TheEuropean roller (Coracias garrulus) is the only member of theroller family breeding in Europe. Its range extends into theMaghreb, West Asia and Central Asia. It winters in southern Africa, primarily in dry wooded savanna and bushy plains. It occurs in a wide variety of habitats, but avoids treeless plains. It usually nests in tree holes.
Therollers are medium-sized Old World birds of open woodland habitats. They have brightly coloured plumage and a hooked bill. Most species are found south of theSahara. The genusCoracias contains eight species of sit-and-wait hunters. The European roller is similar in appearance and behaviour to theAbyssinian roller. These two birds and thelilac-breasted roller have been considered to formsubspecies.[9]
Western European roller (C. g. garrulus)Linnaeus, 1758: Thenominate subspecies. Found in north-western Africa, southern Europe and east through north-western Iran to south-westernSiberia.[12]
Eastern European roller (C. g. semenowi)Loudon &Tschusi, 1902:[13] It is also calledKashmir roller and lives in Iraq and southern Iran east throughKashmir and southern Kazakhstan toXinjiang in western China.[12]
At Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary, JamnagarAtHesaraghatta LakeIn flight, Hungary
The European roller is a stocky bird, the size of aEurasian jay at 29–32 cm (11–13 in) in length with a 52–58 cm (20–23 in) wingspan.[14] It is mainly blue with an orange-brown back.[citation needed]
The European roller is striking in its strong direct flight, with the brilliant blue contrasting with black flight feathers. Sexes are similar, but the juvenile is a drabber version of the adult.The display of this bird is like that of alapwing, with the twists and turns that give this species its English name.The call is a harshcrow-like sound. It gives a raucous series of calls when nervous.[citation needed]
The European roller is a bird of warmer regions. The nominate subspecies breeds in northern Africa from Morocco to Tunisia, in southern and east-central Europe, and eastwards through northwestern Iran to southwestern Siberia. The subspeciesC. g. semenowi breeds from Iraq and southern Iran east throughKashmir and southern Kazakhstan toXinjiang. The European range was formerly more extensive, but there has been a long-term decline in the north and west, with extinction as a nesting bird in Sweden and Germany. The European roller is a long-distancemigrant, wintering inAfrica south of the Sahara in two distinct regions, from Senegal east to Cameroon and from Ethiopia west (with observations in theDegua Tembien mountains)[15] to Congo and south to South Africa.[12] Some populations migrate to Africa through India. A collision with an aircraft over the Arabian Sea has been recorded.[16][17]
Eggs ofCoracias garrulus
It is a bird of warm, dry, open country with scattered trees, preferring lowlands, but occurs up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Europe and 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in Morocco. Oak and pine woodlands with open areas are prime breeding habitat, but farms, orchards and similar areas with mixed vegetation are also used. In Africa, a similarly wide range of dry, open land with trees is used.[12] It winters primarily in dry, wooded savanna and bushy plains, where it typically nests in tree holes.
The advent of sufficiently lightweight tracking technology has facilitated several recent studies of rollermigration, providing new information on the non-breeding sites used by European rollers from different breeding populations. Individuals from south-west European populations migrate to Angola, Namibia and Botswana; French and north Spanish birds take a direct southerly route across the Sahara, while Portuguese and south Spanish birds take a more westerly route around the west African coast.[18][19][20] European rollers from eastern European populations also spend the winter period in southern Africa, but further east inZambia,Zimbabwe andBotswana. Some population migrate through westernIndia during August to November. TheSahel savannah region immediately south of the Sahara Desert, particularly the area aroundLake Chad, appears to be important for European rollers from many populations as an autumn re-fuelling site, and Latvian and other north and north-eastern populations migrate northwards via the Arabian Peninsula in spring.[21][22] Individuals from different breeding populations use distinct but overlapping winter sites; there is a correlation between the longitude of individual breeding and non-breeding sites, suggesting parallel migration. In the east, the northernmost breeders from Latvia tend to winter south of the southernmost breeders from Cyprus, indicating a pattern of 'leap-frog' migration.[21]
The European roller chick will vomit a foul-smelling orangeliquid onto itself to deter a predator. The smell also warns the parents on their return to the nest.[23]
Rollers often perch prominently on trees, posts or overhead wires, like giantshrikes, whilst watching for the large insects, small reptiles, rodents and frogs that they eat. The diet of adult rollers is dominated bybeetles, whereas nestlings mostly eatOrthoptera, such as grasshoppers and bush crickets.[24]
