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Ethnocacerism Etnocacerismo | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Antauro Humala |
| Founder | Isaac Humala |
| Founded | 1987; 38 years ago (1987) |
| Headquarters | Lima |
| Membership | Current: ANTAURO Union for Peru Historical: Go on Country Peruvian Nationalist Party |
| Ideology | Indigenismo Anti-imperialism Ethnic nationalism Peruvian irredentism Andean ultranationalism Revolutionary nationalism Economic nationalism Social conservatism Anti-Fujimorism Anti-Chilean sentiment Neo-fascism (debated) Factions: Left-wing nationalism |
| Political position | Third Position |
| Colours | Red Black |
| Dual flag | |
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Theethnocacerist movement (Spanish:Movimiento etnocacerista, also sometimes referred to as theMovimiento Nacionalista Peruano or "Peruvian Nationalist Movement") is aPeruvianethnic nationalist movement that espouses anideology calledethnocacerism (Spanish:etnocacerismo). The movement seeks to establish adictatorship of the proletariat led by the country'sIndigenous communities and their descendants.[citation needed] It draws on the ideas and history of several Indigenous and anti-colonial movements, including those ofJuan Velasco Alvarado,Evo Morales,Gamal Abdel Nasser,Muammar Gaddafi, andChe Guevara.[citation needed] Ethnocacerism is considered anIndigenist ideology and is currently represented in electoral politics by theUnion for Peru party and other smaller parties. The ideology is also followed by Peruvianmilitant groups such as thePlurinational Association of Tawantinsuyo Reservists andEjército de Reservistas Andino Amazónico – T.
Many members of the movement are armed forces veterans ofPeru's internal wars or the border disputes withEcuador in the1980s and1990s.[1]
The ideas of ethnocacerism originated from lawyerIsaac Humala, and its practice as a doctrine was begun by his sonsOllanta Humala and Antauro Humala in 1987 during thewar against the Shining Path.[2][3] The origin of the word refers toAndrés Avelino Cáceres, a Peruvian national hero who led the resistance againstChile during theWar of the Pacific (1879-1883).
Isaac Humala founded the Instituto de Estudios Etnogeopolíticos (IEE) in 1989 to serve as an ethnocacerist think tank.[4]
Ethnocacerism became a popular political doctrine following an uprising inLocumba,Tacna, on 29 October 2000, led by the Humala brothers. Their goal was the overthrow of PresidentAlberto Fujimori over the "Vladi-video" scandal.[5] The brothers surrendered on 16 December and were pardoned by Congress six days later. Anti-Fujimori Peruvian media praised the uprising, although the brothers' political views were largely overlooked.[5]
Antauro gained international prominence on 1 January 2005 by occupying a rural police station inAndahuaylas,Apurimac, an action dubbed "El Andahuaylazo".[6] Four police officers and one gunman died on the first day of the siege.[5][7] The following day Humala agreed to surrender, though had still failed to do so by the third day, claiming that the government had reneged on its promise to guarantee a "surrender with honour". Eventually he surrendered and was taken toLima under arrest on 4 January 2005 and was sentenced to 19 years in prison. He was released early in August of 2022[8][9]
While not affiliated with Antuaro Humala, thePlurinational Association of Tawantinsuyo Reservists (ASPRET) was formed as an ethnocarcerist militia in 2011[10]
The main current political party espousing ethnocacerism isUnion for Peru.[3] Union for Peru was the main party that spearheaded the impeachment movement that resulted in theremoval of Martín Vizcarra from Peru's presidency, with Antauro organizing his followers in Congress through phone calls and prison visits.[3] Antauro was banned from contacting others from prison following this incident.[3]
In 2018, members of ASPRET formed an alliance with theMilitarized Communist Party of Peru, called theUnited Democratic Andean Revolutionary Front of Peru (Spanish:Frente Unido Democrático Andino Revolucionario del Perú).[11] The alliance was dissolved in 2022, following allegations that the MCPC had supportedPedro Castillo during the2021 election.[citation needed]
ANTAURO, or National Alliance, another party founded by Antauro Humala, was formed in 2023.[citation needed] The party was later banned in 2024.[12]
The ethnocacerist movement has been described as havingfascist traits,[3][13][14][15][16][17] withVice calling it "an idiosyncratic mix of economicpopulism,xenophobia — especially towards Peru's southern neighbor Chile — and the mythologizing of the supposedracial superiority of 'copper skinned' Andeans. It also takes an old schoolmachista view of women’s rights whileIsaac Humala ... called for the summary shooting of homosexuals and corrupt officials".[3] According toHarper's Magazine, "Anti-Semitic,anti-Chilean 'news' ran alongside xenophobic editorials" in the movement's newspaper,Ollanta (later namedAntauro), and ethnocacerists have called for 25% of children to be taken by the state andconscripted.[5] Anthropologist Norma Correa of thePontifical Catholic University of Peru has stated: "Supposedly, ethnocacerism is about inclusion, but really it excludes so many citizens in a society as diverse as [Peru's], ... It’s not just whites. Ethnocacerism has no place forAfro-Peruvians, Amazonian natives or even mestizos".[3]
Ethnocaceristsdistinguish themselves from bothright-wing and "Eurocentric"left-wing politics in Peru, saying they oppose capitalism, fascism, and Marxism, and instead intend to create an organic Indigenous ideology based on Peru's historical civilizations.[18] Their use of the slogan "ni derecha ni izquierda" traces itself to Juan Velasco Alvarado's military government which was unaligned to either the United States (First World) or Soviet Union (Second World).[19] This position of non-alignment andthird-worldism meant looking for solutions in Peruvian and Latin American history, such as the rebel heroTupac Amaru and writerJosé Carlos Mariátegui.[citation needed]
Following from his rejection of Peruvian nationalism, Antauro Humala has condemned Peru's present borders as colonial impositions. A common slogan of his ethnic nationalism is that Peruvian nationalism wants to “reclaim the word ‘Peru’” while his ethnic nationalism wants to reclaim “the concept oftawantinsuyo” (the Quechua name for the Inca Empire), because “as an ethnic nationalist, I cannot respectcriollo borders...my ancestral homeland encompassesTucumán all the way toPasto. We are a single people disseminated amongst various criollo states”.[18]
Antauro calls the Andeans countries and regions “the Inkan International” ("La Internacional Inkaica").[20] The territorial views of ethnocacerists would expand Peru's population from around 30 million to over 100 million people.[5]
Ethnocacerists supported Evo Morales's2019 re-election and condemnedhis subsequent resignation and replacement as "fascist" and "neocolonialist".[21]
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