Etsusaburo Shiina | |
|---|---|
椎名 悦三郎 | |
.jpg) Shiina in 1957 | |
| Vice President of the Liberal Democratic Party | |
| In office August 1972 – December 1976 | |
| President | Kakuei Tanaka Takeo Miki |
| Secretary-General | Tomisaburo Hashimoto Susumu Nikaidō Yasuhiro Nakasone Tsuneo Uchida |
| Preceded by | Shojiro Kawashima |
| Succeeded by | Funada Naka |
| Minister of International Trade and Industry | |
| In office 25 November 1967 – 30 November 1968 | |
| Prime Minister | Eisaku Satō |
| Preceded by | Wataro Kanno |
| Succeeded by | Masayoshi Ohira |
| In office 8 December 1960 – 18 July 1961 | |
| Prime Minister | Hayato Ikeda |
| Preceded by | Mitsujiro Ishii |
| Succeeded by | Eisaku Satō |
| Minister for Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 18 July 1964 – 3 December 1966 | |
| Prime Minister | Hayato Ikeda Eisaku Satō |
| Preceded by | Masayoshi Ōhira |
| Succeeded by | Takeo Miki |
| Chief Cabinet Secretary | |
| In office 18 June 1959 – 19 July 1960 | |
| Prime Minister | Nobusuke Kishi |
| Preceded by | Munenori Akagi |
| Succeeded by | Masayoshi Ohira |
| Member of theHouse of Representatives | |
| In office 28 February 1955 – 7 September 1979 | |
| Constituency | Iwate 2nd |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1898-01-16)16 January 1898 Mizusawa, Iwate,Japan |
| Died | 30 September 1979(1979-09-30) (aged 81) Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan |
| Political party | LDP (1955–1979) |
| Other political affiliations | JDP (1954–1955) |
| Children | Motoo Shiina |
| Relatives | Gotō Shinpei (uncle) |
| Alma mater | Tokyo Imperial University |
Etsusaburo Shiina (椎名 悦三郎,Shiina Etsusaburō, 16 January 1898 – 30 September 1979) was a career bureaucrat and politician. AsForeign Minister of Japan from 1964 to 1966 he played a pivotal role indiplomatic relations between Japan andSouth Korea.
Shiina was born inMizusawa, Iwate (now part ofOshu, Iwate) to Hiroshi Gotō, a member of the Iwate Prefectural Assembly and former elementary school teacher. His father later served as mayor of Mizusawa for ten years. The Gotō family claimed descent from the famedrangaku scholarTakano Chōei, whose childhood name was "Saburō Etsu", and thus Shiina was named "Etsusaburō" in his honor. However, his father went bankrupt due to business issues and Shiina was forced to work during the day and attempted to study at night. He departed for Tokyo during his fourth year of high school and suffered from various difficulties until the family's fortune changed due to royalties received on hydroelectric development projects in the Isawa River and due to a connection via marriage with Tokyo governorGotō Shimpei. Shiina was thus able to enter the Law School ofTokyo Imperial University and he also changed his name from Gotō to Shiina.
After graduating fromTokyo Imperial University in March 1923, Shiina entered theMinistry of Agriculture and Commerce, where he was assigned to the Engineering Bureau. After the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce separated into theMinistry of Agriculture and Forestry and theMinistry of Commerce and Industry in the following year, he joined that latter. In 1925 he was one of the government officials who were dispatched nationwide to instruct and supervise important export goods and to promote the formation of cartels. As a section manager, he worked for the Aichi Prefectural Office inNagoya for the next four years. During this time, he visitedManchuria and negotiated with theSouth Manchurian Railway to operate regularly scheduled shipping connectingNagoya Port andDalian. In 1929, he returned to the Industrial Affairs Division of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. He was sent to Europe in August 1932 to observe the measures and industrial policies of the European countries during theGreat Depression and returned home in May 1933.
At the request ofNobusuke Kishi, Shiina was one of the first officials of the Japanese Ministry of Commerce and Industry to join the newManchukuo administration.[1] He arrived inShinkyo in October 1933 as Director of the Planning and Coordination Bureau of the Manchukuo Ministry of Industry. Shiina led an industrial survey of Manchukuo for three years. The survey was also conducted in remote areas of the country where marauders were still a problem, and covering agriculture, forestry, underground resources, and hydroelectric power sources. Based on this survey, the number of farmers from Japan who could emigrate to Manchukuo was determined, and the construction ofhydroelectric power plants on theSonghua River andYalu River was planned. The results of this survey were also used for a five-year industrial development plan. In addition, Shiina established the Critical Industry Control Law which aimed for a state-controlled economy centered on a national monopoly system for each industry. In July 1937, Shiina assumed the position of Director of Mining and Industry. However, in 1939, Shiina asked to resign his posts and to return to Japan. Kishi, together withYoshisuke Aikawa, offered him an executive role in theManchurian Industrial Development Company, but Shiina refused and returned to Japan in April 1939.
