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| Euler | |
|---|---|
| Paradigms | Multi-paradigm:procedural,imperative,structured |
| Family | ALGOLWirth |
| Designed by | Niklaus Wirth Helmut Weber |
| Developers | Stanford University ETH Zurich |
| First appeared | 1965; 60 years ago (1965) |
| Typing discipline | dynamic |
| Scope | Lexical |
| Influenced by | |
| ALGOL 60 | |
Euler is aprogramming language created byNiklaus Wirth and Helmut Weber, conceived as an extension and generalization ofALGOL 60.[1][2][3] The designers' goals were to create a language that is:
Available sources indicate that Euler was operational by 1965.
Euler employs a generaldata type concept. In Euler,arrays,procedures, and switches are not quantities which are declared and named by identifiers: in contrast toALGOL, they are not quantities on the same level asvariables. Rather, these quantities are on the level of numeric and booleanconstants. Thus, besides the traditional numeric and logical constants, Euler introduces several added types:
All constants can be assigned to variables, which have the same form as in ALGOL, but for which no fixed types are specified: Euler usesdynamic typing. Further, a procedure can produce a value ofany type when executed, and this type can varyfrom one call of the procedure to the next.
Similarly, the elements of a list can have values of any type and these can differ from element to element within a list. So, when the list elements are labels, a switch is obtained. If the elements are procedures, a procedure list is obtained, which is unavailable in ALGOL 60. If the elements are lists themselves, then a general tree structure is obtained.
Euler provides general type-test and type-conversion operators.
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