| Eteocretan | |
|---|---|
 Eteocretan Inscription from Praisos | |
| Native to | Dreros,Praisos |
| Region | Crete |
| Era | late 7th–3rd century BC |
Early form | Minoan (contested) |
| Greek alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ecr |
ecr | |
| Glottolog | eteo1236 |
Eteocretan (/ˌiːtioʊˈkriːtən,ˌɛt-/ fromAncient Greek:Ἐτεόκρητες,romanized: Eteókrētes, lit. "true Cretans", itself composed from ἐτεόςeteós "true" and ΚρήςKrḗs "Cretan")[1] is thepre-Greek language attested in a fewalphabetic inscriptions of ancientCrete.
In eastern Crete, about half a dozen inscriptions have been found, which, though written inGreek alphabets, are clearly not Greek.[citation needed] These inscriptions date from the late 7th or early 6th century down to the 3rd century BC. The language, which so far cannot be translated, is probably a survival of a language spoken on Crete before the arrival of the proto-Greek language and is probably derived from theMinoan language preserved in theLinear A inscriptions of a millennium earlier. Since that language remains undeciphered, it is not certain that Eteocretan and Minoan are related, although this is probable.
Ancient testimony suggests that the language is that of the Eteocretans (meaning 'true Cretans'). The termEteocretan is sometimes applied to the Minoan language (or languages) written more than a millennium earlier in so-calledCretan 'hieroglyphics' (almost certainly a syllabary) and in the Linear A script. Yves Duhoux, a leading authority on Eteocretan, has stated that "it is essential to rigorously separate the study of Eteocretan from that of the 'hieroglyphic' and Linear A inscriptions".[2]
Odysseus, after returning home and pretending to be a grandson of Minos, tells his wife Penelope about his alleged homeland of Crete:
Κρήτη τις γαῖ' ἔστι μέσῳ ἐνὶ οἴνοπι πόντῳ,
καλὴ καὶ πίειρα, περίρρυτος· ἐν δ' ἄνθρωποι
πολλοί, ἀπειρέσιοι, καὶ ἐννήκοντα πόληες.
ἄλλη δ' ἄλλων γλῶσσα μεμιγμένη· ἐν μὲν Ἀχαιοί,
ἐν δ'Ἐτεόκρητες μεγαλήτορες, ἐν δὲ Κύδωνες,
Δωριέες τε τριχάϊκες δῖοί τε Πελασγοί.
There is a land called Crete in the midst of the wine-dark sea,
a beautiful and fertile land, seagirt; in it are many
people, innumerable, and there are ninety cities.
Language with language is mingled together. There areAkhaians,
there are great-heartedEteocretans, there areKydones,
andDorians in their three clans, and noblePelasgians.[3]
In the first century AD the geographerStrabo noted the following about the settlement of the different 'tribes' of Crete:
τούτων φησὶ Στάφυλος τὸ μὲν πρὸς ἔω Δοριεῖς κατέχειν, τὸ δὲ δυσμικόν Κύδωνας, τὸ δὲ νότιονἘτεόκρητας ὧν εἶναι πολίχνιον Πρᾶσον, ὅπου τὸ τοῦ Δικταίου Διὸς ἱερόν· τοὺς μὲν οὖνἘτεόκρητας καὶ Κύδωνας αὐτόχθονας ὑπάρξαι εἰκός, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς ἐπήλυδας, […]
Of them [the peoples in the above passage] Staphylos says that the Dorians occupy the region towards the east, the Kydones the western part, theEteocretans the southern, whose town is Prasos, where the temple of Diktaian Zeus is; and that theEteocretans and Kydones are probably indigenous, but the others incomers, […][4]
Indeed, more than half of the known Eteocretan texts are fromPraisos (Strabo's Πρᾶσος);[5] the others were found atDreros (modern Driros).
There are five inscriptions which are clearly Eteocretan, two of thembilingual with Greek. Three more fragments may be Eteocretan. The Eteocretan corpus is documented and discussed in Duhoux'sL'Étéocrétois: les textes—la langue.[6]
The two bilingual inscriptions, together with six other Greek inscriptions, were found in the western part of the large Hellenistic cistern next to the east wall of theDelphinion (temple of Apollo Delphinios) in Dreros, at a depth between three and four metres.[7] The texts are all written in thearchaic Cretan alphabet and date from the late seventh or early sixth century BC. They record official religious and political decisions and probably came from the east wall of the Delphinion; they were published byHenri Van Effenterre in 1937 and 1946 and were kept in the museum atNeapolis.
