Folk costume,traditional dress,traditional attire orfolk attire, is clothing associated with a particularethnic group,nation or region, and is an expression ofcultural,religious ornational identity. If the clothing is that of an ethnic group, it may also be calledethnic clothing orethnic dress. Traditional clothing often has two forms: everyday wear, andformal wear. The word "costume" in this context is sometimes considered pejorative, as the word has more than one meaning, and thus "clothing", "dress", "attire" or "regalia" can be substituted without offense.[1][2][3][4]
In regions whereWestern styles of dress are common, traditional garments, especially those tied to cultural tradition or heritage, are often worn during special events or celebrations. International events may cater to non-Western attendees with a compounddress code such as "business suit or national dress".
There are also contemporary societies in which traditional garments are required bysumptuary laws. InBhutan, for example, thedriglam namzha mandates what citizens should wear in public spaces.[6] Bhutanese citizens must wear the traditional clothing of theNgalop people, including agho andkera for men and akira andwonju for women,[7] including when on official business, in schools and institutions, and at official occasions and assemblies.[8] These restrictions apply to when people are in or near "monastic fortresses (dzong), monasteries (gompa) and temples (lhakhang), and in government buildings. Karin Altmann, a scholar of textile arts, states that the intent behind this law "was to prevent specific features of Bhutanese culture from disappearing," and "to emphasize national identity",[8] but it has contributed to much conflict due to the ethnic and culturaldiversity of Bhutan.[9]
Kenya – There is no national costume, per se, but leso (kanga) is worn throughout Kenya;[14]kikoi, similar to kanga fabric, is also widespread. All tribes have their respective traditional garments, though; for example, theMaasai wear their traditional shuka and beadwork[14]
Han Chinese –Hanfu (shenyi,ruqun,shanku), also Manchu-inspired clothing (tangzhuang, cheongsam, changshan). Many stereotypes that foreigners have regarding Chinese folk costume (as well as other customs) actually come just from the Han Chinese.
Hokkaido –Ainuclothing, such as atepa, a sacred belt called raun kut or upsoro kut, a konci (hood), hos (leggings), and grass skin jackets like tetarabe and utarbe; ceremonial garments include asapanpe and amatanpushi
Southern Altaians –ton (fur coat),sürü börük (cap),kaptal (overcoat), and thechegedek (Altai-Kizhi) orchedek (Telengits), a sleeveless cloak historically the daily and ceremonial wear of married women, now worn only as bridal attire or during festive occasions[22]
Indonesia[28] – There are numerousnational andregional clothing in Indonesia due to the diversity of cultures that make up the island nation; they include:
Austria – Each state has a specific design on national costume; the most famous is that ofTyrol, consisting of the characteristic Tyroleantracht anddirndls.
Germany – Every state has its own specific design of a regional costume (Tracht). For example,Bavaria's well-known tracht:Lederhosen andDirndl. Many stereotypes that foreigners have regarding German folk costumes (as well as other customs) actually come from the state of Bavaria.
Switzerland – Every canton has a specific design of national dress. The most famous Swiss costumes come mainly from the German-speaking cantons ofAppenzell,Bern andZug.
Finland – Every region has its own specific design of national costume (kansallispuku,nationaldräkt). These vary widely. Many of them resemble Swedish costumes, but some take influences from Russian costumes as well. For theSami in Finland, each place has its ownGákti orLuhkka for colder weather.[35]
Bulgaria – Every town has its own design of a national costume (nosia), with different types of clothing items traditional for each of the ethnographic regions of the country.[41][42]
Canary Islands – Every island has its specific style of traditional dress.Néstor Martín-Fernández de la Torre designed a costume in Gran Canaria in 1934 to serve as pan-islander costume for all islands, but only caught on in Gran Canaria, being specific to its capital city Las Palmas.
France – Every administrative region has a style of folk costume, varying by department. For example,Brittany, withBreton costume varying by department and predominantly used inCercles celtiques,pardons and festivals.
Netherlands – Many areas, villages, and towns used to have their owntraditional style of clothing. In the 21st century, only a few hundred people still wear traditional dresses and suits on a daily basis. They can be found mainly inStaphorst (about 700 women),Volendam (about 50 men) andMarken (about 40 women). Most well-known parts of Dutch folk costumes outside the Netherlands are probably theDutch woman's bonnet andklompen.