The nest site is usually in a natural cavity in a tree or in a hole excavated by a woodpecker. It is typically located 5–10 m (16–33 ft) above the ground. Pairs sometimes use a cavity in rocks or buildings and may occasionally excavate a hole in a sandy bank. The hole is unlined. The clutch is 2 to 6 white smooth glossy eggs that measure 35 mm × 28 mm (1.4 in × 1.1 in). They are laid at intervals of two or occasionally three days. They are incubated by both sexes but mainly by the female starting before the clutch is completed. They hatch after 17 to 19 days. The young are cared for by both parents but usually the male passes food to the female. The nestlings fledge after 26 to 27 days. Only a single brood is raised each year, but a replacement clutch is laid if the first is lost. European rollers generally first breed when they are two years old.[25]
The maximum age recorded fromring-recovery data is 9 years and 2 months for a bird shot in Poland.[26]
The Eurasian roller has an extensive distribution in Europe and western Asia, and its European breeding population is estimated at 159,000 to 330,000 birds. When Asian breeders are added, this gives a global total population of 277,000 to 660,000 individuals. There have been fairly rapid population declines across much of its range, so it was formerly classified asnear threatened by theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature in 2005; it has, however, been downlisted toleast concern in 2015, as population development was judged to not meet the criteria for a more urgent rating at this time.[1] The European population declined by 25% between 1990 and 2000. The northern areas of the breeding range have fared worst, with numbers in theBaltic states and northern Russia collapsing, and no birds left breeding in Estonia.[1][28]
Threats include hunting while on migration around the Mediterranean, and large numbers, possibly in the thousands, are killed for food in Oman. Agricultural practices have led to the loss of trees and hedges which provide potential nest sites and perches for hunting, andpesticides have reduced the availability of insect food.[1] At locations where foraging resources are abundant, providing nest boxes can be a useful short-term conservation solution; however, in other locations foraging habitat restoration is more important.[29]
^Bewick, T. (1809)."The Roller".A history of British birds : the figures engraved on wood. Newcastle: Edward Walker, for T. Bewick. pp. 116–117.
^Jobling, J. A. (2010).The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 117, 171.ISBN978-1-4081-2501-4.
^Fry, H. (2001)."European Roller (Coracius garrulus". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. p. 373.ISBN978-84-87334-30-6.
^Johansson, U. S.; Irestedt, M.; Qu, Y.; Ericson, P. G. P. (2018). "Phylogenetic relationships of rollers (Coraciidae) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and fifteen nuclear genes".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.126:17–22.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.030.PMID29631051.S2CID5011292.
^Hoyo, J. del; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A. (eds.). "Coraciidae".Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. Retrieved10 September 2013.(subscription required)
^Del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A. (eds.)."European Roller".Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved23 November 2013.(subscription required)
^Loudon, H. v. F.; Von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, V. (1902). "Coracias garrulus semenowi Loudon & Tschusinov. Subsp.".Ornithologisches Jahrbuch (in German).13 (3, 4):148–150.
^Svensson, L.; Mullarney, K.; Zetterström, D. (2009).Collins Bird Guide (Second ed.). London: HarperCollins. p. 240.ISBN978-0-00-726814-6.
^Satheesan, S M (1990). "Bird-aircraft collision at an altitude of 2424 m over the sea".Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.87 (1):145–148.
^Catry, Inês; Catry, Teresa; Granadeiro, José Pedro; Franco, Aldina M. A.; Moreira, Francisco (25 June 2014). "Unravelling migration routes and wintering grounds of European rollers using light-level geolocators".Journal of Ornithology.155 (4):1071–1075.Bibcode:2014JOrni.155.1071C.doi:10.1007/s10336-014-1097-x.S2CID17800650.
^Emmenegger, T.; Mayet, P.; Duriez, O.; Hahn, S. (2013). "Directional shifts in migration pattern of rollers (Coracias garrulus) from a western European population".Journal of Ornithology.155 (2):427–433.doi:10.1007/s10336-013-1023-7.S2CID15263301.
^Catry, I.; Catry, T.; Granadeiro, J. P.; Franco, A. M. A.; Moreira, F. (2014). "Unravelling migration routes and wintering grounds of European rollers using light-level geolocators".Journal of Ornithology.155 (4):1071–1075.Bibcode:2014JOrni.155.1071C.doi:10.1007/s10336-014-1097-x.S2CID17800650.
Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1985). "Coracias garrulus Roller".Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. IV: Terns to Woodpeckers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 764–776.ISBN978-0-19-857507-8.
Fry, C Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992).Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers. London: Helm.ISBN978-0-7136-8028-7.
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