TheEurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto), often simply justcollared dove, is adove species native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. It has also been introduced to Japan, North and Central America, and the islands in the Caribbean.
TheBurmese collared dove (S. xanthocycla) was formerly considered a subspecies of the Eurasian collared dove, but was split as a distinct species by theIOC in 2021.[7][8][9] Two other subspecies were formerly sometimes accepted,S. d. stoliczkae from Turkestan in central Asia andS. d. intercedens from southern India and Sri Lanka;[10] they are now considered junior synonyms of the species.[11]
The Eurasian collared dove is also closely related to theSunda collared dove ofsoutheast Asia and theAfrican collared dove ofSub-Saharan Africa, forming asuperspecies with these.[11] Identification from the African collared dove is very difficult with silent birds, with the African species being marginally smaller and paler, but the calls are very distinct, a soft purring "Cou'crrrrroouw" in the African collared dove quite unlike the Eurasian collared dove's three-note cooing.[12]
The generic name is from theAncient Greekstreptos meaning "collar" andpeleia meaning "dove". Thespecific epithet,decaocto, is Greek for "eighteen".[13] The association of the dove with the number eighteen has its roots in a Greek myth. A maid who worked hard for little money was unhappy that she was only paid 18 silver coins a year and begged the gods to let the world know how little she was rewarded by her mistress.Zeus, hearing her pleas, created the collared dove, which has called out "decaocto" ever since to tell the world of the maid's mistreatment.[14][15] In several Balkan languages, the number 18 is a three-syllable word (e.g.tiz-en-nyolc in Frivaldszky's native Hungarian), so is ultimatelyonomatopoeic from the bird's call.[3][4][16]
As most of its European range in the 19th century, including its type locality, was within the Turkish-controlledOttoman Empire, its name in many European languages translates asTurkish dove, e.g. DanishTyrkerdue, GermanTürkentaube, FrenchTourterelle turque.[3]
The Eurasian collared dove is a medium-sized dove, distinctly smaller than thewood pigeon, similar in length to arock dove but slimmer and longer-tailed, and slightly larger than the relatedEuropean turtle dove, with an average length of 32 cm (13 in)[17] from tip of beak to tip of tail, with a wingspan of 47–55 cm (19–22 in), and a weight of 125–240 g (4.4–8.5 oz). It is grey-buff to pinkish-grey overall, a little darker above than below, with a blue-grey underwing patch. The tail feathers are grey-buff above, and dark grey and tipped white below; the outer tail feathers are also tipped whitish above. It has a black half-collar edged with white on its nape from which it gets its name. The short legs are red and the bill is black. The iris is red, but from a distance the eyes appear to be black, as the pupil is relatively large and only a narrow rim of reddish-brown iris can be seen around the black pupil. The eye is surrounded by a small area of bare skin, which is either white or yellow. The two sexes are virtually indistinguishable; juveniles differ in having a poorly developed collar, and a brown iris.[12][10] The subspeciesS. d. xanthocycla differs in having yellow rather than white eye-rings, darker grey on the head and the underparts a slightly darker pink.[9]
The song is a three-syllablegoo-GOO-goo, with stress placed on the second syllable. The Eurasian collared dove also makes a harsh loud screeching call lasting about two seconds, particularly in flight just before landing. A rough way to describe the screeching sound is ahah-hah.
Eurasian collared doves cooing in early spring are sometimes mistakenly reported as the calls of early-arrivingcommon cuckoos and, as such, a mistaken sign of spring's return.[10]
Juvenile before collar formationJuvenile with early collar development
The Eurasian collared dove is notmigratory, but is stronglydispersive. Over the last century, it has been one of the great colonisers of the bird world, travelling far beyond its native range to colonise colder countries, becoming a permanent resident in several of them. Its original range at the end of the 19th century was warm temperate and subtropical Asia from Turkey east to southern China and south through India to Sri Lanka. In 1838 it was reported in Bulgaria, but not until the 20th century did it expand across Europe, appearing in parts of theBalkans between 1900 and 1920, and then spreading rapidly northwest, reaching Germany in 1945, Great Britain by 1953 (breeding for the first time in 1956), Ireland in 1959, and theFaroe Islands in the early 1970s. Subsequent spread was 'sideways' from this fast northwestern spread, reaching northeast to north of theArctic Circle in Norway and east to theUral Mountains in Russia, and southwest to theCanary Islands and northern Africa from Morocco to Egypt, by the end of the 20th century. In the east of its range, it has also spread northeast to most of central and northern China, and locally (probably introduced) in Japan.[12][18][10][11][19][20] It has also reached Iceland as a vagrant (41 records up to 2006), but has not colonised successfully there.[21]