After returning to Japan in April 1939, Shiina joined the Temporary Material Coordination Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, where he was charge of controlling and procuring supplies according to national policy based on theNational Mobilization Law. He was the director of the department responsible for chemical products. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry set up a mining department, a steel department, a chemical department, a machinery department, a textile department and a fuel department in accordance with the wartime requirements. In June of the same year, Shiina was promoted to division chief in the General Affairs Bureau, which managed all of these departments. In October of the same year, Kishi returned to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry as vice minister and with the support of the Japanese military, Shiina was promoted to chief of the General Affairs Bureau.
In July 1940, theSecond Konoe Cabinet was established.Ichizō Kobayashi, Minister of Commerce and Industry, strongly opposed the draft plan of the new economic system, which created a conflict with Kishi. Kishi was removed as vice minister at the end of the year. Arakazu Ojima, who was recommended by Shiina, was appointed as the Vice Minister of Commerce and Industry, and succeeded Kishi. In October 1941, when theTōjō Cabinet was established, Kishi returned as Minister of Commerce and Industry with Shiina as the vice minister under Kishi.
With the start of thePacific War, Kishi and Shiina promoted a strict war-controlled economic policy in cooperation with the military, which included conversions of textile factories to weapon factories, and the forced consolidation of many small and medium-sized enterprises for munitions production. When theMinistry of Munitions was founded in November 1943,Hideki Tōjō concurrently served as Minister, with Kishi as vice minister and Shiina as the Director General of Mobilization. In July 1944, the Tōjō Cabinet was forced to resign; however, Shiina remained in his post. In April 1945, with the launch of theKantarō Suzuki Cabinet, Shiina was promoted to vice minister of Munitions. On 26 August, the same year, after thesurrender of Japan, the Ministry of Munitions was abolished and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry was revived. Shiina was again made vice minister of Commerce and Industry to construct a new organization for the post-war economic reconstruction. He retired from position on 12 October of the same year with the resignation of theHigashikuni Cabinet. Shiina was interrogated eight times by theAmerican occupation authorities, but was not arrested. He was however, purged from public office in November 1947.
Shiina was appointed as president of Tohoku Shinko Textile Industry Co., Ltd., headquartered inMorioka in November 1947. The company changed its name to Tohoku Woven Co., Ltd. in March of the following year. Shiina acquired Daito Boshoku's Kanamachi factory in Tokyo and purchased new equipment. However he was unable to secure loans from the Reconstruction Finance Bank due to implementation of an inflation control policies in 1949. Although he struggled to obtain funds from other sources, due to the company's low technical level, it could not meet up with the special demands created due to theKorean War, and in May 1952 declared bankruptcy. Shiina resigned as president in July of the same year, and Tohoku Woven was later absorbed by Kureha Spinning. Immediately after resigning, Shiina had a breakdown and was hospitalized.
In 1951 Shiina ran for a seat in thelower house during the1952 Japanese general election; however, he was unable to obtain assistance fromKishi who had suffered a big loss the previous year. He turned to Kishi's younger brother,Eisaku Satō, for official recognition from theLiberal Party, but Satō refused, and introduced him to the party's election measures chief Saeki Ozawa, the father ofIchirō Ozawa, who also refused to certify Shiina. Despite these setbacks, Shiina ran anyway, but the results were disastrous, and he was later investigated by the police on suspicion of election violations.
At the invitation of Kishi, who had become secretary general of theDemocratic Party, Shiina was nominated1955 Japanese general election as an official candidate of the Japanese Democratic Party. This time, with the full support of Kishi, and with abundant election funds, he managed to secure a seat. Within theSecond Ichirō Hatoyama Cabinet, Shiina became the Vice Chairman of the party's policy research council, and was a member of the Transportation Committee. In November of the same year, the Democratic Party and the Liberal Party joined to form theLiberal Democratic Party (LDP).
In February 1957, the Kishi became Prime Minister and Shiina is appointed as the party treasury bureau chief, even though he had only won one election. Under Shiina, political contributions from the business world to the LDP expanded fivefold. In1958 Japanese general election, Shiina was reelected. He was appointed asChief Cabinet Secretary in theSecond Kishi Cabinet despite the fact that he had only won election twice. Kishi defended his choice of Shiina stating that he was essential to negotiating theTreaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan.