Bahamas – None, unofficiallyAndrosia-cloth clothing.Junkanoo costumes can be considered folk costume but fall more into the sector of carnival dress than traditional garment.
Trinidad and Tobago – Tobago has an Afro-Tobagonian Creole culture with theBélé costumes as their typical garment, commonly made ofmadras. Trinidad, however, has no defined national garment; the two major ethnic groups in the island wear the following during cultural occasions:
Newfoundland – Traditionalmummers dress in masks and baggy clothes in Christmas season celebrations; the Cornish influence has also brought yellowoilskins andsou'westers as typical wear in coastal areas.
Utah – Mormons may dress in 19th-century pioneer clothing forMormon trek-related activities and events.
AmericanUpper Midwest,Pacific Northwest, the northern portions of theGreat Lakes Basin and northernNew England (especiallyMaine) – Due to the cold weather, the garb in rural areas tends to more closely adhere to heavier materials, such asflannel shirts orBuffalo plaidmackinaw jackets, and aknit cap or, in the case of theUpper Peninsula, aStormy Kromer cap. A good example is seen in the typical attire ofPaul Bunyan, a folk hero popular in areas where logging was a common occupation, as well aslumberjacks working in the area. Due to the cold climate very similar to that of neighboring Canada, the style of clothing worn in the region is generally associated more with Canada than with the United States by foreigners (non-Americans).
Louisiana – TheCajun people ofLouisiana traditionally wear the colorfulcapuchon forMardi Gras celebrations.Creole women used to historically wear thetignon, mostly in plain ormadras fabrics, but it is now sometimes worn for heritage events or cultural reasons.
Samba costumes forRio de Janeiro.Brazilian carnival costumes are used only during the four days of Carnival bySamba schools members. Outside of Carnival, the most traditional men's clothing is that of themalandro carioca(carioca rascal) orsambista, a stereotype of the samba singer, with white pants, a striped shirt, white jacket, and a straw hat. Many stereotypes that foreigners have regarding Brazilian folk costume (as well as other customs) actually come from the state of Rio de Janeiro.
Caipiras (Brazilian country folk) inSão Paulo,Goiás and other nearby states conserve traditional folk styles of clothing, imitated by participants offesta juninas.
Pará – typical clothing ofCarimbó, a popular dance from the northern region of Brazil.
Indigenous clothes for many states within theAmazônia Legal area. In this region, there is an extensive indigenous community with different ethnicities, and each of them has their own typical clothes.
An example (among several) is thekushma used by theAsháninka.
Guyana – Guyana is unique among South American nations to not have a designated style of national dress. Every ethnic group wears their cultural clothing during important events or occasions:
^Martinez, Gimeno; Leerssen, Joep (2022)."Dress, design: Introductory survey essay".Encyclopedia of Romantic Nationalism in Europe. Amsterdam: Study Platform on Interlocking Nationalisms. RetrievedNovember 7, 2023.
^abAltmann, Karin (2016).Fabric of Life - Textile Arts in Bhutan: Culture, Tradition and Transformation. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 30–32.doi:10.1515/9783110428612.ISBN978-3-11-042861-2.
^"Lhotshampas".Minority Rights. 6 May 2020. Retrieved10 November 2023.
^"National Costumes". Lithuanian National Culture Centre. RetrievedNovember 3, 2023.
^"Bunad history".bunadogfolkedrakt.no. Norsk institutt for bunad og folkedrakt (Norwegian Institute for Bunad and Folk Costume). RetrievedNovember 3, 2023.
.jpg)
.jpg)
Fashion portal_(14761783621).jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.png)
.jpg)
.JPG)
.jpg)
.jpg)
._(2517376127).jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_01a_by_shakko.jpg)
%2c_by_Cletofonte_Preti.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
%2c_shawl%2c_Ixil_Maya%2c_Nebaj%2c_mid_to_late_20th_century%2c_cotton_-_Textile_Museum_of_Canada_-_DSC01351.JPG)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_(2).jpg)
.svg)
.svg)
