Broadcasters from twenty-five countries participated in the contest, the largest yet held. Twenty-two of the twenty-three countries that had participated in the previous year's event returned, withYugoslavia prevented from competing following the closure of its national broadcaster and theplacement of sanctions against the country as a response to theYugoslav Wars. In response to an increased interest in participation of broadcasters from formerEastern Bloc countries following thecollapse of communist regimes, three spaces in the event were allocated to first-time participating countries, which would be determined through a qualifying competition. Held in April 1993 inLjubljana, Slovenia,Kvalifikacija za Millstreet featured entries from seven countries and resulted in the entries from the former Yugoslav republics ofBosnia and Herzegovina,Croatia, andSlovenia progressing to the contest in Millstreet.
For the second year in a row, the winner wasIreland with the song "In Your Eyes", written by Jimmy Walsh and performed byNiamh Kavanagh. TheUnited Kingdom,Switzerland,France, andNorway completed the top five, with the United Kingdom achieving its second consecutive runner-up placing. Ireland achieved its fifth victory in the contest, matching the overall record held byFrance andLuxembourg, and joinedIsrael, Luxembourg andSpain as countries with wins in successive contests.
Location of host town Millstreet (in blue) and other towns and cities which held events during the contest week (in green);County Cork is highlighted
The 1993 contest took place inMillstreet, Ireland, following the country's victory at the1992 edition with the song "Why Me?", performed byLinda Martin. It was the fourth time that Ireland had hosted the contest, having previously staged the event in1971,1981, and1988, with all previous events held in the country's capital cityDublin.[1][2]
TheGreen Glens Arena, an indoor arena used primarily forequestrian events, was chosen as the contest venue, with its owner Noel C Duggan offering the use of the venue for free, as well as pledging a further£200,000 from local businesses for the staging of the event.[3][4] Individuals withinRadio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ), including the organisation'sDirector-General Joe Barry, were interested in staging the event outside of Dublin for the first time, and alongside Dublin RTÉ production teams scouted locations in rural Ireland in the months following Ireland's win.[5] Although the contest had previously been held in smaller towns, such asHarrogate, an English town of 70,000 people which staged the1982 contest, with a population of 1,500, Millstreet became the smallest settlement to stage the event at that time and continues to hold the record as of 2025[update].[6] The arena would have an audience of around 3,500 during the contest.[3] The choice of Millstreet and the Green Glens Arena to stage the contest was met with some ridicule, withBBC journalistNicholas Witchell referring to the venue as a "cowshed", however Millstreet had won out over more conventional locations, including Dublin andGalway, due to the facilities available in the Green Glens Arena and the town's local community which were hugely enthusiastic about the event being staged in their area.[5][6][7]
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Eurovision Song Contest 1993 – Participation summaries by country
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Eurovision Song Contest regularly featured over twenty participants in each edition, and by 1992 an increasing number of broadcasters had begun expressing an interest in joining the event for the first time. This came as a result ofrevolutions leading to the fall of communist regimes in Europe and the formation of new countries due to the collapse of theSoviet Union andYugoslavia. With the admission into theEuropean Broadcasting Union (EBU) of the broadcasters of the countries that emerged from the breakup of Yugoslavia, and the merger of the EBU with its Eastern European counterpart, theInternational Radio and Television Organisation (OIRT), the number of broadcasters eligible to participate in the contest increased significantly.[1][10][11] In an effort to incorporate these new countries into the contest, the EBU raised the maximum number of participants to twenty-five – the highest number yet seen in the contest – creating space for three new countries to participate alongside twenty-two of the twenty-three countries that had participated in the1992 contest.[4][10]Yugoslavia – which had participated in the contest since1961[a] – was unable to participate as its EBU member broadcasterJugoslovenska radio-televizija (JRT) was disbanded in 1992 and its successor organisationsRadio-televizija Srbije (RTS) andRadio-televizija Crne Gore (RTCG) were barred from joining the EBU due tosanctions against the country as part of theYugoslav Wars.[4][13]