The longer of these two inscriptions was found in the autumn of 1936 but not published until 1946.[8] The Greek part of the text is very worn and could not easily be read. Almost certainly with modern technology the Greek part would yield more but the inscription was lost during the occupation of the island inWorld War II. Despite searches over 70 years, it has not been found.
The other Dreros inscription was also published by Van Effenterre in 1946.[9] The Eteocretan part of the text has disappeared, only the fragment τυπρμηριηια (tuprmēriēia) remaining.
The other three certain Eteocretan inscriptions were published byMargherita Guarducci in the third volume ofInscriptiones Creticae, Tituli Cretae Orientalis, in 1942.[5] The inscriptions are archived in the Archeological Museum atHeraklion. Raymond A. Brown, who examined these inscriptions in the summer of 1976, has published them online with slightly different transcriptions than those given by Guarducci.
The earliest of these inscriptions is, like the Dreros one, written in the archaic Cretan alphabet and likewise dates from the late 7th or early 6th century BC. The second of the Praisos inscriptions is written in thestandard Ionic alphabet, except forlambda which is still written in the archaic Cretan style; it probably dates from the 4th century BC.[10] The third inscription, dating probably from the 3rd century BC, is written in the standard Ionic alphabet with the addition ofdigamma orwau.
Some publications also list thePsychro or Epioi inscription as Eteocretan,[11][12][13] but some scholars deem it to be a modern forgery.[14] They base their assessment on the fact that the inscription has five words, which bear no obvious resemblance to the language of the Dreros and Praisos inscriptions, apparently written in the Ionic alphabet of the third century BC, with the addition of three symbols which resemble the Linear A script of more than a millennium earlier. Their reasoning has since been challenged as unsubstantiated.[15]
Guarducci included three other fragmentary inscriptions;[5] two of these fragments were also discussed by Yves Duhoux.[16] The latter also discussed several other fragmentary inscriptions which might be Eteocretan.[17] All these inscriptions, however, are so very fragmentary that it really is not possible to state with any certainty that they may not be Greek.
The inscriptions are too few to give much information about the language.
The early inscriptions written in the archaic Cretan alphabet do mark word division; the same goes for the two longer inscriptions from the fourth and third centuries BC.
From the Dreros inscriptions are the following words:et isalabre komn men inai isaluria lmo tuprmēriēia.Komn andlmo seem to show that /n/ and /l/ could be syllabic. As to the meanings of the words, nothing can be said with any certainty. Van Effenterre suggested:
Also, Van Effenterree noted that the word τυρό(ν) ("cheese") seems to occur twice in the Greek part of the first Dreros bilingual and suggested the text concerned the offering of goat cheese toLeto, the mother goddess of the Delphinion triad, and that the wordsisalabre andisaluria were related words with the meaning of "(goat) cheese".[8]
The only clearly complete word on the earliest Praisos inscription isbarze, and there is no indication of its meaning.
The other two Praisos inscriptions do not show word breaks. It has, however, been noted that in the second line of the fourth century inscription isphraisoi inai (φραισοι ιναι), and it has been suggested that it means "it pleased the Praisians" (ἔϝαδε Πραισίοις).[8]
Though meager, the inscriptions show a language that bears no obvious kinship toIndo-European orSemitic languages; the language appears to have no obvious relation to any other known ancient language of theAegean orAsia Minor. Raymond A. Brown, after listing a number of words of pre-Greek origin from Crete suggests a relation between Eteocretan,Lemnian (Pelasgian),Minoan, andTyrrhenian, coining the name "Aegeo-Asianic" for the proposed language family.[18] This proposed group of languages is supported by G.M. Facchetti and S. Yatsemirsky, and was suggested to have a link to thepre-Indo-European languages of Anatolia by archaeologistJames Mellaart.[19][20][21] In whichever case, unless further inscriptions, especially bilingual ones, are found, the Eteocretan language must remain 'unclassified.'
While Eteocretan is possibly descended from the Minoan language of the Linear A inscriptions of a millennium earlier, until there is an accepteddecipherment ofLinear A, that language must also remain unclassified and the question of a relationship between the two remains speculative, especially as there seem to have been other non-Greek languages spoken in Crete.[22]
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