Europa Lander

Artist's concept of theEuropa Lander with Jupiter and Io in the background
Mission type	Astrobiology
Operator	NASA
Website	jpl.nasa.gov
Mission duration	≤ 22 days on the surface[1]
Spacecraft properties
Launch mass	16.6 metric tons[1]
Power	50 kWh (from batteries only)[1]
Start of mission
Launch date	2025–2030 (cancelled)[2]
Rocket	Space Launch System or a commercial rocket
Flyby ofEarth
Closest approach	2027–2032
Jupiter orbiter
Orbital insertion	2030–2035
Europa lander
Landing date	2032–2037
Large Strategic Science Missions Planetary Science Division

TheEuropa Lander was a proposedastrobiology mission concept byNASA to send alander toEuropa, an icy moon ofJupiter.^[3][4] If it was funded and developed as alarge strategic science mission, it would be launched in 2027 to complement the studies by theEuropa Clipper orbiter mission and perform analyses on site.^[5]

The objectives of the mission were to search forbiosignatures at the subsurface ≈10 cm, to characterize the composition of non-ice near-subsurface material, and determine the proximity of liquid water and recently erupted material near the lander's location.

NASA had previously evaluated a Europa Lander concept in 2005 with the Europa Lander Mission concept.^[6] Also, a lander was evaluated in 2012.^[7] There was continued support for Europa missions, including in 2014, when the U.S. Congress House Appropriations Committee announced a bipartisan bill that included US$80 million in funding to continue the Europa mission concept studies.^[8][9]

TheUnited States Congress issued a congressional directive on a Europa Lander, and NASA initiated a study in 2016, assessing and evaluating the concept.^[3] The mission concept is being supported by theOcean Worlds Exploration Program.^[10] NASA'sPlanetary Science Division delivered its report in early February 2017.^[3] This was a six-month-long study by a Science Definition Team.^[11][12] The study assesses the science value and engineering design of a potential Europa lander mission.^[12]

NASA's 2021 fiscal year budget in Congress's Omnibus Spending Bill did not include any language mandating or funding the Europa Lander as previous bills, made the mission's future uncertain.^[13]

The Europa Lander was considered by the Planetary Science Decadal Report of 2023─2032 but rejected in favor of theUranus Orbiter and Probe andEnceladus Orbilander.^[14] Eventually, the plans for such a lander was shelves in 2025.^[15]

The primary mission goal was to detect of organic indicators of past or present life, calledbiosignatures.^[16][3][17] The lander was described as a logical follow-up to theGalileo orbiter and probe mission in the 1990s, for which a major result was the discovery of a large sub-surface ocean that may offer habitable aquatic conditions.^[11]

On Earth, life can be found in essentially all locations where water is present. It follows that Europa is an excellent candidate in the search for life elsewhere in theSolar System.^[18] This subsurface water may not only be warmed by geological activity, but likely also enriched with dissolved minerals andorganic compounds.^[19]

Various ecosystems exist on Earth without any access tosunlight relying instead onhydrothermal vents or other sources of chemicals suitable to energy production byextremophiles^[20] (seechemosynthesis). Measurements to date indicate that Europa has an ocean approximately twice the volume of Earth's oceans. This water layer below the ice may be in contact with the moon's interior allowing ready access to hydrothermal energy and chemistry.^[3] A surface mission can take advantage of the relatively young, active surface of Europa as this activity may allow deep subsurface materials to regularly relocate to the surface.^[21]

In 18 July 2017, the House Space Subcommittee held hearings on theEuropa Clipper as a scheduledlarge strategic science mission and to discuss this lander as a possible follow up.^[22] The president's 2018 and 2019 federal budget proposals do not fund the Europa Lander, but they did assign US$195 million^[23] for concept studies^[24][25] and research on the required science instruments.^[26] The 2022 omnibus spending bill allocates $14.2 million to Icy Satellites Surface Technology for a future Ocean Worlds lander mission (NASA had requested $5 million for the Europa Lander).^[27] Eventually, the plans for such a lander was shelves in 2025.^[28]

The lander mission would have three main science objectives:^[29]

• Search forbiosignatures.
• Assess thehabitability of Europa viain situ techniques uniquely available to a landed mission.
• Characterize the surface and subsurface properties at the scale of the lander to support future exploration of Europa.

The key phases of the flight would have been: launch, cruise, de-orbit, descent and landing.^[30] The spacecraft consists of several modules that would be discarded at different phases of its deorbiting and landing sequence. The complete stack would be propelled by the Carrier Stage, that also features thesolar panels.^[1] After orbit injection aroundJupiter, the spacecraft would spend about two years adjusting its orbit and velocity before attempting to land on Europa.^[1]

In preparation to its landing, the Carrier Stage would be discarded, leaving the spacecraft stack in a configuration called Deorbit Vehicle (DOV) that would decelerate and initiate the descent. The engine module for this phase, called Deorbit Stage (DOS) would be discarded after the burn, leaving what is called the Powered Descent Vehicle (PDV) – which comprises the lander and thesky crane system. The sky crane system would lower the lander with a tether to a soft landing with a 100 m (330 ft) accuracy.^[1]