As a temporary solution for the 1993 contest, a qualifying round was organised to determine the three countries which participate in the final for the first time. Subsequently, for the1994 contest, arelegation system was introduced which would bar the lowest-scoring countries from participating in the following year's event.[1][4][10][11] At the running order draw, held in December 1992 at theNational Concert Hall in Dublin and hosted byPat Kenny andLinda Martin, the three new countries were represented as Countries A, B, and C, corresponding with the countries that would place first, second and third in the qualifying competition respectively.[10][14] EntitledKvalifikacija za Millstreet, the qualifying round took place on 3 April 1993 inLjubljana, Slovenia.[1][10] Initially broadcasters in as many as fourteen countries registered an interest in competing in the event, however only seven of them eventually submitted entries, representingBosnia and Herzegovina,Croatia,Estonia,Hungary,Romania,Slovakia, andSlovenia.[10] Ultimately the entries from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia were chosen to progress to the contest proper in Millstreet;[1][4][10] asconstituent republics of SFR Yugoslavia, representatives from all three countries had previously competed in the contest.[15]
A number of artists who had previously participated in the contest were featured among the performers at this event for the same country, either as the main performing artist or as backing performers:Tony Wegas had representedAustria in 1992, and among his backing performers wasGary Lux, who had previously represented Austria in the contest on three occasions, as a member of the groupWestend in1983 and as a solo artist in1985 and1987;[16][17]Katri Helena had previously competed forFinland in 1979;[16]Tommy Seebach, representing Denmark as part of the Seebach Band, had representedDenmark in 1979 as a solo artist andin 1981 alongsideDebbie Cameron;[16] andHumphrey Campbell, who had represented theNetherlands in 1992, returned as a backing singer for the Dutch entrantRuth Jacott.[18]
The Eurovision Song Contest 1993 was produced by the Irish public broadcasterRadio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ). Liam Miller served as executive producer, Kevin Linehan served as producer,Anita Notaro served as director, Alan Farquharson served as designer, andNoel Kelehan served as musical director, leading theRTÉ Concert Orchestra.[1][21][22][23] A separate musical director could be appointed by each participating broadcaster to lead the orchestra during the performance of its country's entry, with the host musical director also available toconduct for those which did not nominate their own conductor.[16] On behalf of the EBU, the event was overseen by Christian Clausen asscrutineer.[1][24][25]
Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented.[26][27] A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all participants were required to have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest.[26][28] Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-onlybacking tracks; however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage beingmimed by the performers.[28][29]
The results of the 1993 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in1975: each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry.[30] The points awarded by each country were determined by a jury assembled by each participating broadcaster of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between members of the public and music professionals, between men and women, and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing.[31][32]
The 1993 contest was at the time the largestoutside broadcast production ever undertaken by RTÉ, and the broadcaster was reported to have spent over£2,200,000 on producing the event.[33][34] In order to stage the event Millstreet and the Green Glens Arena underwent major infrastructure improvements, which were led by local groups and individuals.[5][35] The floor area within the arena had to be dug out in order to create additional height to facilitate the stage and equipment, extra phone lines had to be installed, and thetown's railway line and station required an extension at an extra cost of over£1,000,000.[3][4][36]
The stage design for the Millstreet contest featured the largest stage yet constructed for the event, covering 2,500ft2 (232m2) of translucent material which was illuminated from below by lighting strips. A mirror image of the triangular shaped stage was suspended from above, and a slanted background created a distorted perspective for the viewer. A hidden doorway featured in the centre of the stage, which was used by the presenter at the beginning of the show, and by the winning artist as they re-entered the arena following the broadcast.[4][34][37] The contest logo, which was publicly presented in February 1993, was designed by Conor Cassidy and was adapted from aspects of the coat of arms of County Cork.[34][38]