Shiina won reelection for a third time in the1960 Japanese general election, and was appointedMinister of International Trade and Industry in theSecond Ikeda Cabinet. However, he was immediately accused by opposition political parties of massive election violations, both in 1958 and in 1960. His general manager and accountant, Masazo Matsukawa, was placed on the police "most wanted list", and it was later revealed that the haven where he had been hidden is a company-owned house of one of Shiina's business acquaintances, with Shiina's secretaries providing him with financial assistance. Shiina resigned in June 1961, and afterwards Matsukawa finally surrendered to the authorities and was convicted in March 1962. Despite these issues, Shiina was re-elected once again in the1963 Japanese general election.
In theThird Ikeda Cabinet, he was appointed asMinister for Foreign Affairs. He remained in this post under theFirst Satō Cabinet. During this time, he negotiated theJapan-Korea Basic Treaty which normalizeddiplomatic relations between Japan andSouth Korea. He visited South Korea in person in February 1965 and made a publicapology; "In our two countries' long history, there have been unfortunate times... it is truly regretable and we are deeply remorseful," during the signing of theTreaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea on 22 June 1965.[2] An agreement was reached on reparations for Japanese colonial rule over Korea, on the legal status of theZainichi Koreans in Japan and on fisheries, with decisions on more difficult issues, such as the sovereignty issue over theLiancourt Rocks shelved until a later date. The agreement was severely criticized by opposition parties, newspapers and students in both countries, and Shiina survived votes of no confidence by theJapan Communist Party andJapan Socialist Party on his return. In 1966, he visited theSoviet Union as the first Japanese foreign minister to visit after World War II and negotiated a five-year trade agreement and a civil aviation agreement as well.
In December 1966, Shiina was made LDP general council chairman. After serving for less than a year, he was appointed Minister of International Trade and Industry again under theSecond Satō Cabinet in November 1967. In July 1972 the post of Satō's successor was contested betweenKakuei Tanaka andTakeo Fukuda. Shiina led a faction in favor of Tanaka, and Tanaka became Prime Minister. In August 1973, Shiina was rewarded by becoming Vice President of the LDP.
When Tanaka decided to normalize diplomatic relations between Japan and thePeople's Republic of China, Shiina was sent as a special envoy to visitTaiwan to explain the situation to PresidentChiang Kai-shek. Shiina officially expressed the idea that Japan would continue to maintain diplomatic relations with Taiwan. However, this was different from the LDP's policy, and after Shiina returned from Taiwan, Prime Minister Tanaka and Foreign MinisterMasayoshi Ōhira met with Chinese PremierZhou Enlai inBeijing, and it was agreed that Japan would sever relations with Taiwan. In 1974, the relationship between Japan and South Korea deteriorated over thekidnapping of Kim Dae-jung from Japan, and in September, Tanaka requested Shiina to meet withSouth Korean PresidentPark Chung Hee to calm the issue.
Following LDP losses in the1974 Japanese House of Councillors election and acrimony between Vice Prime MinisterTakeo Miki and Finance MinisterTakeo Fukuda, Tanaka asked that Shiina head a committee to reform the party and also asked Tanaka to determine his successor through discussions without an open election. In December 1974, Shiina issued a ruling to the major factions of the party that Takeo Miki should succeed Tanaka. This was a decision that was largely welcomed by the public due to Miki's "clean" image. Shiina continued to serve as Vice President of the LDP under Miki, but soon had falling out over differences in policy over political contributions and the idea of a single-member constituency system. In May 1976, Shiina used theLockheed Scandal as cover to seek the resignations of Tanaka, Fukuda, Ohira and Miki from politics. Miki refused, and failure of his attempted coup drastically reduced Shiina's political influence. With the inauguration of theTakeo Fukuda Cabinet, Shiina announced his retirement.
On 30 September 1979, Shiina was hospitalized atKeio University Hospital and died at the age of 81. He was buried in the Shunjuen Cemetery inKawasaki, Kanagawa.
West Germany:Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1960)
Spain:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (23 February 1965)[3]
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Naka Funada | Chairman of the Policy Research Council,Liberal Democratic Party 1960 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chairman of the General Council,Liberal Democratic Party 1966-1967 | Succeeded by Tomisaburo Hashimoto |
| Preceded by Shojiro Kawashima | Vice President of theLiberal Democratic Party 1972-1976 | Succeeded by Naka Funada |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Chief Cabinet Secretary 1959–1960 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Minister of International Trade and Industry 1960–1961 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Minister for Foreign Affairs 1964–1966 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Watarō Kanno | Minister of International Trade and Industry 1967–1968 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
