,Theobald of Bec, and the other bishops declined to perform thecoronation ceremony on the grounds that theRoman curia had declined Stephen's request[4] to use the French custom and crown Eustace in his own lifetime, opting rather they stick to English custom, thus denying Eustace his coronation. This infuriated Stephen and Eustace to such a degree that, as recorded byHenry of Huntingdon, they had the prelates confined and attempted by means of 'strong coercion' to force their acquiescence. Theobald himself was said to have escaped across the Thames and eventually into temporary exile in Flanders. While Edmund King casts doubts on this particular account he does not doubt the King's rage.[5]
This clearly had not been Stephen's first attempt at crowning Eustace asJohn of Salisbury reports thatCelestine II had written to Archbishop Theobald as early as 1143 forbidding him 'to allow any change to be made in the English kingdom in the matter of the crown', a policy that was maintained by Celestine's immediate successors.[6] Eustace's mother,Matilda of Boulogne, died on 3 May 1152, making him thecount of Boulogne.[citation needed]
After the second siege of Wallingford in July 1153, after Henry had invaded England and attracted widespread support, Stephen was persuaded to agree to terms. The agreement, known as theTreaty of Winchester, established Henry as Stephen's heir. Eustace withdrew from the court as a result of this, "greatly vexed and angry, because the war, in his opinion, had not reached a proper conclusion".[7]
Eustace died suddenly that same year, in mid-August 1153, struck down (so it was said) by the wrath of God while plundering church lands nearBury St Edmunds. Others believed that Eustace died simply of a broken heart.[2] The death of Eustace was hailed with general satisfaction as opening the possibility of a peaceful settlement between Stephen and his rival, the young Henry Plantagenet.[4] According toWilliam of Newburgh, Stephen was "grieved beyond measure by the death of the son whom he hoped would succeed him; he pursued warlike preparations less vigorously, and listened more patiently than usual to the voices of those urging peace."[citation needed]
The reputation Eustace left behind was mixed. On the one hand, thePeterborough Chronicle, not content with voicing this sentiment, gives Eustace a bad character. "He was an evil man and did more harm than good wherever he went; he spoiled the lands and laid thereon heavy taxes."[8] Eustace raided church lands near Peterborough, possibly inciting this hatred from theChronicle. He had used threats against the recalcitrant bishops, and in the war against theAngevin party had demanded contributions from religious houses.[4] However, theGesta Stephani describes his courtly manner as a true heir to Stephen able to "meet men on a footing of equality or superiority as the occasion acquired".[9]
Eustace was buried inFaversham Abbey inKent, which was founded by his parents. They too were buried in Faversham Abbey; all three tombs are now lost, as a consequence of theDissolution of the Monasteries.[citation needed]
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Eustace s.v. Eustace IV.".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 956–957.Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne Born: ? c. 1130 Died: 17 August 1153 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Count of Boulogne 1151–1153 | Succeeded by |