In 1974, fewer than 50 Eurasian collared doves escaped captivity in Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas.[22] From the Bahamas, the species spread to Florida,[23] and is now found in nearly every state in the U.S.,[24] as well as in Mexico.[25] In Arkansas (the United States), the species was recorded first in 1989 and since then has grown in numbers and is now present in 42 of 75 counties in the state. It spread from the southeastern corner of the state in 1997 to the northwestern corner in five years, covering a distance of about 500 km (310 mi) at a rate of 100 km (62 mi) per year.[26] This is more than double the rate of 45 km (28 mi) per year observed in Europe.[27] As of 2012, few negative impacts have been demonstrated in Florida, where the species is most prolific.[28][29] However, the species is known as an aggressive competitor and there is concern that as populations continue to grow, native birds will be out-competed by the invaders.[28] One study, however, found that Eurasian collared doves are not more aggressive or competitive than nativemourning doves, despite similar dietary preferences.[30]
Population growth has ceased in areas where the species has long been established, such as Florida, and in these regions, recent observations suggest the population is in decline.[31] The population is still growing exponentially in areas of more recent introduction; up to 2015, the Eurasian collared dove experienced a greater than 1.5% yearly population increase throughout nearly the entirety of its North American range.[32]Carrying capacities appear to be highest in areas with higher temperatures and intermediate levels of development, such as suburban areas and some agricultural areas.[33]
While the spread of disease to native species has not been recorded in a study, Eurasian collared doves are known carriers of the parasiteTrichomonas gallinae andpigeon paramyxovirus type 1.[24][28] BothTrichomonas gallinae and pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 can spread to native birds via commingling at feeders and when the doves are consumed by predators. Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 is an emergent disease that has the potential to affect domestic poultry, making the Eurasian collared dove not only a threat to native biodiversity, but possibly an economic threat as well.[24]
Eurasian collared doves typically breed close to human habitation wherever food resources are abundant and trees are available for nesting; almost all nests are within 1 km (0.62 mi) of inhabited buildings. The female lays two whiteeggs in a stick nest, which she incubates during the night and which the male incubates during the day. Incubation lasts between 14 and 18 days, with the youngfledging after 15 to 19 days. Breeding occurs throughout the year when abundant food is available, though only rarely in winter in areas with cold winters such as northeastern Europe. Three to four broods per year are common, although up to six broods in a year have been recorded.[10] Eurasian collared doves are a monogamous species, and share parental duties when caring for young.[34]
The male's mating display is a ritual flight, which, as with many other pigeons, consists of a rapid, near-vertical climb to height followed by a long glide downward in a circle, with the wings held below the body in an inverted "V" shape. At all other times, flight is typically direct using fast and clipped wing beats and without use of gliding.[10]
The Eurasian collared dove is not wary and often feeds very close to human habitation, including visiting bird tables; the largest populations are typically found around farms where spilt grain is frequent around grain stores or where livestock are fed. It is a gregarious species and sizeable winter flocks form around food supplies such as grain (its main food), seeds, shoots, and insects. Flocks most commonly number between 10 and 50, but flocks of up to 10,000 have been recorded.[10]
^abcvan Grouw, Hein (2022). "The colourful journey of the Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto".Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club.142 (2):164–189.doi:10.25226/bboc.v142i2.2022.a3.hdl:10141/623045.
^Gill, F.; Donsker, D.;Rasmussen, P., eds. (2020)."Pigeons".IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved28 February 2020.
^abcdefgCramp, S. (1985). "Streptopelia decaocto Collared Dove".Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: the birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 4: Terns to woodpeckers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 340−353.ISBN978-0-19-857507-8.
^abcBaptista, L. F.; Trail, P. W.; Horblit, H. M.; Boesman, P.; Garcia, E. F. J.; Kirwan, G. M. (1997)."Eurasian Collared-dove (Streptopelia decaocto)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 137.ISBN84-87334-22-9.
^abcSnow, D. W.; Perrins, C. M. (1998). "Streptopelia decaocto Collared Dove".The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-854099-X.
^Jobling, J. A. (2010).The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 131, 367.ISBN978-1-4081-2501-4.
^Romagosa, Christina Margarita; Mlodinow, Steven G. (2022). Pyle, Peter; Rodewald, Paul G.; Billerman, Shawn M. (eds.). "Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto)".Birds of the World.doi:10.2173/bow.eucdov.01.1.
^abcSchuler, K.; Green, D.; Justice-Allen, A.; Jaffe, R.; Cunningham, M.; Thomas, N.; Spalding, M.; Ip, H. (2012). "Expansion of an Exotic Species and Concomitant Disease Outbreaks: Pigeon Paramyoxovirus in Free-Ranging Eurasian Collared Doves".EcoHealth.9 (2):163–170.doi:10.1007/s10393-012-0758-6.PMID22476688.S2CID25784149.
^Bonter, David N., Benjamin Zuckerberg, and Janis L. Dickinson. "Invasive Birds in a Novel Landscape: Habitat Associations and Effects on Established Species." Ecography 33 (2010): 494–502. Project Feeder Watch. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
^Poling, Trisha D., and Steven E. Hayslette (2006). "Dietary Overlap and Foraging Competition Between Mourning Doves and Eurasian Collared-Doves." Journal of Wildlife Management 70(4) : 998–1004.
^Scheidt SN, Hurlbert AH (2014) Range Expansion and Population Dynamics of an Invasive Species: The Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto). PLoS ONE 9(10): e111510. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111510
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