Rehearsals for the participating artists began on 10 May 1993. Two technical rehearsals were conducted for each participating delegation in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals were held on 10 and 11 May, consisting of a 15-minute stage-call for the setting up of the stage with instruments and equipment and to brief the orchestra, followed by a 25-minute rehearsal, with the second rehearsals held on 12 and 13 May comprising a 10-minute stage call and 20-minute rehearsal. Following each first rehearsal, there was an opportunity for delegates to review their country's rehearsals on video monitors, as well as to take part in a 25-minute press conference. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two held in the afternoon and evening of 14 May and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 15 May. An audience was present for the second dress rehearsal on the evening of 14 May, which was highly attended by the local population of Millstreet.[9][39]
The contest took place on 15 May 1993 at 20:00 (IST) and lasted 3 hours and 1 minute.[1][16] The show was presented by the Irish journalistFionnuala Sweeney.[1][40]
The winner wasIreland represented by the song "In Your Eyes", written by Jimmy Walsh and performed byNiamh Kavanagh.[44] This marked Ireland's fifth contest win, putting them level withLuxembourg andFrance for the country with the most wins, and its second win in a row, matching the same feat previously achieved bySpain (1968 and1969), Luxembourg (1972 and1973) andIsrael (1978 and1979).[2][31] TheUnited Kingdom finished in second place for the second year in a row, and for a record-extending fourteenth time overall.[31][45]
Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1993[31][46]
Each participating broadcaster appointed a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue viatelephone lines and responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for its respective country.[26][47] Known spokespersons at the 1993 contest are listed below.
Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries.[31] The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order. However, due to a technical problem with the telephone connection, Malta, which had been scheduled to be the eighth country to vote, was passed over and instead voted last.[31][41] The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.
Detailed voting results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1993[31][55][56]
The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. Ireland received the maximum score of 12 points from seven of the voting countries, with the United Kingdom receiving four sets of 12 points, Norway and Switzerland receiving three sets of maximum scores each, France and Portugal two sets each, and Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece and the Netherlands each receiving one maximum score.[55][56]
Distribution of 12 points awarded at the Eurovision Song Contest 1993[55][56]
Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants".[28] Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers. These commentators were typically sent to the venue to report on the event, and were able to provide commentary from small booths constructed at the back of the venue.[57][58] The contest reportedly received an estimated global audience of 300 to 500 million television viewers.[59][60] Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.
Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries
^The nominated conductor for Bosnia and Herzegovina,Sinan Alimanović, was unable to safely commute to the flight to Ireland due to the ongoingBosnian War; the contest's musical director,Noel Kelehan, subsequently led the orchestra during the Bosnian entry.[16]
^On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortiumARD[20]
^abc"How it works". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 18 May 2019.Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved2 November 2022.
^"Jerusalem 1999". European Broadcasting Union (EBU).Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved29 June 2022.
^abc"The Rules of the Contest". European Broadcasting Union (EBU). 31 October 2018.Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved24 October 2023.
^"Programa da televisão" [Television schedule].A Comarca de Arganil (in Portuguese).Arganil, Portugal. 13 May 1993. p. 6.Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved14 November 2022.
^"TV | szombat május 15" [TV | Saturday 15 May].Rádió– és Televízióújság (in Hungarian). Vol. 38, no. 19.Budapest, Hungary. 10 May 1993. p. 46. Retrieved23 July 2022 – via Nemzeti Archívum.
Knox, David Blake (2015).Ireland and the Eurovision: The Winners, the Losers and the Turkey.Stillorgan, Dublin, Ireland: New Island Books.ISBN978-1-84840-429-8.
Murtomäki, Asko (2007).Finland 12 points! Suomen Euroviisut (in Finnish).Helsinki, Finland: Teos.ISBN951-851-106-3.
Roxburgh, Gordon (2020).Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Four: The 1990s.Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing.ISBN978-1-84583-163-9.
Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006).Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna [Melodifestivalen through the ages: the Swedish selections and international finals] (in Swedish).Stockholm, Sweden: Premium Publishing.ISBN91-89136-29-2.