The lander would feature a robotic arm with 5degrees of freedom, that would enable it to dig out several shallow sub-surface samples at a maximum depth of 10 cm (3.9 in) and deliver them to its onboard laboratory.^[1]

Once landed, the lander would operate for up to 22 days by using chemical battery power, rather than aradioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) or solar power.^[1][12][25] The 2019 concept proposes four batteries, which would provide three times the needed energy for safety margin during its ≈22-day surface operations.^[1] The baseline is 7 days to complete its surface mission, the additional 15 days are for contingencies.^[1]

Regardless of the power source, one of the limiting factors for the lifetime of the mission would be enduring intense radiation; the surface of Europa is estimated to experience 540rem per day, whereas a typicalEarth surface dose is about 0.14 rem/year.^[31] It is estimated that the probe would receive a total ionizing dose of 2.3Mrad over the 30 day mission.^[1] Radiation damaged the electronics of theGalileo orbiter during its mission.^[32]

The launcher would have been theSpace Launch System (SLS), with a suggested launch between 2025-2030.^[1][33] The SLS is proposed^{[needs update]} given the spacecraft's mass of 16.6 metric tons, including the solid propellant to place the spacecraft into orbit around Jupiter, and thesky crane landing system.^[34] One calculated trajectory would see a launch aboard SLS in 2025, Earthgravity assist in 2027, and Jupiter/Europa arrival in 2030.^[12] It would spend some time orbiting around Jupiter over the next year to maneuver for its landing on Europa.^[12] The landing would be performed two years after orbit insertion around Jupiter.^[1]

At Europa, it would have to land on the surface, matching its velocity, but with essentially no atmosphere there is no "entry", it is just a descent and landing.^[30] The Planetary Society noted that NASA called this DDL — de-orbit, descent, and landing.^[30] In 1995, astronomers using theHubble Space Telescope discovered that Europa has a very tenuousexosphere composed ofoxygen.^[35] Compared toEarth, its atmosphere is thin to the extreme, with pressure at the surface predicted to be 0.1μPa, or 10⁻¹² times that of the Earth.^[36]

The lander would communicate directly to Earth, but theEuropa Clipper, if still operational, could function as an additional communications relay for the lander.^[30] To ensure communication, there is a suggestion to include a telecomm orbiter with the lander mission.^[37]

Surface texture

A study published in October 2018 suggests that most of Europa's surface may be covered with closely spaced ice spikes, calledpenitents, as tall as 15 meters (50 ft).^[38][39] Although the imaging available from theGalileo orbiter does not have the resolution needed to confirm this, radar and thermal data are consistent with this interpretation.^[39] This supports the need to first perform high-definition reconnaissance with the ESA'sJupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) andEuropa Clipper, launching in 2023 and 2024 respectively, before planning a lander mission.^[39][40]

The mission concept would require funding and further development to be launched. One of the key requirements is to operate in the radiation environment at the moon's surface.^[11][1] The radiation environment at Europa is extreme, so the lander may need as much additional protection as theJuno Radiation Vault in theJuno Jupiter orbiter.^[41] The vault helped reduce radiation exposure to vulnerable systems, especially electronics on the orbiter.

NASA announced in May 2017 to the scientific community to think on possible Europa Lander instruments.^[42] The concept study reports were made available in June 2019.^[43]

NASA selected 14 potential instruments for maturation under Instrument Concepts for Europa Exploration 2 (ICEE-2) awarding approximately US$2 million each for two years.^[26] The ICEE-2 project would allow the maturation of novel instrument approaches to meet the science goals and objectives of the mission.

Planetary protection guidelines require that inadvertent contamination of a Europan ocean by terrestrial organisms must be avoided, to a probability level of less than 1 in 10,000.^[16][46] The lander, and landing system components, must be assembled and tested in a clean room where all parts would have to be cleaned or sterilized before they are installed in the spacecraft. After delivering the lander, thesky crane is recommended to fly away into Jupiter for disposal.^[47] At the end of the mission, the lander might self-destruct using an incendiary device.^[16] That system can also be triggered if the spacecraft loses contact with theEarth.^[34]

TheEuropa Clipper is a separately launched spacecraft that would lay a foundation for the Europa Lander mission.^[3] Previously, NASA had evaluated launching the orbiter and lander together, but the strong congressional support led to an additional proposal in 2016 for a separate lander mission.^[48] TheClipper orbiter will provide reconnaissance data to characterize the radiation environment and help determine a landing location.^[49]

• Europa Orbiter – Cancelled NASA orbiter mission to Europa
• Galilean moons – Four largest moons of Jupiter
• Juno (spacecraft) – Second NASA orbiter mission to Jupiter (2011–Present)
• Laplace-P – Proposed Russian spacecraft to study the Jovian moon system and land on Ganymede
• Ocean Worlds Exploration Program – NASA program for the exploration of water worlds in the Solar System

• EL docs from NASA
• Europa Lander Investigation – Acquisition homepage at NASA

• Cancelled space probes
• Europa (moon)
• Landers (spacecraft)
• Proposed astrobiology space missions
• Europa Clipper

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